10~30K温区纯不锈钢丝网与混填磁性填料制冷性能对比

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-0323

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

低温回热材料的性能是制约深低温制冷机发展的关键因素之一。在10~30K温区，对比低温段回热器采用不锈钢丝网（SS）和SS与HoCu₂混合填充两种方式的回热器损失、能量流分布及制冷性能。数值模拟表明，回热器采用纯SS填充时存在较大换热损失，而混填时流阻损失影响显著增大，随着制冷温度提高，回热器换热损失均能减小，而流阻损失有所增加。低温级脉管内能量流模拟结果表明，HoCu₂填充时，回热器焓流较小，传输到冷端的PV功也较小。最后在主动调相的热耦合两级脉管上开展实验测试，结果显示，SS与HoCu₂混合填充的低温级脉管无负荷温度到9.56K，当制冷温度为25K及以下时，制冷效率高于纯SS填充；制冷温度高于28K时，纯SS填充的制冷效率更高。通过常规不锈钢材料和磁性材料填充回热器制冷性能对比，为液氢温区高效回热器设计提供参考。

关键词: 脉管制冷机, 复杂流体, 流体动力学, 多孔介质, 不锈钢丝网, HoCu₂颗粒

Abstract:

The properties of regenerator materials is one of the key factors to the performance of pulse tube cryocoolers. Losses in the regenerator, energy flow along the axial direction and cooling capacity of the pulse tube refrigerator were compared in 10—30K, when the lower temperature part of the regenerator was filled with stainless steel wire mesh (SS) and HoCu₂, respectively. The simulation analysis of regenerator losses showed that there was a large imperfect heat transfer loss when SS was filled, while the influence of flow resistance loss increased significantly when HoCu₂ was filled. With the increase of cooling temperature, the imperfect heat transfer loss of the regenerator was reduced, while the flow resistance loss increased a little bit. The simulation result of energy flow in the 2nd pulse tube refrigerator showed that the enthalpy flow of the regenerator and the PV work transferred to the cold end were smaller when HoCu₂ was filled. Finally, Comparative experimental tests were conducted on a thermally coupled two-stage pulse tube with active phase shifter. The results showed that the no-load temperature of the lower-temperature pulse tube filled with SS and HoCu₂ was 9.56K, and the cooling efficiency was higher than that of pure SS when the refrigeration temperature was 25K or below. When the cooling temperature was above 28K, the cooling efficiency of pure SS was higher. By comparing the refrigeration performance of regenerators filled with conventional material and magnetic material, it provided a reference for the design of higher efficiency regenerator in liquid hydrogen temperature zone.

Key words: pulse tube refrigerator, complex fluids, hydrodynamics, porous media, stainless steel wire mesh, HoCu₂ particles

中图分类号:

TK123

温丰硕, 刘少帅, 伍文婷, 宋键镗, 朱海峰, 蒋珍华, 吴亦农. 10~30K温区纯不锈钢丝网与混填磁性填料制冷性能对比[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(1): 113-119.

WEN Fengshuo, LIU Shaoshuai, WU Wenting, SONG Jiantang, ZHU Haifeng, JIANG Zhenhua, WU Yinong. Comparison of pure stainless steel wire mesh and mixed HoCu₂ particle as regenerator material at 10—30K[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(1): 113-119.

图/表 13

图1 低温下氦气工质与几种常用回热材料的体积比热容

图2 低温级主动调相的热耦合两级脉管制冷机示意图

表1 热耦合两级脉管主要结构参数

部件	参数
第一级回热器	外径32.9mm，内径15.9mm，长度70mm，填充350^#SS
第一级脉冲管	直径15.5mm，壁厚0.2mm，长度80mm
第一级调相机构	惯性管?3mm×0.49m+?4.5mm×3.0m，气库容积300cm³
第二级回热器	高温段：外径25.9mm，内径12.9mm，长度48mm，填充350^#SS 低温段：外径19.4mm，内径12.9mm，长度50mm
第二级脉冲管	直径12.5mm，壁厚0.2mm，长度126mm
第二级调相机构	室温主动调相，活塞直径18mm

图3 低温段回热器两种填充方式对比示意图

图 4 低温级脉管冷指及两级脉管制冷系统实物图

图5 回热器和冷端换热器内能流关系示意图

图6 回热器三类损失和净制冷量占比对比

图7 回热器流阻损失影响系数对比

图8 低温级脉管内PU相位分布情况对比

图9 低温级脉管内能量流分布对比

图10 400#SS与500#SS分层填充时制冷性能曲线

图11 400#SS和HoCu2混合填充时制冷性能曲线

图12 两种填充方式制冷效率曲线对比

参考文献 20

1	COULTER D R, ROSS R G, BOYLE R F, et al. NASAadvanced cyrocooler technology development program[C]//Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation. Proc SPIE4850, IR Space Telescopes and Instruments, Waikoloa, Hawai'i, USA. 2003, 4850: 1020-1028.
2	REED J, PERKINSON M C, D’ARRIGO P, et al. 300mK and 50mK cooling systems for long-life space applications[J]. Cryogenics, 2008, 48(5/6): 181-188.
3	KOTSUBO V, RADEBAUGH R, HENDERSHOTT P, et al. Compact 2.2K cooling system for superconducting nanowire single photon detectors[J]. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, 27(4): 1-5.
4	YOU Lixing. Miniaturizing superconducting nanowire single-photon detection systems[J]. Superconductor Science and Technology, 2018, 31(4): 040503.
5	甘智华, 王博, 刘东立, 等. 空间液氦温区机械式制冷技术发展现状及趋势[J]. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2012, 46(12): 2160-2177.
	GAN Zhihua, WANG Bo, LIU Dongli, et al. Status and development trends of space mechanical refrigeration system at liquid helium temperature[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science), 2012, 46(12): 2160-2177.
6	PENNEC Y, BUTTERWORTH J, COLEIRO G, et al. Engineering model of a high power low temperature pulse tube cryocooler[C]//Proceedings of 19th International Cryocooler Conference. San Diego, California, USA: International Cryocooler Conference, Inc., 2016: 43-48.
7	NAST T, OLSON J, CHAMPAGNE P, et al. Overview of lockheed martin cryocoolers[J]. Cryogenics, 2006, 46(2/3): 164-168.
8	CHASSAING C, BUTTERWORTH J, AIGOUY G, et al. 15K pulse tube cooler for space missions cryocoolers[C]//Proceedings of 18th International Cryocooler Conference. Syracuse, New York, USA: International Cryocooler Conference, Inc., 2014: 27-32.
9	YAN Pengda, CHEN Guobang, DONG Jingjing, et al. 15K two-stage Stirling-type pulse-tube cryocooler[J]. Cryogenics, 2009, 49(2): 103-106.
10	LIU Sixue, CHEN Liubiao, WU Xianlin, et al. 10K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler with precooling[J]. Cryogenics, 2016, 77: 15-19.
11	ZHU Haifeng, JIANG Zhenhua, LIU Shaoshuai, et al. Comparison of three phase shifters for Stirling-type pulse tube cryocoolers operating below 30K[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2018, 88: 413-419.
12	ZHU Shaowei, LIN Yuzhe. Fundament of input power distribution and phase shifter functions of a step displacer type two-stage pulse tube refrigerator[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2020, 113: 31-37.
13	RADEBAUGH R, O’GALLAGHER A, GARY J. Regenerator behavior at 4K: effect of volume and porosity[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2002, 613(1): 961-968.
14	BRADLEY P E, GERECHT E, RADEBAUGH R, et al. Development of a 4K stirling-type pulse tube cryocooler for a mobile terahertz detection system[J]. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2010, 1218(1): 1593-1600.
15	LI Zhuopei, JIANG Yanlong, GAN Zhihua, et al. Performance of a precooled 4K Stirling type high frequency pulse tube cryocooler with Gd₂O₂S[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, 2014, 15(7): 508-516.
16	ZHOU Qiang, CHEN Liubiao, ZHU Xiaoshuang, et al. Development of a high-frequency coaxial multi-bypass pulse tube refrigerator below 14K[J]. Cryogenics, 2015, 67: 28-30.
17	QUAN J, LIU Y J, LI X Y, et al. Influence of regenerator material on performance of a 6K high frequency pulse tube cryocooler[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017, 278: 012152.
18	PANG Xiaomin, WANG Xiaotao, DAI Wei, et al. Theoretical and experimental study of a gas-coupled two-stage pulse tube cooler with stepped warm displacer as the phase shifter[J]. Cryogenics, 2018, 92: 36-40.
19	MARTIN S, CHARLES I, DUVAL J M, et al. Performance improvement of the 15K pules tube cryocooler[C]//Proceedings of 20th International Cryocooler Conference. Burlington, VT, USA: International Cryocooler Conference, Inc., 2018: 7-16.
20	YANG L W, ZHAO M G, LIANG J T, et al. Investigation of two stage high frequency pulse tube cryocoolers[C]//Proceedings of 14th International Cryocooler Conference. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: International Cryocooler Conference, Inc., 2007: 177-186.

[1]	黄益平, 李婷, 郑龙云, 戚傲, 陈政霖, 史天昊, 张新宇, 郭凯, 胡猛, 倪泽雨, 刘辉, 夏苗, 主凯, 刘春江. 三级环流反应器中气液流动与传质规律[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 175-188.
[2]	李宁, 李金科, 董金善. 乙烯裂解炉多孔介质燃烧器的研究与开发[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 73-83.
[3]	徐茂淯, 陶帅, 齐聪, 梁林. 圆盘式环路热管的启动特性及温度波动[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4531-4537.
[4]	汪健生, 张辉鹏, 刘雪玲, 傅煜郭, 朱剑啸. 多孔介质结构对储层内流动和换热特性的影响[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4212-4220.
[5]	马哲杰, 张文励, 赵炫凯, 李平. PEMFC阴极催化层氧传质阻力影响的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(6): 2860-2873.
[6]	王光宇, 孟境辉, 张锴. 煤泥间歇微波干燥模拟及介电性质[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(4): 1779-1786.
[7]	张成松, 张静, 龚斌, 李明洋, 袁佳新, 李宏业. 自吸射流柔性搅拌桨振动特性[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(4): 1728-1738.
[8]	闫兴清, 戴行涛, 喻健良, 李岳, 韩冰, 胡军. 高压氢气泄漏射流研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(3): 1118-1128.
[9]	郭志鹏, 卜宪标, 李华山, 龚宇烈, 王令宝. 基于热-流-化耦合作用的单井增强地热系统性能分析[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(2): 711-721.
[10]	杨锋苓, 梁国林, 张翠勋, 王贵超. 疏水Rushton搅拌桨的减阻性能[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(9): 4682-4690.
[11]	周志毅, 王进卿, 王广鑫, 池作和, 翁煜侃. 多孔介质内气泡熟化特性孔隙尺度研究[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(3): 1265-1271.
[12]	张天昊, 许浩洁, 吴天一, 李步发, 王军锋. 电场作用下基面液滴蒸发与内部流动数值模拟[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(2): 609-618.
[13]	张学民, 张山岭, 李鹏宇, 黄婷婷, 尹绍奇, 李金平, 王英梅. 多孔介质中CO₂-CH₄水合物置换的影响因素及强化机理研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(10): 5259-5271.
[14]	舒钊, 钟珂, 肖鑫, 贾洪伟, 吕凤勇, 常沙. 多孔纳米基复合相变材料在建筑节能中的应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(S2): 265-278.
[15]	张学民, 张梦军, 杨惠结, 李银辉, 李金平, 王英梅. 冰点以下多孔介质中气体水合物的生成动力学研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(S2): 101-108.