As current hot new industry,new energy vehicles are supported by governments around the world because of its environmentally friendly and technology intensive features.Especially in China,the development of new energy vehicle industry is very rapid.In this paper,the development situation of natural gas vehicle,electric vehicle and fuel cell vehicle was introduced in detail.Focusing on the analysis of comprehensive cost,technical bottlenecks,pollutant emission,subsidies and social operating cost of these three kinds of passenger vehicles,the development proposals were put forward.New energy vehicle industry should be developed based on local resources and regional characteristics.The subsidy way of electric vehicle needed to be changed to promote its healthy development.The development layout of fuel cell vehicle should be speeded up to preempt the zenith of fuel cell technology.

Mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) is an important chemical widely used for synthesizing polyesters,explosives,antifreeze,plasticizer etc.The novel methods for MEG synthesis such as catalytic hydrogenation of oxalic acid ester and catalytic hydrocracking of biomass were summarized.The impurities and their contents in the crude ethylene glycol product were discussed.The specific issues and technical bottlenecks in the separation units of the coal-and biomass-based MEG synthesis pathways were analyzed.The advantages and disadvantages of separation methods in EG purification,such as extractive distillation,reactive distillation and azeotropic distillation,were compared and analyzed from an industrial point of view.A variety of energy-saving techniques including multi-effect distillation,heat pump,and thermally coupled distillation and their applications in EG purification were reviewed.Aiming at the removal of refractory 1,2-propanediol and 1,2-butanediol,it was proposed that both impurities can be converted and removed by catalytic reactions over catalysts rationally designed and synthesized with specific structures and active sites.It was suggested that the effective energy-saving purification techniques with low-water-consumption and highly selective synthesis pathways should be focused on in the EG production in the future.

The liquefied hydrocarbon pressure vessel exposed to heat radiation from fire is extremely dangerous which may incur the boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) of disaster domino effect.In this paper,the stability and static reliability of a horizontal LPG tank exposed to fire were studied.A two-node lumped temperature model (LTM) was proposed by considering LPG thermodynamic properties and pressure relief process of the safety valve.The LTM was validated using the experimental results of U.S.Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL).According to the heat balance,a stable state of the LTM was derived,which showed that the dry wall and LPG temperature and the safety valve action could together determine whether the BLEVE would occur.Following the stability analysis,a limit state equation(LSE) was derived.The static reliability of the tank was obtained by applying the first-order reliability method (FORM) and response surface method (RSM) to LSE.The proposed analysis method of stability and static reliability is helpful to both quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of domino effect and inherently safer design(ISD) of pressure equipment.

A sub-cooler and quasi two-stage compression cycle were introduced for classical heat pump steam system to overcome the negative effects on coefficient of performance (COP) and exhaust temperature of high compression ratio.Simple and revised systems were conducted in a comparative study on their theoretical cycle performance,at the fixed input heat source temperature of 65℃ and condensing temperature range of 115-135℃,using R245fa as working fluid.Then the parameters of economizer (supplement rate of gas,expressed as B) and sub-cooler (sub-cooling rate of heat source water,expressed as A) were optimized to achieve higher COP.The result showed that,the revised system presents better cycle and safety performances,when adopting 0.4 and 0.2 as the typical value for B and A respectively,increasing COP value by 13.5%,cutting exhaust temperature and compression ratio by 1.72℃ and 19.2%,on average.The revised system using optimized parameters of economizer and sub-cooler can achieve a mean increase on COP of 32.36%.

Lignite drying is an important part of new retorting technique for lignite using solid heat carrier.In this paper,transfer process of lignite drying in an impulse pneumatic dryer,including momentum,heat and mass transfer,was studied based on two-fluid multiphase flow model.According to air drying technology,which was efficient and mature,a heat transfer mathematical model of particle acceleration and a momentum-heat transfer mathematical model of particle deceleration were established based on the force of particles in the airflow.A new optimization method for the height of impulse pneumatic dryer was proposed.The efficiency of the impulse pneumatic dryer was verified by comparing the data collected from the impulse pneumatic dryer and the traditional pneumatic dryer,which was equal in height with the impulse pneumatic dryer.The reasons for high efficiency of impulse pneumatic dryer were analyzed according to the distribution of the simulation parameters,like gas temperature,particle humidity and volumetric heat transfer coefficient along the height of the dryer.This study provided a data basis and theoretical reference for the design of impulse pneumatic dryers.

An experimental device was built up to study the dust removal characteristics in multi-layer spray column scrubber.The operating parameters which influence dust removal efficiency were analyzed,such as volume ratio of liquid to gas,average velocity of gas in column,inlet dust loading and spray pressure.The results showed that the spray layer have most significant influence to dust removal.The efficiency of three-layer column scrubber increased by more than 15% compared with the traditional washing tower,and inlet dust loading have little impact on it.Increasing spray pressure can enhance the efficiency of dust removal obviously.When spray pressure is 0.5-0.6MPa,the dust removal efficiency will be stable.Under the same operating parameters,reducing the average velocity of gas in scrubber will help to improve dust removal efficiency.For the three-layer column scrubber,the best average velocity of gas is 0.6-0.8m/s.In this experiment,dust removal efficiency can reach 98.3% in three-layer spray column scrubber,when spray pressure is 0.6MPa,the average velocity of gas in column is 0.6m/s,and volume ratio of liquid to gas is 5.27.

A cylindrical spout-fluid bed (182mm in inner diameter) equipped with a draft tube and loaded with sub-millimeter grade silicon particles of wide size distribution was used to study the gas bypassing fraction of spouting gas.Effects of static bed height,entrainment zone height,draft tube diameter,and the spouting and fluidizing gas velocity on the gas bypassing fraction of spouting gas were investigated.The results show that the gas bypassing fraction of spouting gas remains stable at low spouting gas velocities and decreases thereafter.At high spouting gas velocities,it reaches a stable value.At low spouting gas velocities,the gas fraction increases with the static bed height.When the spouting gas velocity is sufficiently high,the static bed height has little effect on the gas bypassing.In addition,the gas fraction increases with the fluidizing gas velocity and the draft tube diameter,but decreases with the entrainment zone height.Furthermore,a mathematical model for gas-particle two-phase flow in draft tube spout-fluid bed was established based on the Eulerian-Eulerian model according to the kinetic theory of granular flow.Effects of related parameters on simulation results were investigated by CFD simulation.The numerical simulation shows that both the calculated bed pressure drop and fluidization appearance show good agreement with the experimental results.Regarding applicability and reliability of the proposed model,it could be an effective tool to predict the experimental results.

CH₄-CO₂ reforming reaction can produce synthesis gas,which is an ideal way both for the reduction of CO₂ emission and the efficient utilization of C₁ resources.This reaction is affected by many factors,such as reaction temperature,ratio of raw material gas,catalyst type and so on.If each of factors were investigated,it would greatly increase the workload of the experiment.Artificial neural network (ANN) has obvious advantages in nonlinear prediction because of its superior fault tolerance,parallel processing and adaptive learning.The prediction model about CH₄-CO₂ reforming reaction catalyzed by Ni/Al₂O₃ was built based on artificial neural network.This model was trained by back propagation (BP) algorithm and improved BP algorithm,respectively.It was found that the improved BP model was much better than the BP model in view of the stability and convergence speed.Compared with the BP algorithm,the improved BP algorithm reduced the number of convergence times greatly,which was only 58.86% of that in BP model.By sensitivity analysis of the models,it showed that the reaction temperature was the most important factor on the reaction indexes (CH₄ conversion,CO₂ conversion,and H₂/CO ratio) among five input factors,followed by Ni loading.In addition,the average pore size,the specific surface area,and the pore volume had relatively small effects on reaction indexes within the experimental range.

There are a large number of magnesium ions and bicarbonate ions left in the system that after seawater decalcification using carbon dioxide,which can lead to scaling problem due to the low solubility of magnesium salts when the treated seawater is used.The new approach proposed in this article is that bicarbonate ions are transformed to carbonate ions and combined with magnesium ions by using sodium hydroxide as precipitant,which results in the further utilization of magnesium resources and mineralization of carbon resources.The effect of mole ratio between hydroxyl ion in the alkali resource and magnesium ions on magnesium removal rates was investigated under the temperature of 10℃,40℃ and 60℃,respectively.The corresponding sediments were characterized by XRD and SEM.And the relationship between the value of n(OH^-)/n(Mg²⁺) and the kinds and morphology of the sediment was obtained.The main conclusions are as follows:the magnesium removal rates increased with the increase of the amount of sodium hydroxide added,and the rates can reach over 98%.At 10℃,the precipitates existed in the form of pure MgCO₃·3H₂O,Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂·5H₂O and Mg (OH)₂ or their mixtures.At 40℃,MgCO₃·3H₂O disappeared,and the sediments were consist of pure Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂·4H₂O and Mg (OH)₂ or mixtures.This study provided a new approach for further utilization and mineralization of carbon dioxide of the decalcified seawater using flue gas,and provided a reference for detailed research on the extraction of magnesium resources.

Biomass gasification is a common technology of converting biomass into energy.The tar produced in the process of biomass gasification not only leads to equipment corrosion,pipeline blockage and secondary pollution,but also reduces the efficiency of biomass gasification.The classification,potential hazard and treatment methods of biomass tar are reviewed in this paper,with a focus on the recent research progress of catalytic cracking and plasma treatment methods.The advantages and disadvantages of different methods were compared.Physical method has the advantages of simple devices and easy operation,but the energy is not fully utilized and the secondary pollution exists.Thermal cracking can convert tar into gas and increase the energy of the produced gas,however,the process needs high temperature and cost.Having the lower temperature than thermal cracking,the catalytic cracking is the most active field in tar treatment,but the catalysts have the disadvantages of poor stability,easy deactivation,high cost etc.Plasma methods include cold plasma method and thermal plasma method,which are newly developed treatment methods of biomass tar in recent years.Possessing the characteristics of high temperature,high enthalpy and high electron density,the thermal plasma method provides new opportunity for the development of biomass tar processing technology.

Solving problems of high sulfur petroleum coke has drawn more attentions due to more and more imported crude oil with high sulfur and stringent environmental regulations.Source control before processing,process control,terminal post processing,and expanding applications throughout the entire process of petroleum coke chain were discussed in this paper.The current status of petroleum coke was expounded,and measures and methods to solve the problems were introduced.The advantages and disadvantages were analyzed,and solution of high sulfur petroleum coke was proposed.It is necessary to have comprehensive short and long term plans to solve the problem of high sulfur petroleum coke.The short term plan needs to improve and optimize production and sale,blending low sulfur feedstock with coking,increase production of high value-added products.For long term plan,adding ebullated bed residue hydrocracking,flexible coking,petroleum coke calcination,gasification and other new technologies and equipment are needed to completely solve the problems of high sulfur petroleum coke.

The influence of low temperature ashing on pyrolysis characteristics of 3 Inner Mongolia oil shales was studied according to the pyrolysis experiments of gravimetric-infrared-mass spectrometry at heating rate of 20℃/min by using low temperature ashing instrument and thermo gravimetric-infrared analyzer.The changes of functional groups before-and-after low temperature ashing and the light gases including CO₂,CH₄ and C_nH_m were investigated by thermo gravimetric curve (TG-DTG) and infrared peak fitting.The experimental results showed that the weight loss of ashing sample was gently with less proportion of weight loss in the second stage.With increasing ashing time the TG curves of ashing sample moved to high temperature and the weight loss was reduced.For different organic matter content of sample and ashing sample infrared peak fitting.The pyrolysis products of Inner Mongolia shales were similar in CO₂,CH₄ and C_nH_m for both original and ashing samples,while the contents of light paraffin and aromatic were reduced in ashing sample.Both were quite same in release rate curves for CH₄ and C_nH_m with Gaussian distribution.The release rate curves for CO₂ smoothly increased first and then accelerated sharply,and after reaching a maximum the curves dropped quickly till the end of evolution.At the same time,the research of pyrolysis kinetics for Inner Mongolia shale and ashing samples showed that the activation energy can be calculated by using Coats-Redeem method.The obtained chemical reaction kinetics parameters of pyrolysis provided a theoretical basis for the efficient development and economic utilization of oil shale.

Absorption refrigeration can recover industrial waste heat,but cannot effectively utilize waste heat below 100℃.Aiming at the problems of high pressure and temperature in the traditional ammonia absorption refrigeration system,the performance of compressive absorption refrigeration system was simulated with R124/DMAC as working fluids.Operating parameters were studied by changing operating temperatures,pressures and condensing temperatures.Operating temperature and pressure were the major factors influencing system COP,energy loss and efficiency.Compared with the traditional ammonia absorption refrigeration system,the results showed that at the same condensing temperature,the maximum COP of the two working fluid systems was the same.But the new system had a lower pressure of 600kPa (ammonia system of 1100kPa),a lower temperature of 75℃(ammonia system is 100℃).The irreversibility using the new refrigerant and the exergy efficiency were in a reasonable range.The main factors influencing the system of COP,exergy loss and exergy efficiency were pressure,temperature and condensing temperature.

The experiment was carried out with Zhaotong lignite as material.The base-dissolving acidification method was used to extract humic acid from Zhaotong lignite.The extraction rate and quality of humic acid in different operating conditions were explored.The humin(the residue of lignite) was carried out by pyrolysis and gasification.The yield of gas,the yield of tar,the yield of char,the composition of gas and the composition of tar were used as the analysis index to study the pyrolysis and gasification characteristics.The results show that NaOH of 1.5%,reaction temperature of 70℃,reaction time of 3h and reaction pressure of 2MPa are the best operating conditions to extract humic acid and the yield of humic acid could reach 41%.The total acidic functional groups content in humic acid reaches 6.8mmol/g.Among it,the carboxyl functional group content achieves 4.4mmol/g.The yield of ash in humic acid is 14.23%.Humic acid adsorption capacity gradation of metal elements is Al > Si > Fe > Ca > K > Mg.The pyrolysis gas yield of humin is 15.72% and the tar yield is 2.29%.

With Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge oil from Gansu province as raw materials,biodiesel was prepared and blended with the 0^# diesel fuels at 0,5%,20%,40%,60%,80% and 100% on a volume basis.The key properties of blends,such as density,kinematic viscosity,cold filter plug point and flash point were measured.Additionally,the influence of volume fraction of biodiesel on the blends properties was discussed.The density of blends was linear with the volume fraction of biodiesel and its value increased with the increasing of volume fraction of biodiesel.A mixing equation 100ln100ln (υρ)=X₁ln (υ₁ρ₁)+X₂ln(υ₂ρ₂) was used to predict the kinematic viscosities of the blends.For all blends,it was found that there was an excellent agreement between the measured and estimated values of the kinematic viscosities with the relative absolute error less than 1%.An empirical equation CFPP=0.7344-0.1058X+0.00187X²-1.3875×10^-5X³ could be used to correlate the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) and the volume fraction of biodiesel (X).The experimental data of flash point (FP) was also correlated as a function of biodiesel volume fraction(X) by empirical third-degree equation,which was given by FP=57.2638+0.6836X-0.01762X²+1.8983×10^-4X³.According to the results,the density,kinematic viscosities and flash point of the blends increased with the increase of volume fraction of biodiesel in the blends,whereas the CFPP of blends decreased.The physicochemical properties of blends were improved when mixing 0^# diesel fuels with biodiesel,in the purpose of storage,utilization and transportation.

Photothermocatalysis has presented a novel technology which introduces simultaneous light into thermocatalytic system or heat into photocatalytic system for the purpose of co-catalysis,which has become popular in catalysis field.This paper mainly reviews chemical reactions in the field of energy synthesis under cooperative catalysis condition,including photothermocatalytic hydrogenation of CO,photothermocatalytic CO₂ reduction,and photothermal hydrolysis,etc.The current results suggested that the coupling of photocatalysis and thermocatalysis could drive reaction more efficiently,and overcome the obstacles existed in single-driven catalytic system.In the field of CO hydrogenation reaction,the introduction of illumination not only can obviously increase the CO conversion efficiency but also control hydrocarbon products'distribution.In the field of CO₂ reduction,it can be implemented that converting CO₂ into CO,CH₄,or other hydrocarbon products efficiently and selectively by modulating appropriate photothermal conditions.In the field of hydrolysis reaction,hydrogen production efficiency can be improved under mild conditions.Meanwhile,the related photothermal synergistic reaction mechanisms and the deficiencies at the present stage in various systems have been summarized.Finally,the prospects for future photothermal catalytic study are proposed,which might provide a positive pathway for developing new photothermal catalytic systems.

Side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol is a promising method to prepare styrene which shows great industrial prospect and therefore is of both economic and scientific importance.The research background is briefly introduced and then the research progress on the side-chain alkylation mechanism is systemically reviewed.Subsequently,we summarize the influence of various reaction conditions and the features of different catalysts.The development concepts and technology routes of acid-base dual-functional catalysts are summarized comprehensively.Results based on reaction mechanistic path and thermodynamic property analysis show that methanol decomposition and activation of methyl in toluene are the main limiting factors.Ultimately,this review provides applications of new catalytic materials in side-chain alkylation and a novel catalyst design idea that combines suitable acid and basic catalyst to construct synergistic catalysts.

CO₂ can be converted into syngas via reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction,followed by the F-T reaction to produce C_xH_y fuels or oxygenated chemicals,which have a significant impact on the environment and the energy structure of the future society and the catalyst plays a key role.The catalyst systems of RWGS reaction are reviewed,especially for the effect of interaction between metal and support,the preparation methods,and the electronic effect of doping elements on RWGS reaction performance of the corresponding catalyst are analyzed.Further,the application of Ce-based catalyst in RWGS reaction was discussed.Optimizing the active component can effectively improve the RWGS reaction performance of the corresponding catalysts for the hydrogenation reduction of CO₂ into syngas,and provide a foundation for the industrialization of RWGS reaction.The differences between noble metal and non-noble metal catalysts are also evaluated from points of the preparation methods,reaction conditions,and RWGS reaction performance.The development of novel catalyst material is the key to the industrial application of the RWGS reaction.

Ce is a very versatile rare earth metal and its metal oxide CeO₂ showed good catalytic performance in redox reaction,organic synthesis and degradation of organic pollutants due to its excellent oxygen storage capacity,especially in the catalytic oxidation of CO.This paper introduces the latest research progress on the preparation methods,morphology and channel control of pure CeO₂ and CeO₂ composite catalyst and their catalytic oxidation of CO.Firstly,this paper introduces different synthesis methods of nanometer CeO₂ from the aspects of process,cost,and the synthetic conditions and summarizes their advantages and disadvantages.Then this paper discusses the nanometer CeO₂ catalyst with specific morphology for catalytic oxidation of CO performance,describes the catalytic mechanism and the influence of the morphology on the catalytic performance.It was found that the catalytic activity of nano-CeO₂ with specific morphology and porous structure was improved,but the structure was unstable and tthe preparation process can be simplified in the future work to improve the structure stability of CeO₂ and the oxidation mechanism of CO will be explored using in situ characterization and computer simulation.

As a new class 2D layered materials,Titanium oxide nanosheets have attracted great interest in the fields of catalysis,environment,energy and electronics.In this work,we provide an overview of the recent advance of titanium oxide nanosheets on their layered structure,synthetic methods,doping with metals or nonmetal,as well as their nanocomposites and applications in catalysis.Recent researches indicate that titanium oxide nanosheets with unique structure and special physical and chemical properties can achieve multiple functions by controlling their compositions and structures.Although titanium oxide nanosheets have a lot of advantages,they are still far from practical applications.Therefore it is demanded to explore new synthesis,doping and modification methods,and develop new composite materials.In addition,the reaction mechanism in the catalytic reaction process and the industrial application of titanium oxide nanosheets will be important research directions in the future.

A functional poly (ionic liquid) s (PILs) solid acid catalyst was prepared through free radical copolymerization of ionic liquids precursor and the subsequent protonation and ion-exchange with concentrated sulfuric acid.The as-prepared acidic catalyst was characterized by FTIR,SEM,TEM,XPS,TGA,elemental analysis and potentiometric titration.It was found that the acid PILs had a multi-layer microstructure with favorable thermal stability and high Brønsted acid site density.Its performance was evaluated in the acetylation of glycerol without any water-carrying agent.It exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity.Glycerol conversion of 98.2%,monoacetin selectivity of 11.6% and total diacetin and triacetin selectivity of 88.4% were obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of n(acetic acid):n(glycerol)=6,catalyst dosage=4% of glycerol,120℃,4h.The catalytic performance was better than that using Amberlyst-15.The PILs solid acid catalyst was easily recovered and had good hydrothermal stability.A further exchanging of used PILs with H₂SO₄ could make the catalyst restore its catalytic performance and it could be reused for 4 times.

A solid acid catalyst was synthesized by directly carbonization and sulfonation with glycerol.The solid acid catalyst was characterized with FTIR,SEM,XPS,XRD and Boehm titration methods,and was firstly employed as the catalyst for the esterification of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO).The effects of different reaction factors were investigated and the optimum conditions for the esterification reaction were obtained by the orthogonal experiment.The optimum conditions were:methanol-to-oil molar ratio,40:1;catalyst amount,10.0%;reaction temperature,75℃;reaction time,3.5h.The acid value of ZSO was reduced from 73.75mgKOH/g to 1.63mgKOH/g,which satisfied the next process of alkali-catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production.The catalyst possesses desired stability and activity after being used for six cycles without any recovery treatments.

A novel FCC deep hydrodesulfurization catalyst,composed of Al₂O₃ carrier and Co-Mo-Ni trimetallic active component,was synthesized by an incipient wetness impregnation method.The effects of carrier raw materials,active metal and metal loading on the catalyst activity and selectivity were studied as well as the stability of the catalyst.The experimental results showed that this catalyst had a high HDS selectivity (≥ 90%) for catalytic gasoline desulfurization products of national Ⅳ standard (S ≤ 50μg/g),and a high efficiency for the removal of mercaptan as well as other sulfur compounds,and was of little olefin saturation.The catalyst could be used as complementary technology for the production of ultra-low sulfur gasoline,which suffered a high RON loss,thus improved the techno-economics.

The effects of carbon chain length of alcohol and reaction temperature on catalytic conversion of alcohols to produce aromatics over HZSM-5 were studied in a micro fixed-bed reactor coupled directly to GC/MS system.The results showed that the carbon chain length of alcohol had a significant effect on the product distribution.At 400℃,with the increase of carbon chain length of alcohol,the yield of aromatics increased firstly up to the maximum of 39.6%(1-propanol),then decreased and finally stabilized at a lower yield.As the temperature increased,the products distributions for methanol,ethanol,1-propanol showed the same tendency,and the yields of aromatics increased firstly,then decreased and the maximum values reached 26.0%,36.5% and 42.5% at 500℃ respectively.As the temperature increased,however,the yield of CO,CO₂ and olefins increased gradually while the total yield of hydrocarbons decreased.Higher temperature helped the conversion of larger aromatics to lighter aromatics,which contributed to the higher selectivity for benzene and toluene.Finally,the reaction mechanism of alcohol aromatization was discussed by the combination of in-situ FTIR and experimental results.It is supposed that the light olefins and ethers were produced by dehydration of short carbon chain alcohols,while long carbon chain olefins were produced by polymerization of the light olefins or direct dehydration of long carbon chain alcohols.The obtained long carbon chain olefins were then converted into cycloalkanes by cyclization.At last,aromatics were formed by dehydrogenation-aromatization or intermolecular hydrogen transfer of the cycloalkanes.

Silver nanoparticle material is one of the most important noble nanoparticle materials.Silver nanoparticle material shows special physic-chemical properties,including small size effect,quantum size effect,excellent electrical conductivity,strong permeability,et al.As a result,silver nanoparticle material has been widely utilized within recent years in medicine,catalyst,energy battery,and electronic product.Apart from that,we reviewed the progress in utilization of silver nanoparticle material in antibacterial agent,antiviral drug,thrombolytic agent,antitumor drug,catalyst,fuel cell,sensor,and flexible printing electronic ink jet technology.Nevertheless,so far most of the applications of silver nanoparticle material are still limited in laboratory scale.Therefore,it is necessary to pay more attention to the development of silver nanoparticle material in practical applications,such as clinical medicine,and fuel cells,et al.

Molecular imprinting electrochemical sensor is a combination of molecular imprinting technology and analytical sensor technology,which possess the advantages of molecular imprinting technique,avoids the disadvantages of traditional sensors,improves the electrochemical sensor sensitivity and selectivity,and shortens the response time.Because of its simple design,economical and practical advantages,this technology becomes popular in more and more areas.In this paper,five commonly used preparation methods for molecular imprinting sensors include coating method,in situ polymerization method,electric polymerization method,sol-gel method and self-assembly method are introduced,and the application of these five methods are discussed.The application of four molecular imprinted sensors (MIPs capacitance/impedance type,MIPs conductivity type,MIPs potential type,MIPs current type) in protein detection was introduced,and its detection methods and time to achieve the desired results.Believe that with the technical update of the invention and creation,molecular imprinting electrochemical sensor detection field will be expanded to more areas.

Poly (vinyl alcohol)(PVA) film has the disadvantage of absorbing water easily to swell which then weakens its gas barrier and mechanical properties,so it is not suitable for the applications requiring high gas barrier property and mechanical properties and its water-resistance needs to be improved.In this article,four methods for evaluating the water resistance of PVA film and the influence of alcoholysis degree and molecular weight of PVA resin on its water resistance are introduced firstly.Then,the mechanisms and research progress of four approaches for improving PVA film's water resistance (chemical crosslinking,physical crosslinking,inorganic nanomaterial composite and polymer blending methods) are reviewed intensively,and their advantages and drawbacks are compared.The applications of water resistant PVA film in separation and purification,package,polaroid and biomedicine are introduced.Finally,the outlook of water resistant PVA film is given.The development of novel green and environment-friendly method to improve its water resistance further and the extension of its application range are the research subjects deserving more attention.

Perovskite type La_0.8Ca_0.2Cr_0.5X_0.5O₃ powders were prepared by high temperature solid state reaction at 1300℃ for 2 hours,and the phase structure and infrared radiation properties of the materials were characterized by means of XRD,FTIR,XPS and IR-2,respectively.The results show that the emissivity of the powder samples in the 2.5-5μm band is greatly improved after the addition of Ca-Cr,Ca-Cu,Ca-Mn and Ca-Ni elements to the A and B sites of lanthanum chromate.The reason is because the lattice distortion after doping reduces the symmetry of the crystal structure,increases the dipole moment and promotes the vibration absorption of the lattice.And the impurity energy level is formed in the local region of the crystal,which increases the concentration of free carriers in the crystal and improves the emissivity of the short band.The order of emission rate from high to low is:Ca-Ni > Ca-Cr > Ca-Cu > Ca-Mn > not doped.This phenomenon may be attributed to the difference in the charged particles and in the motion characteristics of the doped element material.The infrared emissivity of the powders doped with Ca-Ni is 0.89,which can be used in the radiation heat transfer of high temperature ceramics.

Cross-linked carboxymethyl starch was synthesized by corn starch using epichlorohydrin as cross-linking agent,and chloroacetic acid as etherifying agent.The etherification reaction mechanism was discussed and the optimum reaction conditions were ascertained as follows:n(sodium hydroxide):n(acetic acid):n(starch) is 1.2:1:1,and the reaction temperature was 50℃.The structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR),X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).When the DS was 0.581,adsorption experimental results for heavy metal ions showed that the removal rate of the CCMS on Zn (Ⅱ) and Co (Ⅱ) were 92.48% and 93.79%,respectively,which were much higher than that of activated carbon and were better than that of acrylic acid type cation exchange resin.CCMS also had a favorable regeneration performance,after two times of regeneration the amount of adsorption was still maintained at more than 70% of the original adsorption.This indicated that CCSM had a bright future in commercial application as a natural polymer adsorption material,and can be used as a potential substitute for synthetic resin adsorbents.

The waterproof and breathable polyurethane microporous films were prepared by dry film forming process using NH₄HCO₃ and the modified AC foaming agent individually as porogens.The effects of different kinds of porogens,the ratio of forming agent AC and activator ZnO,the dosage of NH₄HCO₃ and reaction conditions on the moisture permeability and mechanical properties of polyurethane film were investigated.Meanwhile,the pore size and distribution were characterized by polarized light microscope.The results show that the moisture permeability and porosity of polyurethane microporous film which has proper pore size and distribution have been significantly improved by adding porogens and the mechanical properties still meet the use requirement.The moisture permeability of polyurethane microporous films reached 929g/(m²·24h) and 1064g/(m²·24h) after treated with NH₄HCO₃ and modified AC foaming agent,respectively,which increased by 49.8% and 71.6% compared with the untreated polyurethane.In conclusion,NH₄HCO₃ and modified AC foaming agent have excellent pore forming performance and can be used to prepare polyurethane films with waterproof and breathable function.

Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared from high temperature graphited lignite by modified Hummers method.The coal-based graphene/TiO₂ composites were synthesized subsequently via hydrothermal method using four titanium chloride (TiCl₄) as titanium source and graphene oxide as carbon source.The microstructure of the CRGO/TiO₂ composites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS),transmission electron microscope (TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),low temperature nitrogen adsorption and fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR).The rhodamine B (RhB) photocatalytic degradation performance in liquid phase of CRGO/TiO₂ prepared at different additive amount of GO were also systematically investigated.The results show that coal-based graphene/TiO₂ composites with mesoporous characteristics can be synthesized via hydrothermal method using lignite as carbonaceous precursor and TiCl₄ as titanium source.The specific surface areas of CRGO/TiO₂ composites are as high as 88.53~169.64m²/g and the pore size is mainly in the range of 2~12nm.Moreover,the pore size distribution of CRGO/TiO₂ composites becomes more narrow with the increase of GO.The TiO₂ particles mainly in anatase phase homogeneously distribute on the surface or layers of graphene.The additive amount of GO is an important factor affecting the photocatalytic degradation performance of composites,and the removal rate of CRGO/TiO₂ for RhB can reach 98.9% under visible light irradiation when the amount of GO is 8%.

Modified coke was firstly prepared from coke by KOH activation and then Fe₃O₄/modified coke was prepared by in-situ oxidation precipitation method.The catalyst and samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),nitrogen adsorption isotherms (BET),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM),and the catalytic degradation performance of Rhodamine B (RhB) was studied.The results show that the modified coke has rough surface and well-developed pore structure.Moreover,the oxygen-containing functional groups of modified coke are abundant.Fe₃O₄ was dispersed and firmly loaded on the modified coke,making the latter is smaller than the pure Fe₃O₄.Fe₃O₄/modified coke possessed superparamagnetism,and its degradation of RhB could be regarded as pseudo first-order reaction.The best degradation conditions were as follow:[catalysts]=0.8g/L,initial[H₂O₂]=30mmol/L,pH=3.0 and T=35℃.There is a synergistic effect between Fe₃O₄ and modified coke,giving rise to the removal rate of RhB of 98.85%.Therefore,Fe₃O₄/modified coke is a magnetic catalyst with good stability and recyclability.

In the process of manganese electrowinning,the structure of anode directly affects the energy consumption and the distribution of electric field in the electrolytic cell.By means of experiment and simulation,the morphology,current efficiency,and electric field distribution of cathode manganese and anode slime were analyzed,and the effects of anode with different opening shapes on the process of electrowinning manganese were investigated.Three-dimensional modeling and numerical simulation of the electrolytic cell were developed,and the simulation results were verified by the on-line measurement of cathodic over-potential.The experimental results show that,under the premise of the same porosity and electrolysis condition,the anode plate with circle openings had better performance than the plate with square or rectangular openings.The anode plate with circle openings could obtain maximum current efficiency of 74.54%,and per-unit energy consumption can be reduced to 5506kW·h/t,while the surface of metal manganese is more smooth and compact.The simulation results show good agreement with experimental results.With the anode plate of circle openings,the electric field distribution in the electrolytic cell is uniform and reasonable,and the minimum value of -1.5989V is obtained in the horizontal and vertical direction of the cathode plate.

Enzymatic synthesis of biodegradable polyester is a new polymerization method,which has high efficient under the mild conditions,and it has many advantages over the traditional method.However,the method still has many defects,such as poor biocompatibility,poor mechanical properties and low molecular weight.In this article,an overview of progress on enzymatic synthesis of aliphatic polyesters in the past 10 years is provided.The mechanism of ring opening polymerization,copolymerization and condensation polymerization is introduced respectively.The research progresses are introduced,which are aimed to improve the efficiency and activated of enzyme,reduce the temperature of reaction and the toxic of biomedical materials,increase conversion rate of materials and molecular weight of products,enhance hydrophilicity of products and develop the new application for the materials,by using the methods of the immobilization of enzymes,functionalization and regulation of branched-chain.In addition,the advantages and disadvantages of enzymatic polymerization in different mediums are summarized.Finally it is suggested that enzymatic synthesis of aliphatic polyester in the mediums of supercritical CO₂,water and ionic liquid will become the trend of development for green chemistry.

Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was synthesized by phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzed transphosphatidylation from phosphatidylcholine (PC) and ethanolamine (EA) in bi-phasic system.The conditions of enzyme-catalyzed reaction were investigated,and the optimum conditions were as follows:reaction temperature 28℃,pH 5.5,and the mole ratio of EA to PC 20:1.The highest yield of PE can reach 87.2%.In addition,the kinetic study indicated that phospholipids were catalyzed by PLD in a Ping-Pang manner.The kinetic model of PLD-catalyzed reaction considering the substrate inhibition was built,which based on the Ping-Pang Bi-Bi mechanism.The parameters of kinetic model were determined by unconstrained nonlinear regression of the Fminsearch function in Matlab software.It showed that the results from this method were identical with that from the double reciprocal Lineweaver-Burk plot,the inhibition constant for substrate EA was K_iB=1.50mmol/L.Inhibition mechanism is a phosphatidyl-enzyme complex associating with two nucleophile molecules EA to form phosphatidyl-PLD-(EA)₂ dead-end complex,and the inhibition mechanism complied with the competitive inhibition of enzyme by EA during the transphosphatidylation reaction.The simulation results were well fitted to the experimental data for different conditions.Therefore,it is speculated that this model supports the hypothesis described above and can provide guidance for the phospholipid synthesis process and design of the devices.

Protein based surfactants,a class of environmental-friendly biomass-based surfactants,possess excellent surface active properties and particular performances including low toxicity and easy biodegradability compared with traditional surfactants.This article firstly discussed the methods of synthesizing protein based surfactants,based on hydrolysates of animal proteins such as collagen,silk protein and keratin.This part was focused on the influence of molecular weight and hydrolysis methods on the properties of collagen hydrolysate as hydrophilic domains,and methods for preparing collagen based surfactants using hydrocarbon chain or siloxane chain as hydrophobic domains.Then,their surface properties were summarized and compared,such as surface tension,critical micell concentration,foaming and emulsifying properties.And the diverse applications in the fields of leather manufacturing,printing and dyeing,daily chemicals and biological medicine were also introduced on the basis of their surface properties and environmental-friendly features.Finally,some issues of preparation and application of protein based surfactants were pointed out,and in particular the developing trends in the new type surfactants,such as Bola and Gemini,were prospected.

The objective of this study is to optimize deodorization conditions for industrial bone glue with β-cyclodextrin.Residues from bone glue were used in this paper.On the basis of single-factor test,the response surface methodology was utilized to investigate the effects of β-cyclodextrin content,reaction time,reaction temperature and stirring rate.The odor and viscosity of the bone glue were chosen as response value.The regression model had a high significance level,and the established regression equations fit with experimental results well and showed good prediction for the odor and viscosity value of bone glue.The influences of each factor on the smell and viscosity were obtained.The response surface plots showed that the interaction between stirring rate and reaction time was outstanding.The results showed that the optimal conditions for deodorization of β-cyclodextrin content was 6.3% of bone glue amount,reaction temperature of 45.7℃,reaction time of 90min,stirring rate of 300r/min.The bone glue after optimized deodorization process had a good smell and a viscosity of 8.9 Pa·s.The relative error between the measured value and the predicted value is small,which indicates that the reliability of the optimal optimization process is high.

In recent years,in-situ thermal treatment (ISTT) for contaminated site remediation has been developed rapidly and applied widely because of its high remedial efficiency,short period of remediation time,wide application scope and very low remediation targets.Usually,in-situ thermal technologies are used in conjunction with soil vapor extraction (SVE),pump and treatment (P&T) and biodegradation.These combined technologies are available for addressing recalcitrant contaminated sites,which are source zones with non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) heterogeneity and low permeability.However,the research and application of ISTT technologies are still at the initial stage and it is an urgent need for systematically basic and applied research in China.This paper focuses on introduction to four frequently used thermal technologies and reviews the current research status of ISTT domestically and internationally.Besides,it is also discussed demands for research and development of ISTT in China based on the features of Chinese contaminated sites.It is concluded that equal attention needs to be paid to the research of in-situ thermal technologies and treatment technologies for vapor/liquid extraction.China should develop efficient,low-cost,rapid,convenient and environmentally friendly in-situ thermal treatment technologies and supporting equipment with integrated,modular and intelligent features.

The incidences of heavy metals in contaminated soil are emerging a high and multiple periods.Besides,the bioavailability of heavy metals is decreasing with aging time of the soil,and potential environmental risk of their contamination will correspondingly be declining.In vitro methods can effectively indicate the bioavailability of heavy metals,and significantly cut down the conservativeness of health risk assessment results based on the total exposure dose that is the total concentrations of heavy metals.The in vitro methods have been applied to assess the health risk of heavy metals in aged soils,and have been of great concern.In this paper,the bioaccessibility of heavy metals was defined.The test methods were summed up,and the main factors were also quantitatively clarified,which mainly include in vitro parameters,soil physical and chemical properties and characteristics of heavy metals and so on.In addition,the bioaccessibility of heavy metals applied in health risk assessment were discussed.Finally,the summary of current challenges and the prospectof further studies in the field have been raised.The purpose of this article is to provide the theoretical support for contaminated sites in the risk source identification,repair target determination and management countermeasures screening.

Effects of pH,aeration rate,initial concentration of pollutant and coexisting anions on the degradation of benzohydroxamic acid in wastewater by VUV/air (vacuum ultraviolet) were studied.The experimental results showed that the best degradation rate could reach 78.89% when the VUV light power 10W,benzohydroxamic acid concentration 30mg/L,wastewater pH 4,aeration rate 0.6L/min and the reaction time 120min.Among these coexisting anions,the influence on degradation from high to low was:SiO₃^2- > HCO₃^- > CO₃^2- > SO₄^2- > Cl^-.Based on the mechanism analysis for the degradation of benzohydroxamic acid by VUV/air,the direct photolysis and oxygenolysis of hydroxyl radical produced by vacuum ultraviolet radiation played the main role in this process.The degradation result was fitted to the first-order kinetic equation,ln (C_t/C₀)=-kt.

Macroscopic property of materials has connection with its microstructure.Three kinds of organic matters,which commonly found in high salinity wastewater,and ten kinds of structural parameters were selected to analyze the relationship between structural parameters and the extraction efficiency of these organic matters in the methyl silicone rubber membrane.Mechanical propertiy change of methyl silicone rubber membrane under the factors was researched as well as.Results showed that octanol-water partition coefficient and molecular polarizability of organic matter were the main factors in the methyl silicon rubber membrane.Research on mechanical properties change of methyl silicone rubber membrane suggested that the influence of acidity was greater than temperature and salinity.The mechanical behavior and retention extent of Na⁺ still could meet the requirements of membrane after 40 days.The methyl silicone rubber membrane has advantages of long life and low replacement frequency.

Two common metal foams,nickel foam (NF) and copper foam (CF) were prepared as the cathodes in electro-Fenton-like system.The morphology,structure,electro-Fenton-like oxidation of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and electrode stability were compared.Results indicated that the NF and CF cathodes both had three-dimensional net structure,and there were some copper oxide particles on the CF surface.The NF and CF cathodes both could catalyze O₂ to produce H₂O₂ via two electrons reduction,and the yield of H₂O₂ were reached the maximum of 64.2mg/L and 56.5mg/L,respectively at 180min under the cathodic potential -0.9V,and the current efficiency were 14.1% and 14.3%.As pH range of application was broadened with the NF and CF cathodes in the electro-Fenton-like oxidation of p-NP,the p-NP removal efficiency were both high even if the initial pH of solution was not regulated.They were 72.9% and 80.7% at 180min under the cathodic potential -0.9V,respectively.The kinetic studies showed that the degradation of p-NP with NF and CF cathodes both followed pseudo first-order kinetics.The corresponding apparent rate constants with CF cathode were higher than that with NF cathode.The reusability of NF cathode was better than CF cathode because the removal efficiency of p-NP and the morphology of the cathode were not changed obviously after eight cycles,but a little nickel ion was found in the solution.

Blast furnace slag and fly ash were utilized as raw materials for the preparation of geopolymer from industrial wastes.After that,calcium arsenate waste was solidified/immobilized with blast furnace slag and fly ash geopolymer materials as well as addition of compound chemical activators.Moreover,the mechanism for the solidification/stabilization of calcium arsenate waste with blast furnace slag and fly asstandard (i.e.,5mg/L).The results of XRD,FTIR and SEM showed that the sparingly soluble CaHAsO₄·3H₂O transformed into more stable Ca₅(AsO₄)₃OH or the isomorphous Ca₅(AsO₄)₃(OH,F) compounds at the pH of cementitious system over 13 when calcium arsenate waste solidified with blast furnace slag and fly ash geopolymer materials.Meanwhile,the hydration products of blast furnace slag and fly ash geopolymer materials consolidated with other components in the solidified body to form a stable whole,decreasing eventually the arsenic leachability of the solidified sample.Based on these results the blast furnace slag and fly ash geopolymer materials may be considered as a potential material to solidify arsenic-containing wastes.

Source separation of human urine coupled with phosphorus (P) recovery could decrease 50% of P present in wastewater and promote a sustainable recyclability and management of P resource.In this study,Chinese loess particle (d ≤ 100μm) without physical or chemical modification was used as an adsorbent for adsorption and recovery of phosphate from hydrolysis urine.Batch experiments were conducted for investigating the adsorption capacity of loess particle and the mechanisms of adsorption processes.In addition,adsorption kinetics and isotherms,as well as the major influencing factors such as initial pH and contact time were investigated.The results revealed that loess particle was a cost-effective adsorbent for phosphate adsorption from hydrolysis urine under the optimal conditions.The initial pH of hydrolysis urine was the key factor for phosphate adsorption capacities of loess particle,and the maximum phosphate adsorption capacities was 5.28mg/g at an initial pH of 10.0.Differing with the electrostatic repulsion of phosphate adsorption from synthetic phosphate solution onto loess particle,the processes of phosphate adsorption from hydrolysis urine onto loess particle were mainly based on the action of inner-sphere ligand exchange between ≡M-OH groups and phosphate,calcium phosphate precipitation reaction and magnesium ammonium phosphate precipitation reaction.In addition,the presence of ammonium nitrogen in hydrolysis urine had an obvious positive effect on the adsorption of phosphate.Furthermore,the adsorption processes of phosphate onto loess particle was well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R₂²=0.998) and Freundlich isotherm model (R_F²=0.990).

The cationic surfactant modified activated carbon was prepared by loading myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTAB) on activated carbon.Then,it was used as an absorbent for nitrate and phosphate removal.The results revealed that the biggest adsorption capacity of modified activated carbon for nitrate and phosphate was 24.51mg/g and 5.67mg/g,respectively,when the concentration of MTAB is 6mmol/L,which was much higher than that of activated carbon (14.45mg/g and 3.59mg/g).To analyze adsorption of nitrate and phosphate by MAC-6,adsorption kinetic and isotherm were used and fitted well with pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption model,respectively.High pH was unfavorable for nitrate and phosphate adsorption onto MAC-6.Coexisting nitrate and phosphate in solution reduced capacity for each other,but coexisting nitrate is more readily adsorbed by MAC-6.The adsorption mechanism of nitrate and phosphate on MAC-6 included electrostatic attraction and anion exchange interactions but the latter played a leading role.In addition,it was found that MAC-6 still had good adsorption for both nitrate and phosphate after four cyclic adsorption-desorption experiments,which indicated that MAC-6 had good adsorption stability.

Modified semi-coke supported zinc ferrite sorbents were synthesized by mechanochemical method.The desulfurization ability of the sorbent was evaluated using a fixed-bed reactor at 500℃.The effects of calcination temperature,calcination time and zinc ferrite content of the sorbent on the structure and desulfurization performance were studied.The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions are as follows:25% active component,calcined for 2h at 600℃,and it's breakthrough time and sulfur capacity are 10.5h and 8.58(g S/100g sorbent),respectively.The fresh and used desulfurizers were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),N₂ adsorption,scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results indicated that the modified semi-coke can improve the specific surface area and porosity of the zinc ferrite desulfurizer,and the prepared zinc ferrite particle size is smaller to avoid agglomeration.In addition,the SEM results showed that the spherical particles of zinc ferrite are evenly distributed on the semi-coke surface,which can provide a larger reaction area and promote mass transfer for the sulfidation.

In order to improve the addition of sludge and sludge coal water slurry concentration,sludge was mixed with NaOH powder (m_NaOH:m_{sludge drying}=1:5) to modify its quality.The sludge-coal water slurry (CWS) was prepared with the sludge and modified sludge,respectively,and the effects of modification on the properties of the sludge and different additions on the slurry properties were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR),scanning electron microscope (SEM) and surface zeta potential.The content of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of modified sludge decreased and the surface electronegativity was enhanced by being modified on sludge after alkali-treated,which had an advantage on slurry.Sludge modification can solve the problem of the low concentration,poor fluidity and stability of CWS.Comparing with sludge-CWS,results showed that when the amount of modified sludge addition was 10%,the concentration increased by 5.64% and fluidity improved greatly.Stability was also improved significantly.Under the condition of satisfying the performance of sludge-coal slurry,the utilization rate of sludge was improved and the application of sludge in coal slurry preparation was promoted.

A new technology of concentrating desulfurization wastewater based on liquid column evaporation using the waste heat of flue gas was proposed in this study,which can reduce the cost of wet desulfurization wastewater zero discharge.The liquid column evaporation test-bed was established and the evaporation characteristics of wet desulfurization wastewater in liquid column form were discussed.The boundary conditions of wet-saturated outlet flue gas were determined.Experimental results showed that in selected range of operating parameters,the range of the carrier rate,evaporation speed and pressure loss are 1.5-53.17kg/h,8.85-45.73kg/h,9-160Pa,respectively.The range of the outlet flue gas humidity,outlet flue gas temperature and removal efficiency of SO₂ are 28.6%-99.6%,42.5-65.7℃,4.1%-61.03%,respectively.The salts do not migrate into the flue gas during liquid column evaporation.Meanwhile,the carrier of flue gas increases the concentration of salts in outlet flue.The outlet flue gas is wet-saturated when the nozzle diameter is 2.5mm,and it is the opposite when the nozzle diameter is 10.6mm.Only when flue gas speed is greater than 5.0m/s,the outlet flue gas is wet-saturated when the nozzle diameter is 5mm.This study provides experiences and references of power plant wet desulfurization wastewater with waste heat utilization and zero discharge.

In order to solve the problem for the difficulty of mixture filtration in the process of dye wastewater purification by magnesium hydroxide,a new synthesis method of spherical magnesium hydroxide and its process for purification of Congo red wastewater were proposed.Using magnesium sulfate heptahydrate,sodium hydroxide and ammonia as raw materials,the spherical magnesium hydroxide was prepared under the condition of crystal formation controlling agent.The spherical product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The adsorption behavior of Congo red on micro-porous spherical magnesium hydroxide in aqueous solution was studied by jar test.The effect of magnesium hydroxide dosing,time,solution pH,oscillation speed and temperature on the adsorption was comprehensively investigated.The study showed that the spherical magnesium hydroxide dosing,time,pH and temperature have major influence on the adsorption of Congo red,while the oscillation speed has a minor effect on its adsorption.The optimized adsorption process conditions are as follows.The oscillation adsorption temperature is room temperature.The amount of the micro porous spherical magnesium hydroxide is 2g/L.The adsorption time is 70min.The pH of the Congo red solution is adjusted to 4-8.The adsorption oscillation speed is 220r/min.Under these adsorption process conditions,the adsorption rate is 93.29% with the initial concentration of Congo red of 100mg/L.The adsorption equilibrium experiments showed that at the initial pH of 2 and the temperature of 40℃,the Langmuir model is more suitable for the adsorption of Congo red on spherical magnesium hydroxide.However,when the Congo red wastewater pH is up to between 4 and 8,the Freundlich model is probably more suitable for its adsorption behavior on the spherical magnesium hydroxide.

This paper first summarized the connotation of manufacturing execution system (MES) intelligence,proposed the intelligent promotion scheme of MES in the petrochemical fields in terms of smart functions which included the promotion of the existing functions on the function and platform layer,the implementation of new functions and the integration of the existing functions and new functions.Second,this paper focused on the promotion of the support functions in the area of the optimization of the factory model in platform layer,intelligent computing service environment and events service center.The promotion of the current factory model was realized by using factory model extension method based on object-oriented analysis.By utilizing the corresponding selection of algorithms in agreement of problem and the solved component packaging technology,the environment of new intelligent computing serving was constructed.Based on the introduction of event service centric architecture,this paper proposed some methods,which can solve some key problems,such as building complex event matching model and rule engine etc.,in order to achieve two key functions,complex event checking and expert knowledge base.According to the provided integrating scheme,the three promoted function modules were integrated into the current platform.Thus,the function promotion of the current platform was achieved.Finally,the realization of MES intelligent function promotion was introduced with the aim for saving energy,reducing consumption and safe operation of ethylene plant in a certain petrochemical enterprise.And its practical application effect and economic benefit were shown as well.

Using the Petro-SIM software,technicians established the pretreatment model,the catalytic reforming reaction model and the complete continuous catalytic reforming (CCR) process model which reflecting the actual operating conditions of 200×10⁴t/a reforming unit in Huizhou company of China national offshore oil corporation (CNOOC).The results showed that the reforming conditions are optimal when the inlet temperature at 520.7-521.7℃.The hydrogenation product stripper's bottom temperature at 235℃,the pressure at 1.01MPa and the feed temperature at 171℃.The best separation effect was obtained.The operation of the column is optimal when the reforming depentanizer's pressure is at 1.02MPa and the reforming butane tower's pressure at 1.0MPa.The models were applied to the analysis of reactor temperature and three fractionation columns,such as increasing the average weighted temperature from 517.7℃ to 521℃,the aromatics increased by 2.7×10⁴t/a and hydrogen increased by 1.126×10⁷m³/a.The pressures at the top of stripper tower,depentanizer and the butane tower were reduced from 1.1MPa to 1.0MPa respectively.The flue gas was decreased by 3.528×10⁶m³ and C₆ naphthenic increased by 2.306×10⁴t/a.Effective measures have been adopted to improve the operation of reforming unit,energy savings for the unit totaled 1.979 million yuan and annual economic benefits totaled 31.288 million yuan.