氢能储存技术最新进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0674

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氢能是全球能源技术革命的重要发展方向，在氢能产业发展过程中，开发高效、安全和低成本的氢能储存技术是实现大规模用氢的必要保障和关键。本文综述了当前主流的四种氢能储存技术，即高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢、有机液态储氢、固体材料储氢的原理和技术特点，分析整理了这几种储氢技术的优缺点，讨论了各类储氢方式的最新研究现状和面临的关键挑战，并对未来储氢技术的优化和发展趋势进行了展望。可以发现，为了提高储氢量，研究人员都将重心放在开发具有成本效益、提高能量密度的储氢技术上。其中，高压气态储氢应着力开发低成本、高性能的碳纤维复合材料，降低Ⅳ型瓶的成本；低温液态储氢应把研究重点放在降低液压成本以及寻求廉价易得的保温材料上；对于有机液态储氢来说，寻求高效催化剂可以大幅度提高其储氢能力；固体材料储氢应着力研发高效催化剂，寻求可以提高氢气与材料相互作用力的途径。政府、企业及科研院应大力推进储氢技术的研究，加速氢能产业发展，早日实现碳中和目标。

关键词: 氢, 储氢技术, 储氢方式, 优化, 催化剂

Abstract:

Hydrogen energy is an important development direction of the global energy technology revolution. In the development process of the hydrogen energy industry, the development of efficient, safe and low-cost hydrogen energy storage technology is the necessary guarantee and key to the realization of large-scale hydrogen consumption. This paper reviews four current mainstream hydrogen energy storage technologies——high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, liquid organic hydrogen storage, and solid material hydrogen storage, analyzes and sorts out the advantages and disadvantages of these hydrogen storage technologies, discusses the latest research status and key challenges of various hydrogen storage methods, and prospects the optimization and development trend of hydrogen storage technology in the future. It can be found that in order to improve hydrogen storage, researchers focus on developing cost-effective, energy-dense hydrogen storage technologies. It is suggested that high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage should focus on the development of low-cost, high-performance carbon fiber composite materials to reduce the cost of type Ⅳ bottles; low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage should focus on reducing hydraulic costs and seeking cheap and readily available thermal insulation materials; for liquid organic hydrogen storage, seeking high-efficiency catalysts can greatly improve its hydrogen storage capacity; and solid material hydrogen storage should develop high-efficiency catalysts and seek ways to improve the interaction between hydrogen and materials. The government, enterprises and scientific research institutes should vigorously promote the research on hydrogen storage technology, accelerate the development of the hydrogen energy industry, and realize the goal of carbon neutrality as soon as possible.

Key words: hydrogen, hydrogen storage technology, hydrogen storage method, optimization, catalyst

中图分类号:

TK91

韩利, 李琦, 冷国云, 魏雯珍, 李钰颖, 吴玉庭. 氢能储存技术最新进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(S1): 108-117.

HAN Li, LI Qi, LENG Guoyun, WEI Wenzhen, LI Yuying, WU Yuting. Latest research progress of hydrogen energy storage technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(S1): 108-117.

图/表 8

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储氢方式	优点	缺点
高压气态储氢	技术成熟、结构简单	储氢密度低、安全性较差
低温液态储氢	储氢密度大、安全性好	氢液化能耗大、储氢容器要求高
有机液态储氢	纯度高、储氢密度大	成本高、能耗大、操作空间苛刻
固体材料储氢	易携带、安全性好	单位质量储氢密度低、充放氢效率低

储氢方式	优点	缺点
高压气态储氢	技术成熟、结构简单	储氢密度低、安全性较差
低温液态储氢	储氢密度大、安全性好	氢液化能耗大、储氢容器要求高
有机液态储氢	纯度高、储氢密度大	成本高、能耗大、操作空间苛刻
固体材料储氢	易携带、安全性好	单位质量储氢密度低、充放氢效率低

类型	材质	工作压力 /MPa	质量储氢密度/%	使用寿命 /a
Ⅰ型	纯钢制金属瓶	17.5~20	约1	15
Ⅱ型	钢制内胆纤维缠绕瓶	26.3~30	约1.5	15
Ⅲ型	铝内胆纤维缠绕瓶	30~70	2.4~4.1	15~20
Ⅳ型	塑料内胆纤维缠绕瓶	>70	2.5~5.7	15~20

类型	材质	工作压力 /MPa	质量储氢密度/%	使用寿命 /a
Ⅰ型	纯钢制金属瓶	17.5~20	约1	15
Ⅱ型	钢制内胆纤维缠绕瓶	26.3~30	约1.5	15
Ⅲ型	铝内胆纤维缠绕瓶	30~70	2.4~4.1	15~20
Ⅳ型	塑料内胆纤维缠绕瓶	>70	2.5~5.7	15~20

配位体	示例
[AlH₄]^-	NaAlH₄，Ca(AlH₄)₂，Ti(AlH₄)₄
[BH₄]^-	LiBH₄，NaBH₄，Al(BH₄)₃
VIIIB 族元素	Mg₂NiH₄，Mg₂FeH₆