低中放射性废水处理吸附技术及材料

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0258

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

吸附技术是处理核工业产生的低中放射性废水高效、便捷的处理工艺之一。多数纳米吸附材料性能高效，但为适于工程应用需制备为复合吸附剂。本文分析了低中放射性废液的特点及吸附处理技术现状，对适于核工业应用的复合微珠吸附剂的研究进展重点总结，包括外原位固定微珠、聚合物微珠及磁性微珠。从芯材性质、载体特点、制备方法及吸附性能等方面分析了复合吸附剂的优缺点及应用性能提升方法。最后，结合核工业对低中放射性废液的处理需求指出缺乏工程试验及带放射性试验研究为低中放射性废液吸附技术及材料研究的关键问题，提出开发多核素吸附剂、加强低浓度核素吸附的数值模拟及加强复合吸附剂的工程应用考察等方面是未来的重点研究方向。

关键词: 放射性废水, 吸附剂, 复合材料, 微珠

Abstract:

Adsorption is considered to be an effective and simple method for radioactive nuclides removal from low and intermediate level radioactive wastewater (LILW) in the nuclear industry. Many nanomaterials with excellent performance are always prepared as composites for engineering application. The properties of LILW and latest advances in adsorption progress are analyzed in this paper. The research developments on novel hybrid microbeads suitable for nuclear power applications, such as exo-situ fixation microbeads, polymer microbeads and magnetic microbeads, are especially focused on. The pros and cons of these materials and performance improvement methods are analyzed in terms of raw materials, base materials, preparation methods, and adsorptive properties. Furthermore, according to the nuclear industrial requirements for the LILW treatment, it is pointed that lack of tests with radioactive and engineering tests are the key problems of current studies. Future research directions are proposed aiming at the hope of developing adsorbents removing multiple nuclides, strengthening of numerical simulation and forcusing on more continuous operation inspection.

Key words: radioactive wastewater, adsorbents, composites, microbeads

中图分类号:

O647.33

代洪静, 马学虎, 王四芳. 低中放射性废水处理吸附技术及材料[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(1): 529-540.

DAI Hongjing, MA Xuehu, WANG Sifang. Adsorption technology and materials for the treatment of low and intermediate level radioactive wastewater[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(1): 529-540.

图/表 5

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吸附剂	制备方法	材料尺寸/μm	比表面积/m²·g^-1	活性成分含量	平衡时间/h	吸附容量/mg·g^-1			参考文献
吸附剂	制备方法	材料尺寸/μm	比表面积/m²·g^-1	活性成分含量	平衡时间/h	锶	铯	钴	参考文献
果壳炭-天然沸石	逐层黏结	400	34.93	33%	3.0	95.6	—	—	[68]
果壳炭/合成沸石	水热	400	89.17	20%	3.0	91.2	—	—	[68]
KNICF/GAC	沉淀浸渍	400	694	—	5.0	13.2	49.7	0.1	[64]
GAC		400	1099	100%	5.0	13.2	11.1	1.0	[64]
PB/NHPC	沉淀	600	1884	—	2.0	—	100.0	—	[32]
斜发沸石/果壳炭	浸渍	325	—	19%	2.0	—	27.7	—	[61]
BC	热解	500	6.69	100%	3	—	12.9	4.4	[63]
AC-HAp	表面合成	—	—	—	2.0	69.49	—	—	[69]
C₄BisC₆/MMCs-P	热聚合	500	—	28.4%	3.0	—	22.7	—	[62]
ACC/GO	真空过滤	—	744	—	—	—	22.9	16.7	[70]
MMT-PB	共沉淀	—	259.26	—	2.0	—	57.47	—	[71]
AMP/沸石/SiO₂	浸渍/冻干	100	72.2	32%	0.5	—	99%	—	[74]
hf-TiFC	水热	500	63.89	16%	—	—	454.54	—	[81]
沸石/PAN	喷嘴滴加	500	—	80%	—	98.1	214.1	—	[83]
AMP-PAN	热凝胶	1500	32.69	70%	2.0	16.2	81.4	9.4	[86]
AMP-PAN-N20	凝胶制孔	1000	—	76.1%	8.0	—	55.05	—	[88]
KNiFC/PAN	微震喷射	400	—	80%	4.0	—	123.0	—	[84]
Zr-Mn/PAN	混合滴加	2500	215.5	16%	4.0	—	21.37	—	[85]
ALG/RF	热凝胶	2000	568.45	—	4.0	490.2	-	—	[97]
GO-ALG	凝胶	2500	—	—	2.0	—	144.3	—	[91]
沸石/ALG	框架凝胶	—	1.39	10%	6.0	22.0	—	—	[98]
zeolite@ALG-Ca	静电喷射	1750	—	—	10.0	83.3	—	—	[95]
AMP/ALG	凝胶	—	—	66%	5.0	—	91.8	—	[93]
Co/Mn-CCTS	溶胶+反相悬浮	650	—	—	8.0	—	—	17.13	[101]
NSC@MS-4A	凝胶	100	77.07	57%	1.7	44.2	101.8	—	[102]
TiO₂/CTS	水热	1750	—	50%	24.0	84.6	—	—	[104]
HAp-CTS	静电喷射	650	37.84	4%	4.0	234.2	—	—	[103]
CMC/PB-K/PEG	交联聚合	1000	33.96	10%	24.0	—	149.8	—	[108]
CMC/PB-La	凝胶	1100	—	73%	5.0	—	35.2	—	[109]
mag@silica-CIP	离子印迹	—	158.4	—	—	—	—	78.9	[114]
PB-HAp-Mas	微喷射	475	—	—	2.0	29.25	24.59	—	[117]

吸附剂	制备方法	材料尺寸/μm	比表面积/m²·g^-1	活性成分含量	平衡时间/h	吸附容量/mg·g^-1			参考文献
吸附剂	制备方法	材料尺寸/μm	比表面积/m²·g^-1	活性成分含量	平衡时间/h	锶	铯	钴	参考文献
果壳炭-天然沸石	逐层黏结	400	34.93	33%	3.0	95.6	—	—	[68]
果壳炭/合成沸石	水热	400	89.17	20%	3.0	91.2	—	—	[68]
KNICF/GAC	沉淀浸渍	400	694	—	5.0	13.2	49.7	0.1	[64]
GAC		400	1099	100%	5.0	13.2	11.1	1.0	[64]
PB/NHPC	沉淀	600	1884	—	2.0	—	100.0	—	[32]
斜发沸石/果壳炭	浸渍	325	—	19%	2.0	—	27.7	—	[61]
BC	热解	500	6.69	100%	3	—	12.9	4.4	[63]
AC-HAp	表面合成	—	—	—	2.0	69.49	—	—	[69]
C₄BisC₆/MMCs-P	热聚合	500	—	28.4%	3.0	—	22.7	—	[62]
ACC/GO	真空过滤	—	744	—	—	—	22.9	16.7	[70]
MMT-PB	共沉淀	—	259.26	—	2.0	—	57.47	—	[71]
AMP/沸石/SiO₂	浸渍/冻干	100	72.2	32%	0.5	—	99%	—	[74]
hf-TiFC	水热	500	63.89	16%	—	—	454.54	—	[81]
沸石/PAN	喷嘴滴加	500	—	80%	—	98.1	214.1	—	[83]
AMP-PAN	热凝胶	1500	32.69	70%	2.0	16.2	81.4	9.4	[86]
AMP-PAN-N20	凝胶制孔	1000	—	76.1%	8.0	—	55.05	—	[88]
KNiFC/PAN	微震喷射	400	—	80%	4.0	—	123.0	—	[84]
Zr-Mn/PAN	混合滴加	2500	215.5	16%	4.0	—	21.37	—	[85]
ALG/RF	热凝胶	2000	568.45	—	4.0	490.2	-	—	[97]
GO-ALG	凝胶	2500	—	—	2.0	—	144.3	—	[91]
沸石/ALG	框架凝胶	—	1.39	10%	6.0	22.0	—	—	[98]
zeolite@ALG-Ca	静电喷射	1750	—	—	10.0	83.3	—	—	[95]
AMP/ALG	凝胶	—	—	66%	5.0	—	91.8	—	[93]
Co/Mn-CCTS	溶胶+反相悬浮	650	—	—	8.0	—	—	17.13	[101]
NSC@MS-4A	凝胶	100	77.07	57%	1.7	44.2	101.8	—	[102]
TiO₂/CTS	水热	1750	—	50%	24.0	84.6	—	—	[104]
HAp-CTS	静电喷射	650	37.84	4%	4.0	234.2	—	—	[103]
CMC/PB-K/PEG	交联聚合	1000	33.96	10%	24.0	—	149.8	—	[108]
CMC/PB-La	凝胶	1100	—	73%	5.0	—	35.2	—	[109]
mag@silica-CIP	离子印迹	—	158.4	—	—	—	—	78.9	[114]
PB-HAp-Mas	微喷射	475	—	—	2.0	29.25	24.59	—	[117]

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