微流道气-液两相流研究及其在PEMFC中的应用进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-0393

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微流道由于具有比表面积高、传质能力强等优点，已成功地应用于化工领域的多种气-液反应体系中。此外，其在化工领域中的研究成果还可以应用于目前备受关注的燃料电池领域以提高其电化学转化效率。然而，微流道尺度的微小化以及其中气-液两相流规律的复杂性使得微流道内的气-液两相流特性的阐明还需要进一步的研究，才能促使微流道在实际应用中发挥更优异的作用。本文从流型、压降和传质三个关键特征的研究角度来介绍微流道内气-液两相流的研究进展，简述了不同流型的特征及其形成条件，阐明了其对应的压降大小和传质能力的高低，回顾了现有的压降和传质系数的预测模型及其相应的优化措施，并分析了运用这三个关键特征的相关参数来优化质子交换膜燃料电池流场设计方面的研究进展，得到了流场类型、流道尺寸、流道形状、流道表面特性等的优化方案。但是，燃料电池中的精细流道的特殊结构及其特定工况使得其与传统的微流道有显著的区别。由此，本文提出了应当根据燃料电池精细流道的特点探明其中的两相流型、压降和传质的动态变化规律以及构建相应的压降预测模型的建议，以期为流场设计提供更准确的参考依据，进而提高燃料电池性能，加速燃料电池的商用进程。

关键词: 微流道, 气液两相流, 流型, 压降, 传质, 质子交换膜燃料电池

Abstract:

Micro-channel has been successfully applied in gas-liquid two-phase chemical reaction system due to its high specific surface area and strong mass transfer ability. In addition, the research achievement in the field of chemical engineering can also be utilized to improve the fuel cell electrochemical conversion efficiency. However, due to the small scale of micro-channel and the complexity of gas-liquid two-phase flow rules, further study is required to clarify the characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in micro-channel, which can promote it to perform better in practical applications. In this paper, the research progress of the critical characteristics as flow patterns, pressure drop and mass transfer are illustrated. Moreover, the features of different flow patterns and its forming conditions are described, while the corresponding pressure drop and mass transfer capacity are expounded. According to this relationship, readers can get the design parameters and the necessary operated condition to achieve the expected flow patterns which can cost low pressure loss and provide great mass transfer ability. The existing prediction models of pressure drop and mass transfer coefficient and their optimization measures were reviewed. Moreover, the research progress of improving the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) flow field design by using the relevant parameters of these key characteristics were analyzed. Base on that, the optimum proposal toward flow field type, channel size, channel shape, channel surface characteristics can be obtained. However, due to the special structure and working condition of the fine flow channel in PEMFC, it shows great different from the traditional microchannel. Therefore, it was suggested that the two-phase flow patterns, the dynamic change law of pressure drop and mass transfer should be explored aiming at the special characteristics of the fine flow channel of fuel cell, and the specific pressure drop prediction model should be developed. The further study suggested would provide a more accurate reference for the flow field design, and then enhance the performance of PEMFC, accelerate its commercialization process.

Key words: microchannels, gas-liquid flow, flow pattern, pressure drop, mass transfer, proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)

中图分类号:

TM911.4

廖珮懿, 杨代军, 明平文, 薛明喆, 李冰, 张存满. 微流道气-液两相流研究及其在PEMFC中的应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(9): 4734-4748.

LIAO Peiyi, YANG Daijun, MING Pingwen, XUE Mingzhe, LI Bing, ZHANG Cunman. Research progress of gas-liquid two-phase flow in micro-channel and its application in PEMFC[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(9): 4734-4748.

图/表 6

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流型	特征描述
泡状流	以液相为连续相，气体以小气泡形式分散在液相中，气泡与气泡之间间距较大
段塞流	气泡的直径达到了流道的宽度，气泡具有椭圆形的“头部”和矩形的“身体”
搅混流	大气泡破碎并以凌乱的状态、不规则的大小进入液相
环形流	具有被液膜包裹的气芯，形成带波浪形边缘环状的流态
帽状-气泡流	气泡呈“帽状”，有着近似半圆的“头部”和较“肥大”的尾部
段塞液滴流	长段气泡中含有液滴，但是液段中不含气泡
环形液滴流	具有被液膜包裹的气芯，且气芯中包含液滴并随着气泡移动

流型	特征描述
泡状流	以液相为连续相，气体以小气泡形式分散在液相中，气泡与气泡之间间距较大
段塞流	气泡的直径达到了流道的宽度，气泡具有椭圆形的“头部”和矩形的“身体”
搅混流	大气泡破碎并以凌乱的状态、不规则的大小进入液相
环形流	具有被液膜包裹的气芯，形成带波浪形边缘环状的流态
帽状-气泡流	气泡呈“帽状”，有着近似半圆的“头部”和较“肥大”的尾部
段塞液滴流	长段气泡中含有液滴，但是液段中不含气泡
环形液滴流	具有被液膜包裹的气芯，且气芯中包含液滴并随着气泡移动

研究者	发表年份	微流道参数			流体体系	操作条件		探究因素	主要结论
研究者	发表年份	流道水力直径 /mm	流道表面特性	放置方式	流体体系	气体和液体的表观速度 /m·s^–1	气-液两相在入口处的夹角/(°)	探究因素	主要结论
Chung等^［26］	2004	0.05，0.1，0.25，0.53	—	水平	氮气-水	U_G∶0.01~73 U_L∶0.01~5.8	90	流道直径	随着流道直径减小，观测到的流型种类减少至只剩下段塞流
宋静^［34］	2006	0.4	亲水	水平	氮气-液体（水，无水乙醇，不同浓度的CMC水溶液）	U_G∶0.79~24 U_L∶0.03~0.5	0	流体特性（密度，黏度）	随着液体黏度的增加，越容易出现环形流
Venkatesan等^［27］	2010	0.6， 1.2， 1.7， 2.6， 3.4	亲水	水平	空气-水	U_G∶0.01~50 U_L∶0.01~3	0	流道直径	当流道直径小于2mm时观测不到分层流和环形流，小于1mm时只能观测到泡状流、段塞流、段塞-环形流和分散泡状流
Choi等^［28］	2011	0.5	亲水，疏水	水平	氮气-水	U_G∶0.07~34.1 U_L∶0.19~0.46	90	壁面接触角	亲水壁面可观测到泡状流、长泡状流、段塞-环形流，而疏水壁面则更倾向于形成分层流型
袁希钢等^［35］	2012	0.53	—	水平	空气-液体（水，不同浓度的乙醇和丙三醇）	U_G∶0.1~20 U_L∶0.1~3	180	流体特性（密度，黏度）	黏度增加对流型的过渡线的移动的影响并不明显
Saisorn等^［33］	2015	0.53	—	水平，垂直向上	空气-水	U_G∶0.38~21.19 U_L∶0.004~2.44	0，90	流道放置方向	垂直放置的流道内无法观测到弹状流；水平放置的流道内无法观测到环状流
Puccetti等^［36］	2015	0.28	—	水平	空气-水	U_G， U_L∶0.005~0.15	90	气体和液体的表观速度	表观气速和表观液速影响气泡长度
Zhou 等^［29］	2017	0.18	亲水，疏水	水平	空气-水	U_G， U_L∶0.001~10	0	壁面固有接触角和表面粗糙度	随着接触角增大，形成的流型减少至只剩段塞流，表面粗糙度增大时表面疏水程度增大
Lim等^［37］	2019	0.2	—	水平	He-乙醇	U_G∶0.06，0.1，0.15 U_L∶0.04，0.07，0.1	20，45，90，135，160	两相入口夹角	入口夹角大于90°有利于增大气泡比表面积
王长亮等^［38］	2019	0.1	亲水，疏水	水平	空气-水	U_G， U_L∶0.12	90	壁面接触角	接触角的变化改变了气-液接触界面的形状

研究者	发表年份	微流道参数			流体体系	操作条件		探究因素	主要结论
研究者	发表年份	流道水力直径 /mm	流道表面特性	放置方式	流体体系	气体和液体的表观速度 /m·s^–1	气-液两相在入口处的夹角/(°)	探究因素	主要结论
Chung等^［26］	2004	0.05，0.1，0.25，0.53	—	水平	氮气-水	U_G∶0.01~73 U_L∶0.01~5.8	90	流道直径	随着流道直径减小，观测到的流型种类减少至只剩下段塞流
宋静^［34］	2006	0.4	亲水	水平	氮气-液体（水，无水乙醇，不同浓度的CMC水溶液）	U_G∶0.79~24 U_L∶0.03~0.5	0	流体特性（密度，黏度）	随着液体黏度的增加，越容易出现环形流
Venkatesan等^［27］	2010	0.6， 1.2， 1.7， 2.6， 3.4	亲水	水平	空气-水	U_G∶0.01~50 U_L∶0.01~3	0	流道直径	当流道直径小于2mm时观测不到分层流和环形流，小于1mm时只能观测到泡状流、段塞流、段塞-环形流和分散泡状流
Choi等^［28］	2011	0.5	亲水，疏水	水平	氮气-水	U_G∶0.07~34.1 U_L∶0.19~0.46	90	壁面接触角	亲水壁面可观测到泡状流、长泡状流、段塞-环形流，而疏水壁面则更倾向于形成分层流型
袁希钢等^［35］	2012	0.53	—	水平	空气-液体（水，不同浓度的乙醇和丙三醇）	U_G∶0.1~20 U_L∶0.1~3	180	流体特性（密度，黏度）	黏度增加对流型的过渡线的移动的影响并不明显
Saisorn等^［33］	2015	0.53	—	水平，垂直向上	空气-水	U_G∶0.38~21.19 U_L∶0.004~2.44	0，90	流道放置方向	垂直放置的流道内无法观测到弹状流；水平放置的流道内无法观测到环状流
Puccetti等^［36］	2015	0.28	—	水平	空气-水	U_G， U_L∶0.005~0.15	90	气体和液体的表观速度	表观气速和表观液速影响气泡长度
Zhou 等^［29］	2017	0.18	亲水，疏水	水平	空气-水	U_G， U_L∶0.001~10	0	壁面固有接触角和表面粗糙度	随着接触角增大，形成的流型减少至只剩段塞流，表面粗糙度增大时表面疏水程度增大
Lim等^［37］	2019	0.2	—	水平	He-乙醇	U_G∶0.06，0.1，0.15 U_L∶0.04，0.07，0.1	20，45，90，135，160	两相入口夹角	入口夹角大于90°有利于增大气泡比表面积
王长亮等^［38］	2019	0.1	亲水，疏水	水平	空气-水	U_G， U_L∶0.12	90	壁面接触角	接触角的变化改变了气-液接触界面的形状

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