可再生电力电解制绿色氢能的发展现状与建议

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0159

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氢能是人类生存和发展所需能源的重要补充。氢能产业，特别是氢燃料电池车，其开发与利用已经引起了全球范围内的普遍重视。然而，决定该产业快速发展的关键因素之一是清洁的氢气来源，如何使氢能产业更具经济环保竞争力。通过可再生能源发电电解水制氢将能量以化学能的形式储存起来，不仅能利用可再生能源制取高热值的氢气供使用，同时从制氢源头利用清洁的可再生能源可有效减少碳排放。为此，本文主要分析讨论了可再生能源发电与电解水制氢技术的耦合制取氢气的发展现状与发展趋势，简述了目前国内外利用可再生能源发电制取氢气项目的研究进展，并介绍了一些典型的清洁制氢案例。可以看到，风电、太阳能制氢是目前较为成熟的技术，但仍需提升其经济竞争力。而水电资源分布不均等缺点阻碍了其规模化发展。因此，政府、企业及科研院所需大力推进可再生能源发电制氢研究，有效解决氢能制备的效率问题，加速绿色氢能产业发展。

关键词: 氢能, 电解水, 可再生能源, 风电, 光伏, 水电

Abstract:

Hydrogen energy is an important supplement to the energy needed for human survival and development. The development and utilization of hydrogen energy industry, especially hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, has attracted extensive attention all over the world. However, one of the key factors determining the rapid development of the industry is a clean source of hydrogen, which makes the hydrogen energy industry more economical and environmentally competitive. Using renewable energy to generate hydrogen by water electrolysis and storing energy in the form of chemical energy, not only can renewable energy be used to produce hydrogen with high caloric value, but also clean renewable energy can be used from the source of hydrogen production to reduce carbon emission. This paper analyzes and discusses the coupling of renewable energy power generation such as wind, light and water with water electrolysis hydrogen production technology, describes the current research progress of green hydrogen energy production projects utilizing renewable energy power generation at home and abroad, and introduces some typical clean hydrogen production cases. The paper points out that wind power and solar hydrogen production are relatively mature technologies at present, but their economic competitiveness still needs to be improved. However, the uneven distribution of hydropower resources hindered its large-scale development. Therefore, the government, enterprises and research institutes need to vigorously promote the research on hydrogen production from renewable energy power generation, effectively solve the problem of energy consumption and accelerate the development of hydrogen energy industry.

Key words: hydrogen energy, water electrolysis, renewable energy, wind power, photovoltaic, hydropower

中图分类号:

TQ53

王红霞, 徐婉怡, 张早校. 可再生电力电解制绿色氢能的发展现状与建议[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(S1): 118-131.

WANG Hongxia, XU Wanyi, ZHANG Zaoxiao. Development status and suggestions of green hydrogen energy produced by water electrolysis from renewable energy[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 118-131.

图/表 16

图1 2010—2030年低碳制氢[历史、公布和2030年可持续发展情景(SDS)] [1]

图2 按技术分类的可再生电力净容量增加情况

图3 不同国家、地区可再生电力净容量增加情况

图4 巴西及巴西南部地区风氢生产工业情况[25]

图5 光伏电解氢能源系统布局

图6 太阳能光伏/PETE-SOEC制氢系统示意图[45]

图7 太阳能光伏/PETE-SOEC制氢系统性能与H2O流速和管长度的函数关系[45]

图8 系统的热力学效率（ηen、ηex和ηs→h）与太阳能集热器辐射强度的关系[45]

表1 中国商业用电、大工业用电和光伏发电制氢成本比较[48]

用电方式	电价/ CNY·kWh^-1	制氢成本/CNY·m^-3
商业用电	0.35	1.4~1.75
大工业用电	0.61	2.44~3.05
光伏	0.5930	2.37~2.97

表2 平准化光伏发电成本比较

国家	光伏电价/CNY·kWh^-1
中国₂₀₂₁	0.59^［48］
美国₂₀₁₈	0.32^［49］
日本₂₀₁₈	0.83^［50］
印度₂₀₂₁	0.40^［51］
德国₂₀₂₁	0.38^［52］
西班牙₂₀₂₁	0.83^［52］
印尼₂₀₁₉	0.72^［53］

表3 中国及全球平均制氢成本[66-67]

制氢方式	2019年全球制氢成本/CNY·kg^-1	制氢方式	2021年中国制氢成本/CNY·kg^-1
天然气	4.46~10.20	煤气化制氢（有/无CCS）	11~20
天然气+CCUS	7.65~13.39	工业副产提氢	16
煤	12.11~15.94	蒸汽甲烷重整制氢（有/无CCS）	18~24
煤+CCUS	13.39~16.58	核能制氢	20~27
低碳电力制氢	20.40~49.09	网电电解水制氢	35~46
		可再生能源发电电解水制氢	28~85
		生物质气化制氢	33

表4 40MW太阳能供电下的碱性与PEM电解制氢成本分析参数[68-69]

参数	碱性	PEM
太阳能供电/MW	40	40
30atm电解系统效率/kWh·(kg H₂)^-1	53.76	58.24
产氢量/kg H₂·h^-1	595	686
固定成本投入/10⁴USD	2658	2251
寿命/a	10	10

图9 40MW太阳能供电下的碱性（a）与PEM（b）电解制氢成平准化本分析

图10 制氢设备的寿命对于采用光伏制氢LCOH的影响

图11 按行业划分的全球可再生能源新投资

图12 2020年各国对能源转型的全球投资

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