水热技术用于农业废弃物处理的研究进展Ⅱ：水热炭化

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0623

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来，日益严峻的能源危机和环境污染问题已成为全人类面临的巨大挑战，加快能源转型，探索低碳清洁的可再生能源刻不容缓。作为一类重要的生物质资源，农业废弃物数量大，具有环境污染风险和资源利用价值的双重属性，而利用适当的转化技术对农业废弃物进行处理，可显著提升其经济与环境效益。在众多转化技术中，水热炭化是近年来人们关注的重点。本文基于农业废弃物的管理处置现状，介绍了水热炭化反应机制及其产物的后续处理与利用价值，并针对水热炭的具体应用展开深入探讨。分析发现，各潜在领域均不断向深度、广度拓展，但仍存在局限，尚未实现全面工业化。因此，未来可从气、液相产物增值途径探索、反应机理理论体系完善、改性工艺优化升级等角度出发，充分挖掘水热技术在农业废弃物资源化利用过程中可发挥的关键作用，以期为相关工艺技术的开发设计提供启发，并最终实现农业废弃物的高效综合利用。

关键词: 农业废弃物, 水热炭化, 水热炭, 高值化利用, 生物质

Abstract:

In recent years, the increasingly severe energy crisis and environmental pollution have become great challenges to all mankind, so it is urgent to accelerate energy transition and explore low-carbon, clean, renewable energy sources. As an important category of biomass resources, agricultural waste is abundant and has the dual attributes of environmental pollution risk and resource utilization value, while using appropriate conversion technologies to treat this waste can significantly enhance its economic and environmental benefits. Among numerous conversion technologies, hydrothermal carbonization has been the focus of attention in recent years. Based on the current management and disposal status of agricultural waste, this paper introduces the reaction mechanism of hydrothermal carbonization and the subsequent treatment and utilization value of its products, and conducts an in-depth discussion on the specific applications of hydrochar. It is found that all potential fields are continuously expanding in both depth and breadth, but there are still limitations, and large-scale industrialization has not yet been achieved. Therefore, future efforts should focus on exploring the value-added pathways for gas and liquid phase products, improving the theoretical system of reaction mechanism, optimizing and upgrading the modification processes. So that we can fully explore the key role of hydrothermal technology for the resource utilization of agricultural waste, with a view to provide insights for the development and design of related process technologies and ultimately realize the efficient and comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste.

Key words: agricultural waste, hydrothermal carbonization, hydrochar, high-value utilization, biomass

中图分类号:

周郭宁, 朱昊辰, 贺文智, 李光明. 水热技术用于农业废弃物处理的研究进展Ⅱ：水热炭化[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(4): 2313-2327.

ZHOU Guoning, ZHU Haochen, HE Wenzhi, LI Guangming. Research progress on hydrothermal technology for agricultural waste treatment Ⅱ: Hydrothermal carbonization[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(4): 2313-2327.

图/表 10

参考文献 101

1	POTNURI Ramesh, SURYA Dadi Venkata, RAO Chinta Sankar, et al. A review on analysis of biochar produced from microwave-assisted pyrolysis of agricultural waste biomass[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2023, 173: 106094.
2	RISEH Roohallah Saberi, VAZVANI Mozhgan Gholizadeh, HASSANISAADI Mohadeseh, et al. Agricultural wastes: A practical and potential source for the isolation and preparation of cellulose and application in agriculture and different industries[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2024, 208: 117904.
3	董献彬. 农业有机废弃物资源化利用现状及展望研究[J]. 农村·农业·农民B, 2022(3): 37-38.
	DONG Xianbin. Study on the current status and prospect of resource utilization of agricultural organic waste[J]. Rural Areas, Agriculture & Farmers(B), 2022(3): 37-38.
4	DEBNATH Banhisikha, HALDAR Dibyajyoti, PURKAIT Mihir Kumar. A critical review on the techniques used for the synthesis and applications of crystalline cellulose derived from agricultural wastes and forest residues[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 273: 118537.
5	QI Jiamin, YANG Hua, WANG Xingyuan, et al. State-of-the-art on animal manure pollution control and resource utilization[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11(5): 110462.
6	徐长征. 农业有机废弃物资源化利用对环境保护的影响及策略研究[J]. 数字农业与智能农机, 2024(6): 58-60.
	XU Changzheng. Study on the impact of resource utilization of agricultural organic waste on environmental protection and strategies[J]. Digital Agriculture and Intelligent Agricultural Machinery, 2024(6): 58-60.
7	CONG Hongbin, MENG Haibo, CHEN Mingsong, et al. Co-processing paths of agricultural and rural solid wastes for a circular economy based on the construction concept of “zero-waste city” in China[J]. Circular Economy, 2023, 2(4): 100065.
8	TONG Colin. Introduction to materials for advanced energy systems[J]. MRS Bulletin, 2020, 45(4): 317.
9	GHIAT Ikhlas, MAHMOOD Farhat, GOVINDAN Rajesh, et al. CO₂ utilisation in agricultural greenhouses: A novel ‘plant to plant’ approach driven by bioenergy with carbon capture systems within the energy, water and food nexus[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 228: 113668.
10	LEE Kuanting, CHEN Wei-Hsin, SARLES Paul, et al. Recover energy and materials from agricultural waste via thermochemical conversion[J]. One Earth, 2022, 5(11): 1200-1204.
11	UDDIN Md Helal, HAQUE Md Minhaz-UI. Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanoparticles from agricultural wastes and their application in polymer composites[J]. Scholars International Journal of Chemistry and Material Sciences, 2023, 6(1): 18-23.
12	OSMAN Ahmed I, MEHTA Neha, ELGARAHY Ahmed M, et al. Conversion of biomass to biofuels and life cycle assessment: A review[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2021, 19(6): 4075-4118.
13	YANG Chuang, WANG Shuzhong, YANG Jianqiao, et al. Hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification of biomass and model compounds: A review[J]. Green Chemistry, 2020, 22(23): 8210-8232.
14	阚玉娜, 陈冰炜, 翟胜丞, 等. 生物质水热碳化及其功能化应用研究进展[J]. 化工新型材料, 2021, 49(12): 43-49.
	KAN Yuna, CHEN Bingwei, ZHAI Shengcheng, et al. Research progress on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass and its functional application[J]. New Chemical Materials, 2021, 49(12): 43-49.
15	IGHALO Joshua O, RANGABHASHIYAM Selvasembian, DULTA Kanika, et al. Recent advances in hydrochar application for the adsorptive removal of wastewater pollutants[J]. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 2022, 184: 419-456.
16	Leena PAULINE A, JOSEPH Kurian. Hydrothermal carbonization of organic wastes to carbonaceous solid fuel—A review of mechanisms and process parameters[J]. Fuel, 2020, 279: 118472.
17	HEIDARI Mohammad, DUTTA Animesh, ACHARYA Bishnu, et al. A review of the current knowledge and challenges of hydrothermal carbonization for biomass conversion[J]. Journal of the Energy Institute, 2019, 92(6): 1779-1799.
18	Daniel LACHOS-PEREZ, BULLER Luz S, SGANZERLA William G, et al. Sequential hydrothermal process for production of flavanones and sugars from orange peel: An economic assessment[J]. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2021, 15(1): 202-217.
19	LI Jingjing, DOU Binlin, ZHANG Hua, et al. Pyrolysis characteristics and non-isothermal kinetics of waste wood biomass[J]. Energy, 2021, 226: 120358.
20	SHENG Kuichuan, ZHANG Shen, LIU Jianglong, et al. Hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose and xylan into hydrochars and application on glucose isomerization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 237: 117831.
21	VOLPE Maurizio, MESSINEO Antonio, Mikko MÄKELÄ, et al. Reactivity of cellulose during hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2020, 206: 106456.
22	FUNKE Axel, ZIEGLER Felix. Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering[J]. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2010, 4(2): 160-177.
23	Daniel LACHOS-PEREZ, CÉSAR TORRES-MAYANGA Paulo, ABAIDE Ederson R, et al. Hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction: Differences, progress, challenges, and opportunities[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2022, 343: 126084.
24	Judith GONZÁLEZ-ARIAS, SÁNCHEZ Marta E, Jorge CARA-JIMÉNEZ, et al. Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass and waste: A review[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2022, 20(1): 211-221.
25	宋子菡, 刘永林, 刘琳, 等. 水热炭在吸附有机/无机污染物中的应用研究进展[J]. 水处理技术, 2024, 50(1): 13-19.
	SONG Zihan, LIU Yonglin, LIU Lin, et al. Research progress of application of hydrothermal carbon in organic/inorganic pollutants[J]. Technology of Water Treatment, 2024, 50(1): 13-19.
26	URBANOWSKA Agnieszka, Małgorzata KABSCH-KORBUTOWICZ, WNUKOWSKI Mateusz, et al. Treatment of liquid by-products of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of agricultural digestate using membrane separation[J]. Energies, 2020, 13(1): 262.
27	WANG Heming, LUO Haiping, FALLGREN Paul H, et al. Bioelectrochemical system platform for sustainable environmental remediation and energy generation[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2015, 33(3/4): 317-334.
28	SHEN Ruixia, LU Jianwen, ZHU Zhangbing, et al. Effects of organic strength on performance of microbial electrolysis cell fed with hydrothermal liquefied wastewater[J]. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 2017(3): 206-217.
29	SHEN Ruixia, LIU Zhidan, HE Yanhong, et al. Microbial electrolysis cell to treat hydrothermal liquefied wastewater from cornstalk and recover hydrogen: Degradation of organic compounds and characterization of microbial community[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(7): 4132-4142.
30	USMAN Muhammad, CHEN Huihui, CHEN Kaifei, et al. Characterization and utilization of aqueous products from hydrothermal conversion of biomass for bio-oil and hydro-char production: A review[J]. Green Chemistry, 2019, 21(7): 1553-1572.
31	KAMBO Harpreet Singh, DUTTA Animesh. A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 45: 359-378.
32	孔玲瑶, 白莉, 迟铭书, 等. 工艺水循环对玉米秸秆水热碳化影响的实验研究[J]. 吉林建筑大学学报, 2022, 39(2): 23-28.
	KONG Lingyao, BAI Li, CHI Mingshu, et al. Experimental study on effect of process water cycle on hydrothermal carbonization of corn straw[J]. Journal of Jilin Jianzhu University, 2022, 39(2): 23-28.
33	LANG Qianqian, LUO Hainan, LI Yi, et al. Thermal behavior of hydrochar from co-hydrothermal carbonization of swine manure and sawdust: Effect of process water recirculation[J]. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 2019, 3(9): 2329-2336.
34	HEIDARI Mohammad, SALAUDEEN Shakirudeen, DUTTA Animesh, et al. Effects of process water recycling and particle sizes on hydrothermal carbonization of biomass[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2018, 32(11): 11576-11586.
35	CAVALI Matheus, LIBARDI Nelson, DE SENA Julia Dutra, et al. A review on hydrothermal carbonization of potential biomass wastes, characterization and environmental applications of hydrochar, and biorefinery perspectives of the process[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 857: 159627.
36	AFOLABI Oluwasola O D, SOHAIL M, CHENG Yuling. Optimisation and characterisation of hydrochar production from spent coffee grounds by hydrothermal carbonisation[J]. Renewable Energy, 2020, 147: 1380-1391.
37	俞盈, 韩兰芳, 姜晓满. 水热炭的制备、结构特征和应用[J]. 环境化学, 2018, 37(6): 1232-1244.
	YU Ying, HAN Lanfang, JIANG Xiaoman. Production, properties and environmental application of hydrochar[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2018, 37(6): 1232-1244.
38	SUN Xiao, ATIYEH Hasan K, LI Mengxing, et al. Biochar facilitated bioprocessing and biorefinery for productions of biofuel and chemicals: A review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 295: 122252.
39	WANG Duo, JIANG Peikun, ZHANG Haibo, et al. Biochar production and applications in agro and forestry systems: A review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 723: 137775.
40	韩晨, 侯朋福, 薛利红, 等. 麦秸水热炭及其改良产物对水稻产量和稻田氨挥发排放的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(7): 3451-3457.
	HAN Chen, HOU Pengfu, XUE Lihong, et al. Effects of wheat straw hydrochar and its modified product on rice yield and ammonia volatilization from paddy fields[J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(7): 3451-3457.
41	BARGMANN I, RILLIG Matthias C, BUSS Wolfram, et al. Hydrochar and biochar effects on germination of spring barley[J]. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2013, 199(5): 360-373.
42	FERNANDEZ M E, LEDESMA B, ROMÁN S, et al. Development and characterization of activated hydrochars from orange peels as potential adsorbents for emerging organic contaminants[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 183: 221-228.
43	ZHOU Nan, CHEN Honggang, XI Junting, et al. Biochars with excellent Pb(‍Ⅱ) adsorption property produced from fresh and dehydrated banana peels via hydrothermal carbonization[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 232: 204-210.
44	SRINIVASAN Rajkumar, ELAIYAPPILLAI Elanthamilan, PANDIAN Hepsiba Paul, et al. Sustainable porous activated carbon from Polyalthia longifolia seeds as electrode material for supercapacitor application[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2019, 849: 113382.
45	FANG June, GAO Bin, ZIMMERMAN Andrew R, et al. Physically (CO₂) activated hydrochars from hickory and peanut hull: Preparation, characterization, and sorption of methylene blue, lead, copper, and cadmium[J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(30): 24906-24911.
46	SUN Kejing, TANG Jingchun, GONG Yanyan, et al. Characterization of potassium hydroxide (KOH) modified hydrochars from different feedstocks for enhanced removal of heavy metals from water[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2015, 22(21): 16640-16651.
47	GHANIM Bashir, LEAHY James J, OʼDWYER Thomas F, et al. Removal of hexavalent chromium [Cr(Ⅵ)] from aqueous solution using acid-modified poultry litter-derived hydrochar: Adsorption, regeneration and reuse[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2022, 97(1): 55-66.
48	NGUYEN Duy H, TRAN Hai Nguyen, CHAO Huanping, et al. Effect of nitric acid oxidation on the surface of hydrochars to sorb methylene blue: An adsorption mechanism comparison[J]. Adsorption Science & Technology, 2019, 37(7/8): 607-622.
49	ISLAM Md Azharul, TAN Ivy Ai Wei, BENHOURIA Assia, et al. Mesoporous and adsorptive properties of palm date seed activated carbon prepared via sequential hydrothermal carbonization and sodium hydroxide activation[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 270: 187-195.
50	XUE Yingwen, GAO Bin, YAO Ying, et al. Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: Batch and column tests[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2012, 200: 673-680.
51	KHATAEE Alireza, KAYAN Berkant, KALDERIS Dimitrios, et al. Ultrasound-assisted removal of Acid Red 17 using nanosized Fe₃O₄-loaded coffee waste hydrochar[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2017, 35: 72-80.
52	ZAHEDIFAR Mahboobeh, SEYEDI Neda, SHAFIEI Saeid, et al. Surface-modified magnetic biochar: Highly efficient adsorbents for removal of Pb(Ⅱ) and Cd(Ⅱ)[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2021, 271: 124860.
53	RATTANACHUESKUL Natthanan, SANING Amonrada, KAOWPHONG Sulawan, et al. Magnetic carbon composites with a hierarchical structure for adsorption of tetracycline, prepared from sugarcane bagasse via hydrothermal carbonization coupled with simple heat treatment process[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 226: 164-172.
54	QU Jianhua, SHI Shuai, LI Yuhui, et al. Fe/N co-doped magnetic porous hydrochar for chromium(‍Ⅵ) removal in water: Adsorption performance and mechanism investigation[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2024, 394: 130273.
55	李振亮, 杜佳, 杨华, 等. 功能化水热碳的制备及对水中Cu²⁺的吸附性能研究[J]. 广州化工, 2021, 49(19): 75-77.
	LI Zhenliang, DU Jia, YANG Hua, et al. Preparation of functional hydrothermal carbon and adsorption of Cu²⁺ in water[J]. Guangzhou Chemical Industry, 2021, 49(19): 75-77.
56	TANG Zhi, DENG Yuanfang, LUO Tao, et al. Enhanced removal of Pb(Ⅱ) by supported nanoscale Ni/Fe on hydrochar derived from biogas residues[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 292: 224-232.
57	赵婷婷, 刘杰, 刘茜茜, 等. KMnO₄存在下利用水热法由牛粪制备水热炭及其吸附Pb(Ⅱ)性能[J]. 环境化学, 2016, 35(12): 2535-2542.
	ZHAO Tingting, LIU Jie, LIU Xixi, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of dairy manure hydrochar in the medium of KMnO₄ solution and its adsorption properties for Pb(Ⅱ)[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016, 35(12): 2535-2542.
58	ANASTOPOULOS Ioannis, IGHALO Joshua O, ADAOBI IGWEGBE Chinenye, et al. Sunflower-biomass derived adsorbents for toxic/heavy metals removal from (waste) water[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2021, 342: 117540.
59	HAN Lanfang, SUN Haoran, Kyoung S RO, et al. Removal of antimony (Ⅲ) and cadmium (Ⅱ) from aqueous solution using animal manure-derived hydrochars and pyrochars[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 234: 77-85.
60	DAI Lichun, WU Bo, TAN Furong, et al. Engineered hydrochar composites for phosphorus removal/recovery: Lanthanum doped hydrochar prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of lanthanum pretreated rice straw[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 161: 327-332.
61	SHUANG E, WANG Qiong, SHENG Kuichuan, et al. Synthesis of Al-modified hydrochar from corn stover for efficient phosphate removal[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2024, 12(1): 111725.
62	JIANG Yanhong, LI Anyu, DENG Hua, et al. Phosphate adsorption from wastewater using ZnAl-LDO-loaded modified banana straw biochar[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2019, 26(18): 18343-18353.
63	ABUBAKAR Abdurrahman, BATAGARAWA Samaila Muazu. Kinetic and isotherm studies of malachite green and Congo red adsorption from aqueous solution by corn stalk bio-waste material[J]. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2018, 10(1): 350.
64	Ahmed Fate ALI, KOVO Abdulsalami Sanni, ADETUNJI Sunday Adesola. Methylene blue and brilliant green dyes removal from aqueous solution using agricultural wastes activated carbon[J]. Journal of Encapsulation and Adsorption Sciences, 2017, 7(2): 95-107.
65	WU Jia, YANG Jianwei, FENG Pu, et al. High-efficiency removal of dyes from wastewater by fully recycling litchi peel biochar[J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 246: 125734.
66	RONIX Amanda, PEZOTI Osvaldo, SOUZA Lucas S, et al. Hydrothermal carbonization of coffee husk: Optimization of experimental parameters and adsorption of methylene blue dye[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2017, 5(5): 4841-4849.
67	TRAN Hai Nguyen, YOU Shengjie, CHAO Huanping. Insight into adsorption mechanism of cationic dye onto agricultural residues-derived hydrochars: Negligible role of π-π interaction[J]. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2017, 34(6): 1708-1720.
68	杨正武, 安天一, 李雨泽, 等. 原位改性丙酮水热炭对四环素的吸附特性[J]. 山东化工, 2021, 50(14): 10-12.
	YANG Zhengwu, AN Tianyi, LI Yuze, et al. Adsorption characteristics of tetracycline by in-situ modified acetone hydrochar[J]. Shandong Chemical Industry, 2021, 50(14): 10-12.
69	ZHENG Zhihong, ZHAO Baolong, GUO Yiping, et al. Preparation of mesoporous batatas biochar via soft-template method for high efficiency removal of tetracycline[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 787: 147397.
70	CHENG Long, JI Yuanhui, SHAO Qing. Facile modification of hydrochar derived from cotton straw with excellent sorption performance for antibiotics: Coupling DFT simulations with experiments[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 760: 144124.
71	周蒙蒙, 张忠庆, 赵庆慧, 等. 玉米秸秆水热炭制备及其对水中阿特拉津吸附[J]. 吉林大学学报(理学版), 2021, 59(4): 993-1002.
	ZHOU Mengmeng, ZHANG Zhongqing, ZHAO Qinghui, et al. Preparation of hydrothermal carbon of cornstalks and its adsorption of atrazine in water[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Science Edition), 2021, 59(4): 993-1002.
72	段佳男, 叶志伟, 王曦, 等. 改性稻壳水热炭对苯酚的吸附[J]. 应用化工, 2022, 51(1): 17-21.
	DUAN Jianan, YE Zhiwei, WANG Xi, et al. Adsorption of phenol by modified rice husk hydrochar[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2022, 51(1): 17-21.
73	MA Xiancheng, WU Yi, FANG Muaoer, et al. In-situ activated ultramicroporous carbon materials derived from waste biomass for CO₂ capture and benzene adsorption[J]. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2022, 158: 106353.
74	CHUNG Jae W, FOPPEN Jan W, IZQUIERDO Marta, et al. Removal of Escherichia coli from saturated sand columns supplemented with hydrochar produced from maize[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2014, 43(6): 2096-2103.
75	CHUNG Jae Wook, BREULMANN M, CLEMENS A, et al. Simultaneous removal of rotavirus and adenovirus from artificial ground water using hydrochar derived from swine feces[J]. Journal of Water and Health, 2016, 14(5): 754-767.
76	DING Shudong, WANG Bingyu, FENG Yuanyuan, et al. Livestock manure-derived hydrochar improved rice paddy soil nutrients as a cleaner soil conditioner in contrast to raw material[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 372: 133798.
77	SCHEIFELE Michael, HOBI Andrea, BUEGGER Franz, et al. Impact of pyrochar and hydrochar on soybean (Glycine max L.) root nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2017, 180(2): 199-211.
78	LI Xianyue, WANG Rongchen, SHAO Chenyang, et al. Biochar and hydrochar from agricultural residues for soil conditioning: Life cycle assessment and microbially mediated C and N cycles[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2022, 10(11): 3574-3583.
79	PUCCINI Monica, CECCARINI Lucia, ANTICHI Daniele, et al. Hydrothermal carbonization of municipal woody and herbaceous prunings: Hydrochar valorisation as soil amendment and growth medium for horticulture[J]. Sustainability, 2018, 10(3): 846.
80	ALMEIDA MELO Camila, JUNIOR Francisco Holanda Soares, BISINOTI Marcia Cristina, et al. Transforming sugarcane bagasse and vinasse wastes into hydrochar in the presence of phosphoric acid: An evaluation of nutrient contents and structural properties[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2017, 8(4): 1139-1151.
81	WAN Stefan, WANG Shengsen, LI Yuncong, et al. Functionalizing biochar with Mg-Al and Mg-Fe layered double hydroxides for removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions[J]. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 2017, 47: 246-253.
82	VOZHDAYEV Georgiy V, SPOKAS Kurt A, MOLDE Joseph S, et al. Response of maize germination and growth to hydrothermal carbonization filtrate type and amount[J]. Plant and Soil, 2015, 396(1): 127-136.
83	FORNES Fernando, BELDA Rosa M, FERNÁNDEZ DE CÓRDOVA Pascual, et al. Assessment of biochar and hydrochar as minor to major constituents of growing media for containerized tomato production[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2017, 97(11): 3675-3684.
84	ABEL Stefan, PETERS Andre, TRINKS Steffen, et al. Impact of biochar and hydrochar addition on water retention and water repellency of sandy soil[J]. Geoderma, 2013, 202: 183-191.
85	LIU Zuolin, DUGAN Brandon, MASIELLO Caroline A, et al. Biochar particle size, shape, and porosity act together to influence soil water properties[J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(6): e0179079.
86	YANG Wei, WANG Hui, ZHANG Meng, et al. Fuel properties and combustion kinetics of hydrochar prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of bamboo[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 205: 199-204.
87	DING Lili, WANG Zichen, LI Yannan, et al. A novel hydrochar and nickel composite for the electrochemical supercapacitor electrode material[J]. Materials Letters, 2012, 74: 111-114.
88	LIU Zhengang, QUEK Augustine, BALASUBRAMANIAN Rajasekhar. Preparation and characterization of fuel pellets from woody biomass, agro-residues and their corresponding hydrochars[J]. Applied Energy, 2014, 113: 1315-1322.
89	AHMAD RATHER Mushtaq, KHAN Noor Salam, GUPTA Rajat. Hydrothermal carbonization of macrophyte Potamogeton lucens for solid biofuel production production of solid biofuel from macrophyte Potamogeton lucens [J]. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, 2017, 20(1): 168-174.
90	YANG Jiantao, ZHANG Zhiming, WANG Junyao, et al. Pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization of biowaste: A comparative review on the conversion pathways and potential applications of char product[J]. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2023, 33: 101106.
91	LU Xiangjun, JIANG Chunhai, HU Yangling, et al. Preparation of hierarchically porous carbon spheres by hydrothermal carbonization process for high-performance electrochemical capacitors[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 2018, 48(2): 233-241.
92	KURNIAWAN Fredi, WONGSO Michael, AYUCITRA Aning, et al. Carbon microsphere from water hyacinth for supercapacitor electrode[J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2015, 47: 197-201.
93	LIU Dongdong, WANG Yiting, JIA Boyin, et al. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal preparation of corn straw hydrochar as supercapacitor electrode materials[J]. ACS Omega, 2020, 5(40): 26084-26093.
94	Natalia REY-RAAP, Marina ENTERRÍA, MARTINS José Inácio, et al. Influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes as additives in biomass-derived carbons for supercapacitor applications[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(6): 6066-6077.
95	FERRERO Guillermo Álvarez, FUERTES Antonio B, SEVILLA Marta. From soybean residue to advanced supercapacitors[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 16618.
96	ZHAO Yunpeng, XU Rongxia, CAO Jingpei, et al. N/O co-doped interlinked porous carbon nanoflakes derived from soybean stalk for high-performance supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 2020, 871: 114288.
97	Judith GONZÁLEZ-ARIAS, BAENA-MORENO Francisco M, SÁNCHEZ Marta E, et al. Optimizing hydrothermal carbonization of olive tree pruning: A techno-economic analysis based on experimental results[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 784: 147169.
98	MADHURA Lavanya, KANCHI Suvardhan, SABELA Myalowenkosi I, et al. Membrane technology for water purification[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2018, 16(2): 343-365.
99	BORRERO-LÓPEZ A M, MASSON Eric, CELZARD Alain, et al. Modelling the reactions of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin submitted to hydrothermal treatment[J]. Industrial Crops and Products, 2018, 124: 919-930.
100	Fan LYU, HUA Zhang, SHAO Liming, et al. Loop bioenergy production and carbon sequestration of polymeric waste by integrating biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes: A conceptual framework and recent advances[J]. Renewable Energy, 2018, 124: 202-211.
101	ZOU Jintuo, LIU Xiangmeng, XU Sunqiang, et al. Combined hydrothermal pretreatment of agricultural and forestry wastes to enhance anaerobic digestion for methane production[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 486: 150313.

转化技术类别		适用情形	相对优势	局限性
热化学转化	①直接焚烧；②热解，包括慢速热解、常规热解、快速热解、闪速热解；③水热处理，包括水热炭化、水热液化、水热气化；④气化；⑤烘焙	纤维素、半纤维素占比大；水分含量高；碳氮比较小（<30）	原料来源广，几乎所有类型生物质均适用；反应时间短，效率高；所需反应器尺寸小	能耗、物耗较大；需添加催化剂等化学试剂，带来污染排放问题
生物化学转化	①厌氧消化；②酶水解/糖发酵	木质素占比大；水分含量低；碳氮比较大（>30）	能耗较低，绿色环保，环境友好	反应周期长，时间成本高；分解效率低，对木质素、纤维素的处理易不完全

转化技术类别		适用情形	相对优势	局限性
热化学转化	①直接焚烧；②热解，包括慢速热解、常规热解、快速热解、闪速热解；③水热处理，包括水热炭化、水热液化、水热气化；④气化；⑤烘焙	纤维素、半纤维素占比大；水分含量高；碳氮比较小（<30）	原料来源广，几乎所有类型生物质均适用；反应时间短，效率高；所需反应器尺寸小	能耗、物耗较大；需添加催化剂等化学试剂，带来污染排放问题
生物化学转化	①厌氧消化；②酶水解/糖发酵	木质素占比大；水分含量低；碳氮比较大（>30）	能耗较低，绿色环保，环境友好	反应周期长，时间成本高；分解效率低，对木质素、纤维素的处理易不完全

水热处理技术	反应温度/℃	反应压力/MPa	主要产物
水热炭化（HTC）	180~250	2~10	水热炭
水热液化（HTL）	250~370	5~35	生物原油
水热气化（HTG）	370~750	>22.1	低于600℃为CH₄；高于600℃为H₂

水热处理技术	反应温度/℃	反应压力/MPa	主要产物
水热炭化（HTC）	180~250	2~10	水热炭
水热液化（HTL）	250~370	5~35	生物原油
水热气化（HTG）	370~750	>22.1	低于600℃为CH₄；高于600℃为H₂

[1]	周郭宁, 朱昊辰, 贺文智, 李光明. 水热技术用于农业废弃物处理的研究进展Ⅰ：生物原油制备[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(4): 2297-2312.
[2]	邱泽刚, 石亚斐, 李志勤. 生物质衍生芳香族含氧化合物中C—O键断裂研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(3): 1183-1193.
[3]	廖旭, 王玮, 黄文婷, 熊文涛, 王泽宇, 覃佐东, 林金清. 生物质基催化剂在二氧化碳转化为环状碳酸酯中的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(2): 834-846.
[4]	方碧瑶, 邱健豪, 李伊馨, 姚建峰. 木质纤维素基生物质炭改性半导体及其光催化应用[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(2): 957-970.
[5]	祁帅杰, 黄亚继, 徐鹏程, 齐景伟, 李志远, 时浩, 赵佳琪, 高嘉炜, 刘俊, 张煜尧. 废弃木质建筑模板与典型生物质热解产物分布及特性对比[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(2): 1120-1128.
[6]	宋顺明, 张敬雯, 张良清, 邱佳容, 陈剑锋, 曾宪海. 生物质基多元醇催化转化制备二醇[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(1): 228-252.
[7]	韩洪晶, 车宇, 田宇轩, 王海英, 张亚男, 陈彦广. 木质素催化氢解催化剂及溶剂的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(S1): 315-324.
[8]	何世坤, 张荣花, 李昊阳, 潘晖, 冯君锋. 脱铝分子筛固体酸催化葡萄糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(S1): 374-381.
[9]	胡婷霞, 赵立欣, 姚宗路, 霍丽丽, 贾吉秀, 谢腾. 双金属催化剂在生物质焦油催化蒸汽重整领域的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4354-4365.
[10]	石佳博, 张宇轩, 陈雪峰, 谭蕉君. 单宁酸-纳米协同改性胶原纤维多孔材料的制备及其油水分离性能[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4624-4629.
[11]	江慧珍, 罗凯, 王艳, 费华, 吴登科, 叶卓铖, 曹雄金. 废弃生物质复合相变材料的构建与应用[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 3934-3945.
[12]	赵伟刚, 张倩倩, 蓝钰玲, 闫雯, 周晓剑, 范毜仔, 杜官本. 真空绝热板芯材的研究进展与展望[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 3910-3922.
[13]	王颖杰, 祝新利. 溶胶-凝胶法制备高分散Ni-Cu/SiO₂ 促进间甲酚直接脱氧制甲苯[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 3824-3833.
[14]	张子杭, 王树荣. 生物质热解转化与产物低碳利用研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 3692-3708.
[15]	谢国平, 谭雪松, 刘鹏, 苗长林, 许光文, 庄新姝. 基于生物基衍生有机溶剂的木质纤维素预处理研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(6): 3347-3358.