变温吸附碳捕集机组标准化测试方案探讨及性能实验

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1582

化工进展 ›› 2023, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7): 3834-3846.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1582

变温吸附碳捕集机组标准化测试方案探讨及性能实验

白亚迪¹^,²(), 邓帅¹^,²(), 赵睿恺¹^,², 赵力¹, 杨英霞³

^1.天津大学中低温热能高效利用教育部重点实验室，天津 300350
^2.天津市超低能耗碳捕集国际联合研究中心，天津 300350
^3.中国建筑科学研究院有限公司，北京 100013

收稿日期:2022-08-26 修回日期:2022-11-15 出版日期:2023-07-15 发布日期:2023-08-14
通讯作者: 邓帅
作者简介:白亚迪（1998—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为二氧化碳吸附。E-mail：1571071872@qq.com。
基金资助:
天津市自然科学基金重点项目(22JCZDJC00540)

Exploration on standardized test scheme and experimental performance of temperature swing adsorption carbon capture unit

BAI Yadi¹^,²(), DENG Shuai¹^,²(), ZHAO Ruikai¹^,², ZHAO Li¹, YANG Yingxia³

^1.Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Grade Energy (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300350, China
^2.International Cooperation Research Center of Carbon Capture in Ultra-Low Energy-Consumption, Tianjin 300350, China
^3.China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China

Received:2022-08-26 Revised:2022-11-15 Online:2023-07-15 Published:2023-08-14
Contact: DENG Shuai

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

变温吸附（TSA）碳捕集技术是控制碳排放进而实现“双碳”目标的有效保障手段之一。然而，由于目前缺乏相对完善的计量体系和可执行的标准化测试方案，导致机组性能的测试结果差别较大，缺乏规律性所造成的趋势和性能迭代困难不利于TSA产业化发展。本文初步提出了包含测试工况、性能评价指标、数据的测量与采集三个方面的标准化测试方案，并对样机规模的实物机组进行了性能测试。结果表明，该套方案的可执行度高，可为相关机组的性能评价工作提供借鉴。此外，机组的性能测试结果显示，该机组的运行状态容易控制，纯度和回收率最高均能达到90%以上，但是能源效率在3.5%～6.5%之间，提升潜力大。对标分析发现机组内的管道等部件损失的能耗占比30%～40%，所以需要通过优化管道线路布置、提高吸附腔内换热效率、优化解吸温度和真空压力等运行参数等方式来进一步降耗提效。

关键词: 二氧化碳捕集, 二氧化碳吸附, 对标分析, 实验, 标准化

Abstract:

Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) technology for carbon capture is one of the effective means to control carbon emissions and achieve the targets of “carbon emission peak” and “carbon neutrality”. However, due to the lack of a relatively complete measurement system and an executable standardized test scheme, the test results of unit performance are quite different, and the difficulty in grasping the trend and performance iteration caused by the lack of regularity is not conducive to the industrial development of TSA. In this paper, a standardized test scheme including test conditions, performance evaluation indicators, data measurement and collection was initially proposed, and the performance test of the physical unit of the prototype scale was carried out. The results showed that the scheme was highly executable and can provide reference for the performance evaluation of related units. In addition, the performance test results of the unit showed that the operation state of the unit was easy to control, and the purity and recovery rate could reach more than 90%, but the energy efficiency was between 3.5% and 6.5%, with great potential for improvement. The benchmarking analysis found that the loss of energy consumption of pipes and other components in the unit accounts for 30%—40%. Therefore, it was necessary to further reduce consumption and improve efficiency by optimizing the pipeline layout, improving the heat exchange efficiency in the adsorption chamber, and optimizing the desorption temperature, vacuum pressure and other operating parameters.

Key words: CO₂ capture, CO₂ adsorption, benchmarking analysis, experiment, standardization

中图分类号:

TQ116.3

白亚迪, 邓帅, 赵睿恺, 赵力, 杨英霞. 变温吸附碳捕集机组标准化测试方案探讨及性能实验[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3834-3846.

BAI Yadi, DENG Shuai, ZHAO Ruikai, ZHAO Li, YANG Yingxia. Exploration on standardized test scheme and experimental performance of temperature swing adsorption carbon capture unit[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3834-3846.

图/表 19

图1 吸附碳捕集技术的规模及单位能耗汇总[15-36]TSA—变温吸附；TPSA—变温变压吸附；TVSA—真空变温吸附；VPSA—真空变压吸附；VSA—变真空吸附；PSA—变压吸附

表1 单位能耗的计算范围

参考文献	技术类型	研究方法	单位能耗/MJ·kg^-1	e₁	e₂	e₃	e₄	e₅	e₈
Liu等^[14]	TSA	实验	8.41	√	√	√	√	√
Ntiamoah等^[18]	TSA	实验	3.4	√	√
Chen等^[24]	TSA	模拟	5.36	√	√	√	√
Marx等^[25]	TSA	模拟	2.85	√	√	√
	TSA	模拟	12.6	√	√	√	√
Jiang等^[26]	TSA	模拟	6.76	√	√		√
	TVSA	模拟	3.22	√	√		√		√
Ben-Mansour等^[28]	TSA	模拟	2.39	√	√	√	√

图2 具有进料流Ff、产品流Fp、废气流Fw、热输入Qi、功输入Wi以及废热输出Qw的系统

表2 测试工况

15% CO₂

85% N₂

25℃

160℃

25℃

根据吸附剂的材质、结构和性能确定：采用颗粒状活性炭时，为0.20～0.60m/s；采用活性炭纤维毡时，为0.10～0.15m/s；采用蜂窝状吸附剂时，为0.70～1.20m/s

表3 各部分能耗计算方法

能耗项	计算公式	含义	备注
E₁	$E 1 = m s c p, s T d e s - T a d s$	加热过程中吸附剂升温所消耗的能量	m_s为吸附剂质量；c_p_,s为吸附剂的比热容；T_ads和T_des分别为吸附和解吸温度
E₂	$E 2 = Δ H C O 2 × N C O 2, d e s + Δ H N 2 × N N 2, d e s$	CO₂和N₂从吸附剂中脱附时消耗的能量	$Δ H C O 2$ 和 $Δ H N 2$ 分别为CO₂和N₂的吸附热
E₃	$E 3 = h C O 2, d e s - h C O 2, a d s - T 0 S C O 2, d e s - S C O 2, a d s N C O 2, d e s + h N 2, d e s - h N 2, a d s - T 0 S N 2, d e s - S N 2, a d s N N 2, d e s$	解吸出的CO₂和N₂被加热所消耗的能量	$h C O 2, a d s$ 、 $h C O 2, d e s$ 和 $S C O 2, a d s$ 、 $S C O 2, d e s$ 以及 $h N 2, a d s$ 、 $h N 2, d e s$ 和 $S N 2, a d s$ 、 $S N 2, d e s$ 分别为CO₂和N₂在吸附和解吸温度时的焓和熵
E₄+E₅	$E 4 + E 5 = ∫ 0 t 1 q o i l c p, o i l Δ T 1 d t × η c - E 1 - E 2 - E 3$	吸附腔金属壁面升温及其向环境的散热所消耗的能量	t₁为加热时间；q_oil为导热介质流量；c_p_,oil为导热介质比热；ΔT₁为吸附腔两端的温差
E₆+E₇	$E 6 + E 7 = ∫ 0 t 1 q o i l c p, o i l Δ T 2 d t × η c - E 1 - E 2 - E 3 - E 4 - E 5$	导热介质输送管道升温及其向环境散热所消耗的能量	ΔT₂为热源两端的温差
E₈	$E 8 = ∫ 0 t 2 P d t$	真空泵等运行所消耗的能量	t₂为泵工作时间；P为泵功率

表3 各部分能耗计算方法

能耗项	计算公式	含义	备注
E₁	$E 1 = m s c p, s T d e s - T a d s$	加热过程中吸附剂升温所消耗的能量	m_s为吸附剂质量；c_p_,s为吸附剂的比热容；T_ads和T_des分别为吸附和解吸温度
E₂	$E 2 = Δ H C O 2 × N C O 2, d e s + Δ H N 2 × N N 2, d e s$	CO₂和N₂从吸附剂中脱附时消耗的能量	$Δ H C O 2$ 和 $Δ H N 2$ 分别为CO₂和N₂的吸附热
E₃	$E 3 = h C O 2, d e s - h C O 2, a d s - T 0 S C O 2, d e s - S C O 2, a d s N C O 2, d e s + h N 2, d e s - h N 2, a d s - T 0 S N 2, d e s - S N 2, a d s N N 2, d e s$	解吸出的CO₂和N₂被加热所消耗的能量	$h C O 2, a d s$ 、 $h C O 2, d e s$ 和 $S C O 2, a d s$ 、 $S C O 2, d e s$ 以及 $h N 2, a d s$ 、 $h N 2, d e s$ 和 $S N 2, a d s$ 、 $S N 2, d e s$ 分别为CO₂和N₂在吸附和解吸温度时的焓和熵
E₄+E₅	$E 4 + E 5 = ∫ 0 t 1 q o i l c p, o i l Δ T 1 d t × η c - E 1 - E 2 - E 3$	吸附腔金属壁面升温及其向环境的散热所消耗的能量	t₁为加热时间；q_oil为导热介质流量；c_p_,oil为导热介质比热；ΔT₁为吸附腔两端的温差
E₆+E₇	$E 6 + E 7 = ∫ 0 t 1 q o i l c p, o i l Δ T 2 d t × η c - E 1 - E 2 - E 3 - E 4 - E 5$	导热介质输送管道升温及其向环境散热所消耗的能量	ΔT₂为热源两端的温差
E₈	$E 8 = ∫ 0 t 2 P d t$	真空泵等运行所消耗的能量	t₂为泵工作时间；P为泵功率

表4 性能评价所需参数及获取方法

性能指标所需测量参数	纯度	回收率	比能耗	能源效率
解吸阶段出口处实时气体流量	√	√	√	√
吸附阶段进口处的气体流量		√		√
气体中实时CO₂含量	√	√	√	√
进出机组及吸附腔的导热介质温度			√	√
环境温度			√	√
吸附剂温度			√	√
导热介质流量			√	√
泵实时功率			√	√
气体吸附热			Δ	Δ
相应温度下气体的焓			○	○
分离前后CO₂相应的熵变和焓变				○

图3 机组测点布置C—吸附腔；CS—冷源；D—CO2检测仪；F—浮子流量计；HC—热量积算仪；HS—热源；MF—质量流量计；MT—混合罐；P—压力传感器；PM—功率表；QV—四通阀；RM—质量流量控制器；T—测温元件；VP—真空泵

图2 机组照片a—正面；b—背面；c—翅片管换热器结构；d—翅片管换热器布置方式

表5 机组的设计参数

参数	数值	参数	数值
吸附腔高度/mm	1100	翅片间距/mm	5
吸附腔外径/mm	100	翅片厚度/mm	1
吸附腔壁厚/mm	5	管路外径/mm	12
换热管外径/mm	12	管路壁厚/mm	1
换热管壁厚/mm	1	每腔吸附剂填充量/kg	5
翅片高度/mm	7

表6 测试仪器的详细信息

测量位置	测试参数	测试设备	准确度
T1～T10	温度/℃	K型热电偶	±0.75%RDG
T11～T18	温度/℃	Pt100	±0.25%RDG
P1、P2	压力/MPa	压力传感器	±1%RDG
HC1、HC2	冷/热量/MJ	热量积算仪	±0.2%RDG
PM	功率/W	功率表	±0.4%RDG +±0.1%F.S.
MF1、MF2	气体流量/L·min^-1	热式质量流量计	±0.5%RDG +±0.3%F.S.
RM1、RM2、RM3	气体流量/L·min^-1	带流量调节功能的流量计	±0.5%RDG +±0.3%F.S.
D1、D2、D3	CO₂体积分数/%	CO₂检测仪	≤±1%F.S.

图4 机组运行所经阶段示意

图5 机组运行时序A—吸附；H—解吸（加热）；V—解吸（抽真空）；P—吹扫；C—冷却

图6 机组连续运行中吸附腔内吸附剂平均温度和压力随时间变化情况

图7 机组实测的突破曲线

图8 所测的应测数据展示

图9 解吸温度对机组性能的影响

图10 解吸温度对各部分比能耗的影响

图11 真空压力对机组性能的影响

图12 真空压力对各部分比能耗的影响

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变温吸附碳捕集机组标准化测试方案探讨及性能实验

Exploration on standardized test scheme and experimental performance of temperature swing adsorption carbon capture unit

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