木质纤维素衍生平台化学品制备液态烷烃的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2018-2347

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

液态烷烃C₅₊是汽油、柴油、航空燃油等当前社会的运输燃料的主要成分。本文综述了利用木质纤维素衍生平台化学品制备液体燃料的研究进展，着重总结了生物质衍生平台化学品通过碳链增长得到长链含氧化合物，然后经过加氢脱氧（HDO）得到C₇₊液体烷烃的技术研究进展。木质纤维素衍生平台化学品包括山梨醇、糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛（HMF）、环戊酮、甲基呋喃、酚类、丙酮、丁醇、乙醇、乙酰丙酸、γ-戊内酯等。其中，糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛和环戊酮在碱性催化剂作用下能与其他羰基化合物发生羟醛缩合反应实现碳链增长；甲基呋喃、苯类及苯酚类衍生物可以在强酸催化作用下通过烷基化/羟烷基化反应实现碳链增长；丙酮能与乙醇、丁醇发生α-烷基化反应实现碳链增长；乙酰丙酸可以转化为戊酸、丁烯或当归内酯，再分别通过酮基化反应、烯烃齐聚反应和加成反应实现碳链增长。诸多利用生物质衍生物化学品制备长链烷烃的路径中，利用5-羟甲基糠醛和甲基呋喃制备长链烷烃的技术路线存在路径过长、原料不易获取的问题；利用环戊酮和苯酚类物质能够得到高密度长链环烷烃，是一条有竞争力的路线；糠醛和乙酰丙酸易于从生物质中大规模制取，且利用糠醛和乙酰丙酸制备长链烷烃的反应路径短，较易实现工业应用。

关键词: 生物质, 长链烷烃, 平台化学品, 羟醛缩合, 烷基化, 加氢脱氧, 液体燃料

Abstract:

Liquid alkanes C₅₊ are the main components of transportation fuels such as gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. This review focused on the research progress in the preparation of liquid fuels from lignocellulosic derived platform chemicals, with emphasis on the development of the synthesis of C₇₊ liquid alkanes by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of the long chain oxygenated chemicals formed by carbon-chain growth of biomass derived platform chemicals. The lignocellulosic derived platform chemicals include sorbitol, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural（HMF), cyclopentanone, methylfuran, phenols, acetone, butanol, ethanol, levulinic acid, γ-valerolactone and so on. Among them, furfural/5-hydroxymethylfurfural/cyclopentanone could form C—C bond with other carbonyl compound through aldol condensation reaction with the aid of alkaline catalyst; methyl furan/benzene/phenol derivatives form C—C bond by alkylation/hydroxyalkylation under the catalysis of strong acidic acid; acetone could react with ethanol and butanol through α-alkylation reaction of with to achieve carbon chain growth; while levulinic acid can be transformed to pentanoic acid; butane or angelica lactone, which could undergo ketonization, olefin oligomerization or polymerization to achieve simultaneous C—C coupling. Among many ways to prepare long-chain alkanes from biomass derivative chemicals, the technical route of preparing long-chain alkanes from 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and methyl furan is too long and the raw materials are not easy to obtain; using cyclopentanone and phenol to obtain high-density long-chain alkanes is a competitive route; furfural and acetylpropionic acid are easy to regulate from substances. The process of preparing long-chain alkanes from furfural and levulinic acid is short and easy to realize industrial application.

Key words: biomass, long chain alkanes, platform compounds, aldol condensation, alkylation, hydrodeoxygenation, liquid fuels

中图分类号:

TK6
TQ511

石宁, 唐文勇, 唐石云, 葛武杰, 刘云花, 黄伦昌. 木质纤维素衍生平台化学品制备液态烷烃的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(07): 3097-3110.

Ning SHI, Wenyong TANG, Shiyun TANG, Wujie GE, Yunhua LIU, Lunchang HUANG. Advances in the catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic derived platform chemicals into liquid alkanes[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(07): 3097-3110.

图/表 13

图1 木质纤维素生物质制取液态烷烃的路径

图2 山梨醇加氢脱氧制备正己烷的反应路径

图3 糠醛/5-羟甲基糠醛与丙酮羟醛缩合-加氢脱氧制备长链烷烃

图4 利用糠醛类化合物与环酮类化合物制备环烷烃的技术路线

图5 环戊酮经羟醛缩合和加氢脱氧制备长链环烷烃

图6 以甲基呋喃的羟烷基化/烷基化作为碳链增长途径制备长链烷烃

图7 苯通过烷基化反应和加氢脱氧制备多环烷烃

图8 HMF与均三甲苯通过F-C烷基化反应生成长链烷烃

图9 5-羟甲基糠醛与甲苯经F-C烷基化反应和制备长链环烷烃

图10 酚类与苄醚或苄醇类通过烷基化反应和加氢脱氧生成多环烷烃

图11 丙酮与醇类经α-烷基化生成长链烷烃

图12 乙酰丙酸以γ-戊内酯为平台制备液体燃料

图13 乙酰丙酸以当归内酯聚合为平台制备长链烷烃

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