Violacein is an indole derivative produced by some microbes，which exhibits many interesting biological activities. The microbes capable of producing violacein，the biosynthesis mechanism and the bioactivities of violacein are reviewed in this paper. The future research trends and application prospect of violacein are discussed.

1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) is an important intermediate in the production of polyesters propylene terephthalate (PTT). Compared with the chemical method，the production by microbial fermentation has increasingly attracted more attention for its friendliness with the environment. In this paper，the research advances in genetic modification of Klebsiella pneumoniae are reviewed with regard to metabolic pathway，expression host，vector construction，and key enzymes in the conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol. Moreover，some prevailing protocols for strain selection and genetic modification are also discussed.

The mechanism of application of coal fly ash in water treatment is discussed，and the progress of water treatment，such as dye wastewater，phenol wastewater，heavy metal ions wastewater，removal of ammonium and phosphate，is reviewed. The modification methods of coal fly ash are introduced from acid-modified，alkali-modified，salt-modified，surfactant-modified，mix-modified and synthesizing zeolite. Finally，the future development of coal fly ash is also presented.

The nature of degradability and innocuity makes chitosan a kind of excellent cationic organic flocculant. The flocculant mechanism，influence factors (such as molecular weight，pH，initial turbidity，organics and ion concentration)，flocculation efficiency and modification of chitosan are discussed. The modified chitosan which overcomes some of its defects，could be widely applied in the future.

Based on the consideration of ecological safety，considerable attention has been paid to the development and use of microbial flocculants during recent years and a few progresses have been made. Some aspects are reviewed in this paper，for instance，the possible mechanisms of microbial flocculation action，the factors affecting the production of microbial flocculants，the factors affecting the flocculation activity and certain achievements of compound microbial flocculants. In addition，practical applications of microbial flocculants are also introduced. Some suggestions concerning the future research work are presented.

Four paths for producing fuels from waste plastics are reviewed：pyrolysis，catalytic cracking，pyrolysis-catalytic transformation，and catalytic cracking-catalytic transformation. Their advantages and disadvantages are also discussed and compared. The catalyst technology is considered as the critical issue restraining the development of this domain. In this paper，the progress of the species of the catalysts used in the catalytic processes are summarized. It would make some suggestion for further research and development of catalyst for manufacturing fuels from waste plastics.

Preparation of catalyst under microwave irradiation has shown obvious advantages. This review introduces the application of microwave irradiation in the preparation of catalyst， such as the preparation of zeolite，dispersion of active components， modification of carrier and synthesis of new materials（including nano-material and mesoporous material）. The perspectives of microwave-irradiated technique in the field of catalyst preparation are also presented.

Recently，three-dimensionally ordered (3DOM) materials have attracted much attention owing to their unique properties for ordered macroporous structure and various chemical compositions of pore walls. In this paper，the structure of 3DOM materials is discussed，and the applications of 3DOM materials，such as photonic crystals，catalysts，supports，electrode materials and sensors are reviewed.

Reactive distillation (RD) provides an attractive alternative for reaction/separation processes with reversible reactions，especially for etherification and esterification. The esterifications，reaction kinetics and phase equilibrium of acetic acid with five different alcohols，ranging from C1 to C5 are introduced. Particular emphasis is placed on the catalyst and process development of RD coupling and intensification process for ester acetate production. Finally，the prospect of their development is also discussed.

Structurally well-defined mesoporous materials have recently attracted much attention for their high specific surface area，large and controllable pore diameter．However，ultrafine powers are easy to agglomerate and hard to separate which affect the actual application in many fields．The morphological control of mesoporous materials can develop the application in adsorption，catalysis，separation，and so on．The synthesis and application of ordered mesoporous materials，including thin films，sphere-like，fiber-like，tube-like，rod-like morphology have been referred．

The basic principles of neural network and quantitative structure-property relationship（QSPR）study are introduced，and its application and advance in the prediction of flammability characteristics of compounds such as flash point，auto-ignition temperature，and flammability limits are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages as well as the applicability of various prediction models for each property concerned are analyzed. Furthermore，the comparison of the neural network methods with the linear regression models，as well as the development of the neural network technique are studied. Meanwhile，the present situation and development trend of the study on design of training set，selection of molecule descriptors and validation of models are discussed. Further study of QSPR in the field of safety science is also proposed.

This paper summarizes the basic principles of residence time distribution (RTD) technique and its applications in membrane separations. It introduces in detail the research processes of RTD application in microfiltration，nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. The most important research field is spiral wound reverse osmosis membrane module. It also introduces RTD research progresses in characterizing flow patterns of membrane modules and optimizing their performance. The paper demonstrates fields in which RTD technology can be applied. For example，the membrane companies can optimize membrane module design; membrane engineering companies can select the best membrane modules; membrane customers can detect and diagnose the fact of fouling and scaling within membrane modules. Meanwhile，it presents the future research and development of RTD technology as well.

As a high-efficiency heat-exchange unit，heat pipe has wide application in solar water heater. Collector is an important part of solar water heater. The state of the art of all kinds of solar collector with heat pipes is reviewed in this paper. The feasibility of application of heat pump and air conditioning system combined with heat pipe solar water heater in the energy conservation building is discussed. Main issues，which restrain the development of heat pipes solar water heater，are discussed and analyzed.

The deformation properties include elasticity modulus，shrinkage，cracking-resistance，toughness and shock-resistance. The durability properties are freezing-resistance，fatigue-resistance，permeation-resistance，abrasion-resistance，dry-moist cycle resistance，fire-resistance and bursting-resistance. The performance of toughness，cracking-resistance and freezing-resistance of the cement-based materials could be obviously improved because of incorporating the waste rubber aggregate. The research of the effects of waste rubber aggregates on the deformation and durability properties of hardened cement-based materials in China and abroad is summarized and analyzed.

Activated carbon with high porosity were prepared from bamboo waste with phosphoric acid activation. The structure properties of products were measured based on the N2 adsorption isotherms at 77 K. Activated carbon (AC) with the highest specific surface was used to fabricate the electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). And the behavior of charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry of EDLCs was investigated. The results indicated that the activated carbon prepared under different conditions had high specific surface（1485—2127 m2/g）and considerable mesopores. The mesopore volume was 0.43—0.67 cm3/g and the highest total pore volume reached 1.53 cm3/g. The EDLCs with AC as electrode material had good charge/discharge performance and power performance. The specific capacitance of carbon electrode could reach 197 F/g

Mesoporous，organic-inorganic hybrid SBA-15-SO3H containing alkyl(methyl) and sulfonic acid groups was directly synthesized. The catalyst was effective in the synthesis of 2-t-butyl-p-cresol by the alkylation of MTBE with p-creso. Moreover，the influence of alkylation reaction condition on the conversion and selectivity of alkylation and the stability of catalyst was investigated. The experimental result showed that the conversion rate of p-cresol was 87.4%，the selectivity rate was 97.86%，SBA-15-SO3H molecular sieve was an ideal catalyst for the synthesis of 2-t-butyl-p-cresol.

The objective of the study was to derive optimum conditions for preparing crosslinked starch microspheres (ASM). The response surface methodology was used to analyze the effects of dosage of crosslinking agent，reaction temperature and initiator concentration on the yield and average particle size of ASM. The prediction models were also established. Variance analysis revealed that dosage of crosslinking agent，reaction temperature and initiator concentration significantly affected the yield and average particle size of ASM. Optimum conditions obtained were mass fraction of crosslinking agent 0.5%，reaction temperature 48 ℃ and initiator concentration 3.7 mmol/L.The yield and average particle size of ASM under optimized conditions predicted by the models were 77.5% and 16.5 μm respectively. These values were experimentally verified，and good agreement between experimental and predicted values was obtained.

ACFN (activated carbon fibers modified by nitric acid) supported cerium catalyst was prepared. The structure of such catalyst prepared was characterized by SEM，BET and XRD methods. The results indicated that cerium particles were highly dispersed on the surface of ACFN. The performance of CeO2/ACFN in low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO was studied. The activated carbon fibers (ACF) was pre-oxidized by nitric acid firstly，and then loaded with CeO2. The de-NO efficiency could be greatly enhanced. The highest de-NO efficiency could be obtained with a loading of 9％ CeO2. In the cases of high space velocity(11 000 h－1)，a high catalytic activity was observed at 180 ℃，and NO reduction conversion was 93.96％.

Bioconversion of L-phenylalanine to 2-phenylethylalcohol with yeasts was performed in an aqueous/organic solvent biphasic system. Saccharomyces cerevisiae CICIM Y0086（T）had more potential to transform L-phenylalanine to 2-phenylethylalcohol than Kluyvermyces marxianus AS.2.1440. The results of the solvent screening indicated that oleic acid was the best solvent which could extract 2-phenylethylalcohol efficiently among the four kinds of solvent. When the concentration of L-phenylalanine was 6 g/L，the optimum values of volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase，reaction temperature，pH value and liquid volume were 1∶1，30 ℃，4.0 and 20 mL/250 mL respectively. Under above optimum conditions，the content of 2-phenylethylalcohol reached 3.0 g/L 48 h later，which increased by about 50% than that in monophasic aqueous system.

Wood sawdust of different sizes and cylindrical activated carbon were used as the immobilization carriers of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans，and a fixed-bed bioreactor was constructed. The bio-oxidation of ferrous iron by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans biofilm at different aeration rates and different dilution rates were studied. The result showed that the maximum oxidation was 5.83 gFe2+·L－1·h－1 in the fixed-bed bioreactor of 0.65 L with 12 mm×5 mm×1 mm sized wood sawdust carrier at aeration rates of 1.4 L·min－1 and dilution rate of 1.1 h－1. Immobilization of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and bio-oxidation of ferrous iron with different carriers were compared. Wood sawdust showed much better efficiency than activated carbon in immobilization and oxidation of ferrous iron.

A new synthesis route including hydrothermal treatment to produce nickel oxalate and β-phase nickel hydroxide was introduced. X-ray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy was used to analyze the sample and the results indicated the sample was β-phase nickel hydroxide. The particle size and morphology were characterized by transmission electron microscopy，and the samples were pin-like products. The length of the products was about 100—200 nm，and the width of the products was about 10—20 nm. A positive electrode was prepared by mass fraction 8% nano-sized nickel hydroxide and 92% spherical nickel hydroxide to carry out the charge-discharge test. The test result showed that the specific capacity of the nickel electrode was increase by about 9.6% against the unadulterated spherical nickel hydroxide electrode and the specific capacity could be kept at 94% of the original value after 10 times charge-discharge tests.

With the techniques of one-step and two-step carbonization，capped and uncapped carbonization，and the modern analysis methods，the experiments on Chinese fir thinnings were performed，with special focus on the basic pyrolysis process of its saw dust and the influence on carbonized materials under different carbonization conditions. The carbon-network microstructure of charcoals developed and expanded rapidly at 600—700 ℃，and 700 ℃ is the critical temperature for developing aromaticity of the charcoal. Carbon-network further expanded at 700—900 ℃，moreover，the large carbon-network with low activity of IR spectrum adsorption was formed. Charcoal carbonized by capped way in N2 atmosphere possessed large carbon-network size，and low specific surface area. On the other hand，charcoal carbonized by uncapped way or two-step way in N2 atmosphere had small carbon-network size，and large specific surface area. Then the absorption index of aromatic ring breathing of charcoal was studied，and the mechanism and variation with temperature were revealed. The carbon-network of charcoal would become larger and its structure would become more and more distorted during the carbonization process. The weak bond of the carbon-network would be broken，and thus the plane structure of carbon-network was restored. When the distortion degree of carbon-network became the highest，the absorption wave number of aromatic ring breathing was at 1560 cm－1.

The surface of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was treated with titanates coupling agent NDZ-201，silane coupling agent KH-570，stearic acid and stearic acid-rare earth coupling agent and the samples were characterized by XRD，FT-IR. The effect of the kinds and contents of coupling agent on the mechanical and rheological properties of linear low density polyethylene（LLDPE）composites filled with modified LDHs was investigated. The results showed that the functional groups of LDHs changed and the layered structure of LDHs remained after modified with each coupling agent. After the LDH was modified，the elongation at break and rheological properties of LLDPE/LDHs composite materials were improved. For the LDHs treated with 4% stearic acid，the elongation at break of LLDPE/LDHs composite material was 160%，and the equilibrium torque of LLDPE/LDHs composite materials was 8 N·m.

The pretreatment process of propionic acid fermented broth by hollow-fiber membrane was investigated. Different kinds of hollow-fiber membranes were screened，and the separation conditions were optimized. It was shown that the polyvinylidenefluoride microporous hollow-fiber membrane (0.1 μm pore size) was more suitable for this system. When the initial pressure was 0.04 MPa，the absorbance of cell density at 660 nm was less than 0.4，pH value was 6.0 and temperature was 30 ℃，the fermented broth could be better pretreated by this PVDF membrane and an expected result was obtained.

The method of butyramide synthesis through hydration reaction of butyronitrile with water was studied. It was found that the highest activity of that Cr/Cu catalyst was obtained when the molar ratio of NaH2PO2/CuSO4 was 1.50—1.60 and that of Cr/Cu was 0.004—0.006 at the highest reaction temperature range of 55—57 ℃. The experimental results showed that the conversion rate of butyronitrile was up to 100% under the optimal reaction condition of the feed molar ratio of butyronitrile and water 1∶4.8，Cr/Cu catalyst concentration 22%—25%, reaction temperature 95—100 ℃ and residence time 5—6 h. In the experimental production conducted by the new process flow，the conversion rate of butyronitrile was 99% and the purity and yield of butyramide reached above 90 g·h－1 and 99.9% respectively.

A miniature laminate-plate heat exchanger was developed. The heat exchanger included multiple red copper plates，with two distribution chambers and microchannel array on the surface. Microchannels were machined by precise milling. The influences of microchannel depth，chamber shape and the orientation of heat exchanger on the heat transfer，flow resistance and comprehensive performance of heat exchanger were investigated by experiments. The result indicated that the magnitude of heat transfer-volume dominated the magnitude of heat transfer coefficient per unit volume，and the magnitude of heat transfer area per unit volume determined the magnitude of heat transfer coefficient per unit volume with the same magnitude of heat transfer volume. The microchannel depth showed more influence on the heat transfer performance，and the heat transfer performance of heat exchanger with 1 mm deep microchannels was improved by about 30%—60% than that of the heat exchanger with 2 mm deep microchannels. The orientation of heat exchanger greatly influenced flow resistance and comprehensive performance. Pressure drop decreased by about 26% and the comprehensive performance was improved by about 30% when the inlet of the heat exchanger was placed below.

The kinetics of the synthesis of ethyl tertiary-butyl ether(ETBE) from ethanol and isobutene in C4 streams with cation exchange resin as catalysts was investigated. A kinetics model based on Redeal-Eley (R-E) reaction mechanism was established, which showed excellent agreement with experimental results. Reaction rate has no relation with the concentration of ethanol and pseudo-first order kinetics could be used to process concentrations of isobutene and ETBE in the reaction mixtures.

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were synthesized by the solvothermal method at 160℃，using FeCl3·6H2O and ethylene glycol as reactants. X-ray diffraction，field emission scanning electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer were used to characterize the magnetite nanoparticles. The results indicated that the magnetite nanoparticles were of inverse spinel structure. The average particle sizes of 16 h and 24 h reaction were 145 nm and 495 nm respectively. The particles did not make any agglomeration. They showed outstanding monodisperse property. The influence of reaction time on the particle size of the products was studied. The saturation magnetization of reaction 24 h was 79.3 emu/g. The above particles showed excellent magnetic property.

Three perylene derivatives PeryBr、PeryBrAn and PeryAnBp had been synthesized from perylene-3，4，9，10- tetracarboxylic acid bisanhydride. The PeryAnBp was purified by column chromatography on silica，and was characterized by FT-IR，EA，UV/vis and 1H NMR. The result showed that PeryAnBp is a kind of luminescent red material，and the dissolution is improved largely.

The result of a new catalyst for C3 fraction liquid phase selective hydrogenation used in 200 kt/a ethylene unit for 24 months is reported in this paper. The catalyst BC-H-30A allows a wide range of operating conditions, with high activity, high selectivity. It can run at a high liquid space velocity for a long regeneration cycle like BC-L-83 catalyst. Moreover, the catalyst is improved in resisting high concentration of inlet methyl acetylene and propadiene and in the ability of controlling outlet methyl acetylene and propadiene concentration.

Continuous distillation processes including three-tower，four-tower and five-tower for separation of methyl cyanoacetate were proposed to replace the conventional batch distillation process. The best separation technology，that is five-tower continuous distillation，was determined based on the process technological analysis. Optimization simulations of five-tower continuous distillation were performed with ASPEN PLUS software in which RADFRAC model and WILSON equation were used，and the optimum operating conditions and equipment parameters were determined. The industrial data showed that the five-tower continuous distillation can reduce energy consumption by 30%，increase product’ yield by 2.4% compared with the batch distillation. A new process scheme for continuous separation of methyl cyanoacetate was established.