能源转型中渣油高效利用技术的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2128

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国原油进口量大，加之原油的重质化，炼化行业实现重质油的清洁转化在能源结构调整中至关重要，尤其是渣油的高效利用。本文根据近年来研究者的科研工作，分析了渣油的性质及其加工过程中存在的问题，重点介绍了国内外有关固定床、沸腾床、悬浮床渣油加氢工艺的工业应用情况及催化剂相关研究进展，并对比了三种渣油加氢技术的优缺点。对渣油加氢未转化油向高附加值化学品的转化工艺进行了归纳，并对未来炼厂向绿色低碳炼化一体化方向发展、发挥加氢技术组合优势、研发高活性低成本催化剂等方面进行了展望。炼厂可依据原料油性质、产品用途等合理选用组合加工工艺。渣油加氢技术应更好地发挥其承上启下的作用，即利用更劣质的原料为下游工艺提供更优质进料，进而实现渣油的高效利用。

关键词: 渣油, 高效利用, 催化剂, 加氢, 固定床, 沸腾床, 悬浮床

Abstract:

Our country has a large import volume of crude oil. At the same time, crude oil has gradually become heavier globally. The clean conversion of heavy oil in the refining industry is crucial, especially the efficient utilization of residue. Based on the difference kinds of residue, this paper analyzes the characteristics and catalysts R&D progress of different hydrotreating technologies, such as fixed bed, fluidized bed and slurry bed. This article also summarizes the conversion process of unconverted residue from hydrogenation to high value-added chemicals, and looks forward to several future development directions of refineries, including transitioning towards green, low-carbon, and integrated refining; utilizing the advantages of hydrogenation technology combination; developing high activity and low-cost catalysts, etc. Combination processing techniques can be reasonably chosen based on the properties of feedstock and product purpose. The hydrogenation technology of residue should better play its bridging role. Namely, using inferior feed oil to provide higher quality products for downstream processes, thereby achieving efficient utilization of residue.

Key words: residue, efficient utilization, catalyst, hydrogenation, fixed bed, fluidized bed, slurry bed

中图分类号:

TE62

吴达, 蒋淑娇, 魏强, 袁胜华, 杨刚, 张成. 能源转型中渣油高效利用技术的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(5): 2343-2353.

WU Da, JIANG Shujiao, WEI Qiang, YUAN Shenghua, YANG Gang, ZHANG Cheng. Research progress on efficient utilization technology of residue in energy transition[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(5): 2343-2353.

图/表 5

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项目	RDS/VRDS	RCD Unionfining	Residfining	渣油加氢处理成套技术（SRHT）	渣油加氢处理技术（RHT）
代表公司	CLG	UOP	Exxon	中国石化	中国石化
反应温度/℃	350~430	350~450	350~420	350~427	350~420
反应压力/MPa	12~18	10~18	13~16	13~16	13~18
体积空速/h^-1	0.2~0.5	0.2~0.8	0.2~0.8	0.2~0.7	0.2~0.7
化学氢耗/m³·m^-3	187	130	190	150~187	—
转化率/%	31	20~30	20~50	20~50	20~50
脱金属率/%	92.0	78.3	72.5	83.7	92.4
脱硫率/%	94.5	92.0	81.6	92.8	92.1
脱氮率/%	70.0	40	60.0~70.0	72.8	58.8
脱残炭率/%	50.0~60.0	59.3	56.5	67.1	62.7

项目	RDS/VRDS	RCD Unionfining	Residfining	渣油加氢处理成套技术（SRHT）	渣油加氢处理技术（RHT）
代表公司	CLG	UOP	Exxon	中国石化	中国石化
反应温度/℃	350~430	350~450	350~420	350~427	350~420
反应压力/MPa	12~18	10~18	13~16	13~16	13~18
体积空速/h^-1	0.2~0.5	0.2~0.8	0.2~0.8	0.2~0.7	0.2~0.7
化学氢耗/m³·m^-3	187	130	190	150~187	—
转化率/%	31	20~30	20~50	20~50	20~50
脱金属率/%	92.0	78.3	72.5	83.7	92.4
脱硫率/%	94.5	92.0	81.6	92.8	92.1
脱氮率/%	70.0	40	60.0~70.0	72.8	58.8
脱残炭率/%	50.0~60.0	59.3	56.5	67.1	62.7

项目	H-Oil	T-Star	LC-Fining	沸腾床渣油加氢成套技术（STRONG）	劣质重油全返混沸腾床加氢（EUU）
代表公司	AXENS	AXENS	CLG	中国石化	上海新佑能源
反应温度/℃	415~440	360~380	400~450	380~450	200~500
反应压力/MPa	16.8~21	12.5~13.5	11~20	8~18	5~25
体积空速/h^-1	0.4~1.3	—	—	—	0.8~1.0
化学氢耗/m³·m^-3	130~300	—	135~300	—	—
转化率/%	45~85	20~60	55~80	40~90	≥90
脱金属率/%	65~90	—	65~88	62~90	≥90
脱硫率/%	62~82	93~99	60~85	50~98	≥90
脱氮率/%	25~45	40~85	—	30~70	≥80
脱残炭率/%	45~75	—	40~70	—	≥90

项目	H-Oil	T-Star	LC-Fining	沸腾床渣油加氢成套技术（STRONG）	劣质重油全返混沸腾床加氢（EUU）
代表公司	AXENS	AXENS	CLG	中国石化	上海新佑能源
反应温度/℃	415~440	360~380	400~450	380~450	200~500
反应压力/MPa	16.8~21	12.5~13.5	11~20	8~18	5~25
体积空速/h^-1	0.4~1.3	—	—	—	0.8~1.0
化学氢耗/m³·m^-3	130~300	—	135~300	—	—
转化率/%	45~85	20~60	55~80	40~90	≥90
脱金属率/%	65~90	—	65~88	62~90	≥90
脱硫率/%	62~82	93~99	60~85	50~98	≥90
脱氮率/%	25~45	40~85	—	30~70	≥80
脱残炭率/%	45~75	—	40~70	—	≥90

项目	Uniflex	悬浮床加氢裂化技术（VCC）	EST	HDH-PLUS	超级悬浮床（MCT）	重质油悬浮床加氢技术（UPC）
代表公司	UOP	KBR	ENI	PDVSA	三聚环保	中国石油
反应温度/℃	430~460	440~470	400~425	440~470	430~460	200~500
反应压力/MPa	12.7~14.1	18~23	16~20	17~20	18~23	9~13
体积空速/h^-1	0.3~1.0	0.3~1.0	0.3~1.0	—	0.3~1.0	0.8~1.0
催化剂	铁系粉末型	铁系粉末型	钼系油溶性	粉末型	复合粉末型	水溶性多金属催化剂
转化率/%	＞90	85~95	＞97	＞90	＞90	80~96
未转化油/%	＜10	＜5	2.5~3.8	＜10	＞5	—