微生物降解稠油中沥青质的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0746

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

稠油因黏度高、流动性差，存在开采难度大、开发成本高的问题。沥青质等重组分含量高是造成稠油高黏度的主要原因。微生物通过降解重组分可降低稠油的平均分子量，从而降低稠油黏度。本文从沥青质的结构与组成出发，阐述了微生物对沥青质的降解机理，总结了近年来国内外最新研究进展，指出了目前微生物降解沥青质研究与应用所面临的挑战，并对其发展趋势做出了展望。微生物对沥青质的降解主要是通过将多环芳烃进行开环降解、将长链正构烷烃降解为短链、将杂环化合物进行开环除去杂原子三个方面。但因沥青质的分子量较大且组成有着不确定性，所筛选的微生物是否能够高效地降解储层中原油所含沥青质仍需进一步探究，因此高效沥青质降解菌株的筛选和利用基因工程等技术手段改造菌株应是未来工作的研究重点。此外，通过菌株的复配，利用菌株间的协同效应也可以达到更为高效降解沥青质的目的。

关键词: 微生物, 降解, 沥青质, 降黏, 提高采收率

Abstract:

Due to high viscosity and poor liquidity of heavy oil, the extraction is difficult and costly. The high content of asphaltene is the main reason for the high viscosity of heavy oil. Microorganisms can reduce the average molecular weight of heavy oil by degrading heavy component, thus reducing the viscosity of heavy oil. In this paper, starting from the structure and composition of asphaltenes, the mechanism of biodegradation of asphaltenes is explained , the latest research progress in recent years is summarized,the challenges of the research and application are pointed out,and its development trend is predicted. The biodegradation of asphaltene is mainly through the ring-opening degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the degradation of long-chain n-alkanes into short chains, and the ring-opening of heterocyclic compounds to remove heteroatoms. However, due to the large molecular weight and uncertain composition of asphaltenes, whether the selected microorganisms can efficiently degrade asphaltenes in crude oil reservoirs still needs to be further explored. The screening of high-efficiency asphaltene-degrading strains and the use of genetic engineering to transform strains should be the focus of future work. In addition, through the combination of strains, the synergistic effect of strains can be used to degrade asphaltene more efficiently.

Key words: microorganism, degradation, asphaltene, viscosity reduction, enhanced oil recovery

中图分类号:

TE357

于洋, 刘琦, 彭勃, 吕静. 微生物降解稠油中沥青质的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(3): 1574-1585.

YU Yang, LIU Qi, PENG Bo, LYU Jing. A review of the biodegradation of asphaltene in heavy oil[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(3): 1574-1585.

图/表 9

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微生物类别	菌株名称	来源	参考文献
细菌	铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）	含油土壤	[59]
	嗜盐菌（halophilic bacterium）	原油	[61]
	地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	迟缓芽孢杆菌（Bacillus lentus）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	坚强芽孢杆菌（Bacillus firmus）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	Garciaella petrolearia	海底石油管道	[55]
	人型葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus hominis）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	嗜酸柠檬杆菌（Citrobacter amalonaticus）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	梭状芽孢杆菌（Lysinibacillus fusiformis）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
真菌	费希新萨托菌（Neosartorya fischeri）	天然沥青湖	[64]
	木腐菌（Daedaleopsis sp.）	森林	[56]
	苍白杆菌（Ochrobactrum）	油田地层水	[65]

微生物类别	菌株名称	来源	参考文献
细菌	铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa）	含油土壤	[59]
	嗜盐菌（halophilic bacterium）	原油	[61]
	地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	迟缓芽孢杆菌（Bacillus lentus）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	坚强芽孢杆菌（Bacillus firmus）	原油和原油污染土壤	[62]
	Garciaella petrolearia	海底石油管道	[55]
	人型葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus hominis）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	嗜酸柠檬杆菌（Citrobacter amalonaticus）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	阴沟肠杆菌（Enterobacter cloacae）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
	梭状芽孢杆菌（Lysinibacillus fusiformis）	石油污染土壤和污泥	[63]
真菌	费希新萨托菌（Neosartorya fischeri）	天然沥青湖	[64]
	木腐菌（Daedaleopsis sp.）	森林	[56]
	苍白杆菌（Ochrobactrum）	油田地层水	[65]

复配形式	混合菌群	降解效果	参考文献
细菌之间	蜡样芽胞杆菌、氧微杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌	菌群在室温（25℃）原油黏度最大降幅为95.73%；一些复杂的多环芳烃降解为简单组分，简单芳烃组分含量显著增加	[80]
	金橙黄微小杆菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌、苍白杆菌属、多噬伯克霍尔德氏菌、红球菌属	以软沥青为底物，与单菌株相比，混合菌株降解率更高，30天内降解率可达42%±8%	[81]
	腐生葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌	经过培育期后，混合菌群在45℃、盐度为160g/L、pH为6.50、初始沥青质浓度为25g/L条件下，沥青质降解率为46.71%，细菌群可将沥青质分子分解成更小的片段	[82]
	根瘤菌属、克雷白氏杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属	混合菌群与单菌株相比，原油的各组分降解率都有很大提高，C₁₃、2,3-二甲基萘、1,6,7-三甲基萘及C₁₉的降解率都达到100%	[83]
	铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌	在振动条件下，初始沥青质浓度为35g/L时，混合菌群两个月内能够在40℃下降解51.5%的沥青质	[63]
	油杆菌、地芽孢杆菌	将两菌株等比例复配后作用稠油，稠油降解速率加快，原油族组分含量进一步降低，乳化稳定性增强，平均乳化粒径减小56.7%，作用后的稠油乳化黏度为20.59mPa·s，仅为初始黏度的3.9%	[84]
真菌之间	曲霉属、镰刀菌属	利用混合真菌处理原油污染土壤，28天内，总石油烃降解率为92%，降解效果优于单个真菌	[85]
真菌之间	青顶拟多孔菌、偏肿拟栓菌和糙皮侧耳菌	两两一组进行复配，偏肿拟栓菌与糙皮侧耳菌接种比例为1∶1时方案最优，复配后产生的酶活量均比单种菌产的酶活量高，复配后酶活的分泌量与菌株生长情况有关	[86]
细菌与真菌	细菌：枯草芽孢杆菌、高温烷烃地芽孢杆菌、芽孢杆菌、Glutamicibacter sp. 真菌：8种曲霉、3种酵母菌	利用连续细菌真菌混合培养对稠油的降解率为65.96%。微生物混合培养基对稠油的降解能力与最佳分离菌株相比使原油降解效率提高了约8%	[87]

复配形式	混合菌群	降解效果	参考文献
细菌之间	蜡样芽胞杆菌、氧微杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌	菌群在室温（25℃）原油黏度最大降幅为95.73%；一些复杂的多环芳烃降解为简单组分，简单芳烃组分含量显著增加	[80]
	金橙黄微小杆菌、鞘氨醇单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌、苍白杆菌属、多噬伯克霍尔德氏菌、红球菌属	以软沥青为底物，与单菌株相比，混合菌株降解率更高，30天内降解率可达42%±8%	[81]
	腐生葡萄球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌	经过培育期后，混合菌群在45℃、盐度为160g/L、pH为6.50、初始沥青质浓度为25g/L条件下，沥青质降解率为46.71%，细菌群可将沥青质分子分解成更小的片段	[82]
	根瘤菌属、克雷白氏杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属	混合菌群与单菌株相比，原油的各组分降解率都有很大提高，C₁₃、2,3-二甲基萘、1,6,7-三甲基萘及C₁₉的降解率都达到100%	[83]
	铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌	在振动条件下，初始沥青质浓度为35g/L时，混合菌群两个月内能够在40℃下降解51.5%的沥青质	[63]
	油杆菌、地芽孢杆菌	将两菌株等比例复配后作用稠油，稠油降解速率加快，原油族组分含量进一步降低，乳化稳定性增强，平均乳化粒径减小56.7%，作用后的稠油乳化黏度为20.59mPa·s，仅为初始黏度的3.9%	[84]
真菌之间	曲霉属、镰刀菌属	利用混合真菌处理原油污染土壤，28天内，总石油烃降解率为92%，降解效果优于单个真菌	[85]
真菌之间	青顶拟多孔菌、偏肿拟栓菌和糙皮侧耳菌	两两一组进行复配，偏肿拟栓菌与糙皮侧耳菌接种比例为1∶1时方案最优，复配后产生的酶活量均比单种菌产的酶活量高，复配后酶活的分泌量与菌株生长情况有关	[86]
细菌与真菌	细菌：枯草芽孢杆菌、高温烷烃地芽孢杆菌、芽孢杆菌、Glutamicibacter sp. 真菌：8种曲霉、3种酵母菌	利用连续细菌真菌混合培养对稠油的降解率为65.96%。微生物混合培养基对稠油的降解能力与最佳分离菌株相比使原油降解效率提高了约8%	[87]

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