强化黄铜矿细菌浸出的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0673

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

细菌浸出法在黄铜矿浸出中具有低成本、低能耗、设备要求简单以及零排放等显著优势，契合现代工业可持续发展的需求。然而，实际应用过程存在钝化现象，导致浸出效率较低的突出问题。本文对黄铜矿细菌浸出过程的作用机理、钝化机制及强化方法进行了综述。分析表明，黄铜矿细菌浸出存在接触作用、非接触作用和协同作用三种反应方式，钝化现象形成机制缘于黄钾铁矾、硫单质和聚硫化物的产生；提高黄铜矿细菌浸出效率的强化方法有化学、物理学及生物学的途径，包括调节氧化还原电位、添加金属阳离子、使用氯化物、混合培养细菌、物理场强化、表面活性剂、光照和碳质物质等方法，核心在于调控氧化还原电位，避免矿物表面钝化层的形成。分析和总结各类强化方法的优势和局限性，为开发新型环保、高效的黄铜矿细菌浸出技术提供了重要参考。

关键词: 生物过程, 反应工程, 分离, 细菌浸出, 黄铜矿

Abstract:

Bacterial leaching method offers significant advantages in the leaching of chalcopyrite, including low cost, low energy consumption, simple equipment requirements, and zero emissions, making it more aligned with the sustainable development needs of modern industry. However, a prominent issue in the practical application of bacterial leaching is its relatively low leaching efficiency, which is mainly caused by the passivation phenomenon occurring during the bacterial leaching process, thus reducing the efficiency of copper extraction. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of action, passivation mechanisms, and enhancement methods in the bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite. It first elaborates on the three modes of action in the bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite: contact, non-contact, and synergistic actions, as well as the composition of the passivation layer formed during the leaching process and the mechanisms of passivation phenomenon formation, involving jarosite, elemental sulfur, and copper poly-sulfides. Then, it summarizes various enhancement methods for improving the efficiency of bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite according to the classifications of chemistry, physics, and biology, including adjusting the redox potential, adding metal cations, using chlorides, mixed culture of bacteria, physical field enhancement, surfactants, light, and carbonaceous materials. The core of these methods is to control the redox potential to avoid the formation of mineral surface passivation layers. Finally, the advantages and limitations of these methods are summarized, providing important references for the development of novel, environmentally friendly, and efficient chalcopyrite bacterial leaching technologies.

Key words: bioprocess, reaction engineering, separation, bacterial leaching, chalcopyrite

中图分类号:

TQ033

武敏, 廖亚龙, 贾小宝, 杨双宇. 强化黄铜矿细菌浸出的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(6): 3618-3629.

WU Min, LIAO Yalong, JIA Xiaobao, YANG Shuangyu. Research progress on enhancing bacterial leaching methods of chalcopyrite[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(6): 3618-3629.

图/表 5

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种类	最适生长温度/℃	细菌名称
嗜温细菌	<40	嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌、嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌、氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌
中度嗜热细菌	40~55	嗜热硫氧化硫杆菌、嗜酸硫化杆菌、硫杆菌
极度嗜热细菌	55~80	布氏嗜酸菌、嗜热金属球菌、金属硫化叶菌

种类	最适生长温度/℃	细菌名称
嗜温细菌	<40	嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌、嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌、氧化亚铁钩端螺旋菌
中度嗜热细菌	40~55	嗜热硫氧化硫杆菌、嗜酸硫化杆菌、硫杆菌
极度嗜热细菌	55~80	布氏嗜酸菌、嗜热金属球菌、金属硫化叶菌