流体驱动旋转装备应用与数值模拟方法研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1441

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

流体驱动旋转装备在能量转换及能量回收等过程中应用广泛。近年来，流体驱动旋转装备新结构不断涌现，其应用也得到了拓展，逐步与海水淡化、制冷、混合、测速等过程结合。在此发展过程中，计算流体力学为流体驱动旋转装备的设计优化提供了新途径。本文综述了流体驱动旋转装备在能源工程、化学工程等领域的应用，总结了流体驱动旋转装备数值模拟方法研究进展，对比了主动旋转及被动旋转两种模拟方法，指出被动旋转模拟在流体驱动旋转装备研究中的意义，展望了流体驱动旋转技术在超重力装备中的应用前景。

关键词: 流动, 旋转装备, 计算流体力学, 优化设计

Abstract:

Fluid-driven rotating equipment is widely used in energy conversion and recovery. In recent years, new structures of fluid-driven rotating equipment have emerged constantly, and their applications have been expanded, which combined with seawater desalination, refrigeration, mixing, velocity measurement and other processes gradually. In the course of this development, computational fluid dynamics technology provides a new approach for the design optimization of fluid-driven rotating equipment. In this review, the different applications of fluid-driven rotating equipment in energy engineering, chemical engineering and other fields are reviewed, and the research progress in computational fluid dynamics methods of fluid-driven rotating equipment is summarized. The active and passive rotation simulation methods are compared, and the significance of passive rotation simulation in the study of fluid-driven rotating equipment is pointed out. Finally, the new application of fluid-driven rotating technique in high-gravity equipment is outlined.

Key words: flow, rotating equipment, computational fluid dynamics, optimization design

中图分类号:

TQ051

徐涵卓, 刘志浩, 孙宝昌, 张亮亮, 邹海魁, 罗勇, 初广文. 流体驱动旋转装备应用与数值模拟方法研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(6): 2806-2817.

XU Hanzhuo, LIU Zhihao, SUN Baochang, ZHANG Liangliang, ZOU Haikui, LUO Yong, CHU Guangwen. Research progress in applications and numerical simulation of fluid-driven rotating equipment[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(6): 2806-2817.

图/表 20

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水轮机分类	现代常用形式	结构描述	特点	水头范围/m
反击式水轮机
混流式水轮机	弗朗西斯水轮机	叶片截面为翼型，叶片垂直布置，与上冠下环相连	水流沿径向流入，轴向流出	20~700
轴流式水轮机	卡普兰水轮机	叶片结构为螺旋桨式，并且可调桨叶角度	水流沿轴向流入，轴向流出	200~850
斜流式水轮机	—	结构介于混流式与轴流式之间，桨叶倾斜布置	水流相对于轴线斜向流入	150~350
贯流式水轮机	—	转轮结构与轴流式类似，流道一般为直线状	水流在流道内沿轴向流动	1~25
冲击式水轮机
斜击式水轮机	—	喷嘴与桨叶呈一夹角	射流沿斜向冲击叶轮叶片	20~300
切击式水轮机	佩尔顿水轮机	叶片结构为双碗型，喷嘴与桨叶呈切向布置	射流沿切向冲击叶轮叶片	40~1700
双击式水轮机	—	包含喷嘴和叶轮，结构介于冲击式与反击式之间	运行过程中存在两次冲击过程	5~100

水轮机分类	现代常用形式	结构描述	特点	水头范围/m
反击式水轮机
混流式水轮机	弗朗西斯水轮机	叶片截面为翼型，叶片垂直布置，与上冠下环相连	水流沿径向流入，轴向流出	20~700
轴流式水轮机	卡普兰水轮机	叶片结构为螺旋桨式，并且可调桨叶角度	水流沿轴向流入，轴向流出	200~850
斜流式水轮机	—	结构介于混流式与轴流式之间，桨叶倾斜布置	水流相对于轴线斜向流入	150~350
贯流式水轮机	—	转轮结构与轴流式类似，流道一般为直线状	水流在流道内沿轴向流动	1~25
冲击式水轮机
斜击式水轮机	—	喷嘴与桨叶呈一夹角	射流沿斜向冲击叶轮叶片	20~300
切击式水轮机	佩尔顿水轮机	叶片结构为双碗型，喷嘴与桨叶呈切向布置	射流沿切向冲击叶轮叶片	40~1700
双击式水轮机	—	包含喷嘴和叶轮，结构介于冲击式与反击式之间	运行过程中存在两次冲击过程	5~100

装备类型	应用场合	存在问题	优化方法/解决方案
水轮机	水能发电	超低水头利用效率较低	使用碳纤维增强热塑性材料叶片^［20］
水力取风冷却塔	冷却塔	效率较低，振动严重	设计专用混流式水轮机^［22］
水力风机	船舶消防除烟防爆	效率较低	—
风力机	风能发电	启动过程存在动态失速	使用4D打印叶片及仿生叶片自动调节叶片攻角^{［28，32-33］}
震荡水柱型波能转换器	波浪能发电	启动过程存在动态失速	被动流动控制方法^［35］
液力透平	压力能回收	缺少流量控制系统，选择方法及性能曲线预测不够成熟	可变操作策略，不同转速流量关系形成数据库，拟合最优曲线^［50-51］
透平膨胀机	制冷及能量回收	小型膨胀机中微型叶轮加工复杂	使用复合材料仿生轻量化叶轮^［58］
旋转射流混合器	储罐混合	国产装备减速比大，防沉积效果差	增加液力阻尼器，设计超大减速比齿轮机构^［67］

装备类型	应用场合	存在问题	优化方法/解决方案
水轮机	水能发电	超低水头利用效率较低	使用碳纤维增强热塑性材料叶片^［20］
水力取风冷却塔	冷却塔	效率较低，振动严重	设计专用混流式水轮机^［22］
水力风机	船舶消防除烟防爆	效率较低	—
风力机	风能发电	启动过程存在动态失速	使用4D打印叶片及仿生叶片自动调节叶片攻角^{［28，32-33］}
震荡水柱型波能转换器	波浪能发电	启动过程存在动态失速	被动流动控制方法^［35］
液力透平	压力能回收	缺少流量控制系统，选择方法及性能曲线预测不够成熟	可变操作策略，不同转速流量关系形成数据库，拟合最优曲线^［50-51］
透平膨胀机	制冷及能量回收	小型膨胀机中微型叶轮加工复杂	使用复合材料仿生轻量化叶轮^［58］
旋转射流混合器	储罐混合	国产装备减速比大，防沉积效果差	增加液力阻尼器，设计超大减速比齿轮机构^［67］

装备类型	几何维度	流体驱动旋转模拟实现方法	湍流模型	旋转区域网格	多相流模型	网格数量	参考文献
垂直轴风机	二维/三维	CFX表达式语言	标准k-ε模型	变形网格	—	1.36×10⁵（二维） 7.9×10⁶（三维）	［93］
垂直轴水轮机	二维	Fluent用户自定义函数	剪切应力输运k-ω模型	滑移网格	—	未提及	［99］
垂直轴风机	二维/三维	Fluent六自由度模型	剪切应力输运k-ω模型	滑移网格	—	129450（二维） 1512783（三维）	［94］
垂直轴风机	二维	Fluent用户自定义函数	重整化数群k-ε模型	动网格	—	1.40×10⁵	［92］
达里厄型垂直轴风机	二维	Fluent用户自定义函数	剪切应力输运k-ω模型	未提及	—	2×10⁵	［96］
垂直轴水轮机	二维	Fluent用户自定义函数	剪切应力输运k-ω模型	滑移网格	—	9.8×10⁴	［100］
佩尔顿水轮机	二维/三维	Fluent用户自定义函数	重整化数群k-ε模型	滑移网格	流体体积法	20000（二维） 1500000（三维）	［95］
震荡水柱冲击式水轮机	三维	Fluent用户自定义函数	标准k-ε模型	滑移网格	—	1750000	［97］
水平轴潮流能水轮机	三维	Fluent用户自定义函数	标准k-ε模型	滑移网格	—	17250000	［101］
高水基过滤器	三维	Fluent六自由度模型	可实现k-ε模型	未提及	未提及	4.9×10⁶~6.9×10⁶	［84］
涡轮流量计	三维	Fluent六自由度模型	雷诺应力模型	未提及	—	未提及	［98］
井下涡轮	三维	Fluent六自由度模型	可实现k-ε模型	滑移网格	—	400000	［102］
水平轴风机	三维	Fluent六自由度模型	标准k-ε模型	动网格	—	689820	［103］