Recent research progress on how CFD helps contribute to mass transfer in membrane process respectively from four different aspects,membrane module,membrane structure,operation conditions and process coupling were reviewed in this paper. It pointed out that the superiority of CFD simulation for mass transfer optimization of membrane process is widely proved not only in the design and modification of feed spacer and membrane structure,but also in the visualization researches of pulsating flow,two-phase flow and mechanical vibration in different fields(flow,concentration and temperature). In addition,CFD simulation was employed to illustrate mass transfer mechanism of coupling membrane with other dynamic systems and found it a promising way to increase the shear rate of boundary layer,which can further result in better separation efficiency. However,it is still difficult for CFD simulation to get both high accuracy and low computation expense. On the other hand,current material processing technology cannot satisfy the simulation study,which hindered the practical application of CFD. Future researches will focus on combining various optimization methods and applying emerging detection and manufacturing technologies to make up the deficiency in experiment and thus,achieve new computational models which fit the practical situation better.

Carbon dioxide is increasingly attracting attention as a natural refrigerant due to its environmental friendliness(ODP=0,GWP=1),large unit volume refrigerating capacity and good heat transfer performance,etc. However,it is mainly used in transcritical refrigeration cycle due to limitation of its physical properties and working conditions. The operating pressure in the high pressure side of the transcritical CO₂ cycle may exceed 12MPa,which results in high requirements for safety and manufacturing costs. In this paper,we summarized current CO₂ refrigerant systems using CO₂ mixture refrigerant to effectively improve the problem of its high operating pressure,reviewed the research progress of refrigeration systems using CO₂ mixture refrigerant to reduce its cycle pressure,and analyzed the characteristics of the CO₂ mixture refrigeration systems,including the transcritical refrigeration cycle system,auto-cascade refrigeration system and compression-absorption coupled cycle system. Furthermore,we pointed out the development prospect of the refrigeration systems using CO₂ mixture refrigerant for depressurization,and discussed the main research directions of the CO₂ refrigeration systems in the future.

CO₂ sequestration in deep coal seams with enhanced coal-bed methane(CH₄)recovery(CO₂-ECBM)is acknowledged as a potential way. Hitherto,it is concluded that the adsorption performance of coal matrix is the main mechanism for CH₄ accumulation and CO₂ sequestration,and the functional groups on the coal matrix surface have potential effect on the adsorption capacity of CO₂ and CH₄. Therefore,the effect and mechanism of functional groups on coal matrix surface dependences of CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption were elucidated in this work. The modified and analytical methods of the functional groups on the coal matrix surface were summarized. The research trends of functional groups on the coal matrix surface dependences of CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption were also indicated. It is found that the oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing functional groups are the two main functional groups influencing the adsorption performance of coals. In general,the oxygen-containing functional groups are in favor of CO₂ adsorption,whereas the oxygen-containing functional groups dependence of CH₄ adsorption is still controversial. The nitrogen-containing functional groups contribute to both CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption. Hitherto,the methods used to characterize the functional groups mainly incorporate chemical titration,temperature programmed desorption(TPD),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FTIR)and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR). In future work,the following aspects should be carried out to further explore the functional groups on the coal matrix surface dependences of CO₂ and CH₄ adsorption. On the one hand,the more realistic coal structure model to enhance the predictive accuracy of the research work based on theory simulation should be built. On the second hand,the more experimental work is needed to make up for the deficiency of theory simulation. Finally,the pretreatment method of coal samples is optimized to improve the existing methods used to functional groups contained in coal matrix analysis.

Stream power system(SPS),which consumes the primary energy(coal etc.) to generate stream,electricity,mechanical power and the refrigerant,plays a vital role in process system. Design and optimization of SPS should not only consider the flexibility to deal with the process from internal and external changes,but also to weigh the system of economic,environmental and other indicators to adapt to sustainable development. The flexibility and multi-criteria design of SPS have become the focus of process integration research. Initially,in this paper the research progress of design and optimization methods of SPS,heuristic method(i.e.,the experience method),the thermodynamic target method,the mathematical programming method or the combination of them for example,were summarized. Moreover,the research situation of the flexible design of the SPS under the condition of certainty and uncertainty were analyzed. Finally,in past 10 years,multi-objective optimization design of SPS considering the economic,environmental,exergetic and other objectives and the cogeneration and rene wable energy driven SPS were emphasized. Research showed that it is the focus of future that simultaneous synthesis of SPS with chemical processes and heat exchanger network consider a variety of energy driven,flexibility,multi-objective optimization.

Analysis on fluid dynamic behavior of multi-functional fluidized-bed reactor by numerical simulation method can reduce the amount of scale-up experiments,as well as find out the description of the reactor structure in biological wastewater treatment. This paper takes the convenient square fluidized-bed for consideration on construction(civil engineering). Three kinds of changing structural parameters like rising area to drop area ratio(A_d/A_r),annular area to drop area ratio (A_b/A_r)and distance between draft tube and liquid surface to the height of tube ratio(H_t/H_dt),added with two inner-components(cross-shaped internal and funnel-shaped internal),were investigated to inspect liquid feature response behavior under different liquid velocities and gas-holdup situations,aiming at looking for the optimization of structure and operating conditions for realizing high-efficiency oxygen mass transfer,energy conservation and shortcut nitrification-denitrification. The results indicated that A_d/A_r,A_b/A_r and H_t/H_dt mainly influence distribution and peak of liquid,the direction and velocity of liquid at the bottom and effective rectification above diversion tube,respectively,which is recommended to take 1.25,1.2 and 1/8 in due order. Based on the optimization of structural parameters,the coupling effect of two inner-components in fluidized-bed is able to satisfy the requirement of low liquid velocity and gas-holdup in different biological stages. It has been proved that numerical simulation of CFD can achieve the functional development of reactor under different wastewater treatment systems. The square fluidized-bed reactor with optimized structural parameters and inner-component has the characteristics of strengthening mass-transfer and region functionalization,which makes the combination of these two aspects and fulfill the object of efficient energy utilization and research and development cost reduction.

For exploring the complex phenomena of heat and mass transfer in the micro-particle packed bed,the device to measure thermal conductivity was designed and built. The experiments showed that the error is less than 2.97% after calibrated by the probe factor,and reproducibility is good. Effects of particles diameters,porosity,velocity of flow and changes in reaction on the thermal conductivity of micro-particles were investigated experimentally by thermal probe method. The results indicated that the effective thermal conductivity in dry declined with the size of particles and porosity increase. The effective thermal conductivity in low velocity fluid(0.8mL/min,1.6mL/min,3.2mL/min) is converse. The thermal conductivity of the resin particles after the ion exchange with the conditions of dry and low velocity fluid has not changed much. The chemical reaction and interrelated processing has no significant influence on the thermal conductivity of particles by comparing with exchange of the ions of particles. The thermal conductivities of the soil from different areas in different ions further verify the above conclusions. It is a reliable and effective on-line method to measure the effective thermal conductivity of the micro-particle packed bed by thermal probe method.

In order to improve heat transfer performance of the evaporative condenser plate and enhance the gas-liquid two-phase flow,four heat-exchange plates of internal fin-plate evaporative condenser were developed. The water film flowing form with different spray densities and the influence of spray density on heat transfer of heat-exchange plate were investigated. The results showed that the thickness of water film thinned with the decrease of the spray density. Affected by the plate type and gas fluid shear stress,water film flowing gathered toward the center area,and the splash of water film appeared in local area with larger spray density. With the decrease of spray density,the splash of water film disappear gradually. However,in the low spray density,the “dry sports”phenomenon had produced on the some internal fin-plate. When the spray density were 0.524kg/(m·s),0.738kg/(m·s),0.905kg/(m·s),the performance of heat transfer of semicircle corrugated plate was superior to the other plates. Also,heat-exchange area of plate and stable time of water film were the main factors that affected heat transfer performance under these spay densities. The experimental results provide the theoretical reference of engineering application and design of internal fin-plate evaporative condenser.

Vortex generator is a kind of element for passive heat transfer enhancement,usually on heat transfer surface of heat exchangers in the form of array layout. Vortex generators enhance heat transfer by inducing vortice to thin or destroy the wall boundary layer. The characteristics of heat transfer and flow resistance equipped with the rectangular wing vortex generators with waist groove,the rectangular wing vortex generator and the rectangular wing vortex generator with a hole in a rectangular channel was experimentally studied in this paper. Experimental Reynods number,Re,ranges from 1000 to 4000. The results showed that at the same Reynods number the rectangular wing vortex generators with waist groove have the best characteristics of heat transfer and flow resistance in a rectangular channel compared to the rectangular wing vortex generator and rectangular wing vortex generator with a hole. The attack angle and longitudinal distance of vortex generator have influence on heat transfer and flow resistance. It was found that the best performance of comprehensive heat transfer attack angle was 90° and the best performance of comprehensive heat longitudinal distance was 80mm.

Heat dissipation performance and flow resistance of the traditional circular pin-fins radiator,the cylindrical column fins radiator with fluid guide plates at four corners and hydrofoil pin-fins radiator were studied by changing heat flux and cooling water flow. The pressure drop,chip temperature and thermal resistance of three radiators were measured under the same conditions. The results showed that the chip temperature of the radiator with fluid guide plates at four corners and hydrofoil pin-fins radiator are 65.5℃ and 55.5℃,respectively. The thermal resistance are 0.19K/W and 0.14K/W,respectively at heat flux of 80W/cm² and flow rate of 20mL/s. The heat dissipation performance is better than traditional circular pin-fins radiator. At 60mL/s,the pressure drop of the cylindrical column fins radiator with fluid guide plates at four corners and hydrofoil pin-fins are 34kPa and 32kPa,respectively,which is less than traditional circular pin-fins radiator. Compared with the traditional one,the cylindrical column fins radiator with fluid guide plates at four corners and hydrofoil pin-fins radiator have better heat dissipation performance and smaller pressure drop.

The quick measurement of tetra-butyl ammonium bromide(TBAB)hydrate crystal concentration is important to the control of the hydrate slurry production and the kinetics studies of TBAB hydrate formation and dissolution. In this paper,the effects of temperature,TBAB concentration and TBAB hydrate solid content on the electric conductivity of TBAB hydrate slurry was studied through online electric conductivity measurement．A method was established to quickly measure the concentration of TBAB solution and TBAB solid hydrate content in hydrate slurry. An industrial scheme was proposed for TBAB solution concentration and TBAB hydrate solid content quick measurement online during TBAB hydrate slurry production．The electric conductivity of TBAB solution increases linearly with the temperature rise and decreases with the solid hydrate content augment．The dissociation degree of TBAB solution decreased with the rise of TBAB concentration. At a low TBAB concentration range(< 0.54mol%),the electric conductivity of TBAB solution increases linearly with the TBAB concentration rise,and at a high TBAB concentration range(> 0.54mol%),the electric conductivity of TBAB solution increases slowly and reaches a maximum value due to the significantly reduction of TBAB dissociation degree．The maximum relative error between the TBAB measurement concentration and actual value is about 9.0%,indicating reliability of the method．

Flow field characteristics in horizontal turbo air classifier were investigated by numerical simulation. Effects of swirling direction of the vertical vortex were taken into account. The simulated results showed that,an upwind vertical vortex is the dominant flow in conical part of the classifier,and the vertical vortex direction has a significant influence on flow pattern inside the classifying chamber. By controlling the vertical vortex direction,the flow field distribution can be greatly improved. For the classifiers in quadrant P or IV according to the right-hand rule,the flow field inside the classifying chamber was evenly distributed. Cut sizes of the classifier are decreased by 5.3μm for FCC catalysts and 2.2μm for fly ash while the classification accuracies are increased by 7.5% and 8.4%,respectively. The powder classification experiments well validate the simulation results. Those results could provide guidance to the design of horizontal turbo air classifier.

Forward osmosis(FO)is becoming one of the hot spots in the field of membrane technology due to low fouling,low energy consumption and high water recovery. In the present work,forward osmosis for seawater desalination was carried out by using ammonium bicarbonate(NH₄HCO₃)solution as draw solution and 0.6mol/L sodium chloride(NaCl)solution as simulated seawater,followed by NH₄HCO₃ recovery through partial desorption/absorption. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of operating conditions on water flux,ammonia absorption rate,ammonia desorption rate and specific energy consumption. The results indicated that the water flux of FO system increased with increasing draw solution concentration,flowrate of draw solution or feed solution. Ammonia absorption rate of the absorption column increased with the increase of draw solution flowrate. The operating conditions had little influence on the ammonia desorption rate in the desorption column. In addition,the energy consumption of FO desalination system was mainly utilized in the draw solution desorption process. Thus,decreasing the inlet draw solution concentration of desorption column could reduce the specific energy consumption. Under optimal experimental conditions,the total specific energy consumption was about 195kW·h/m³ of product water. The water flux of FO system was around 13.6L/(m²·h),and NH₄HCO₃ reclamation rate was 99% with total dissolved solids(TDS)of product water below 1000mg/L. These results provide guidance for further industrial applications of forward osmosis process.

This work applied calcination and acid leaching method to treate kaolinite,and obtained acid modified kaolinite with aluminum leaching solution. Then used acid modified kaolinite to adsorb lithium from Dangxiong Tso Salt Lake brine. To treat the remaining lithium in the brine after the adsorption,the aluminum leaching solution was used as the desorbent to desorb acid modified kaolinite,and again precipitated lithium from the desorption solution. The optimal process parameters of lithium extraction from salt lake brine with kaolinite were determined by this way. Results show that the mass concentration of lithium in the brine after adsorption was 230 mg/L,and then the lithium was precipitated by the aluminum leaching solution. The maximum lithium precipitation rate was achieved at 45.3% when mole ratio of Al to Li was 3.5 and Na to Al was 2.7,reaction temperature was 55℃ and reaction time was 1h. The desorption process used 35 mL of the aluminum leaching solution which was diluted 1 time by water to desorb 4g acid modified kaolinite after adsorption. Desorption rate of Li⁺ was 93.12% under 55℃ for 20min,and the mass concentration of Li⁺ was 480mg/L. Lithium precipitation rate was 84.51% after precipitation again.

The introduction of regeneration recycling unit can largely reduce freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge. The current optimization model of multiple contaminants water networks with regeneration recycling unit is a non-convex mixed-inter nonlinear programming problem(MINLP). Solving directly without any strategy is very hard,slow and easily trapped into the local optimal solutions. In this paper,a global optimization strategy with piecewise linear relaxation was proposed. With the strategy the complex problem as an MILP model can be reformulated. The computational efforts can be reduced largely and the optimum solution can be obtained. A case study was illustrated to demonstrate the capability of our strategy and the global optimization solution had a significant impact on the total annual cost.

Gas-solid fluidized beds with the presence of some liquid droplets are applied widely in industry. Due to the existence of droplets,particles become wet and viscous,which makes fluidization significantly different with dry particles. In this paper,a hysteresis contact model is applied to consider energy dissipation of lubrication force and liquid bridge force during wet particle collision,which is coupled with CFD-DEM model. The fluidization and mixing characteristics of wet particles under different conditions in a 2D fluidized bed with immersed tubes are compared. Generally,it is found that with the presence of liquid,the particles begin to agglomerate and the bubbles become gas channels. The immersed tubes play the part of frameworks,promoting the formation of gas channels. With increasing cohesiveness,the particle velocity decreases generally and the internal recirculation of wet particles is restrained. It is also found that with an increase in the cohesiveness,the pressure drop of the fluidized bed and the mixing speed of particles decrease.

Under low flow velocity,the flow pattern in a microchannel is typically the so-called Taylor flow regime．A computational fluid dynamics package FLUENT was adopted for simulation of the heat characteristics of liquid-liquid two-phase Taylor flow in a microchannel. The effects of the dispersed phase velocity,the materials and the diameter of the microchannel on the wall temperature were investigated first. The results indicated that when the velocity of the dispersed phase and the thermal conductivity of the material increased,the wall temperature decreased,and the change of diameter had little effect on the wall temperature. The effect of the wall shear stress,interfacial vorticity and the Nusselt number on the wall and internal temperature were investigated subsequently in view of toluene-water two-phase Taylor flow system in a microchannel with a diameter of 0.5mm. The heat transfer characteristics were compared with the gas-liquid two-phase flow in literature. The results showed that the wall shear stress and interface vorticity had certain effect on the fluctuating changes of wall and interface temperature. The wave crests of wall shear stress and interface vorticity often appeared near the peaks of temperature,and had a certain time lag. The wall Nusselt number of toluene-water two-phase Taylor flow was much greater than that of gas-liquid two-phase flow. The average Nusselt number of a liquid slug unit was 1.3 times of single-phase flow under the same condition.

This article aimed at studying the separation of water phase by-products produced by slurry bed process with cobalt-based catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. A separation project about pervaporation and distillation was put forward to instead of the multi-columns distillation technology which was high energy consumption to separate alcohol and water. The new technology remained dehydrating tower and crude distillation tower in multi-columns distillation technology,while C₁—C₃ alcohol-water mixture was dehydrated by pervaporation technology,replacing the traditional distillation technology. The results showed that NaA zeolite molecular sieve permeable membrane was a suitable material for separation,and the permeation flux can reach 2.4 kg/(m²·h). The water content of water phase by-products in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was reduced from 17.09% to below 0.5% by pervaporation-distillation process. In addition,the energy consumption between pervaporation-distillation process and multi-columns distillation process was compared. It was found that the energy consumption of pervaporation and distillation coupling process can save approximately 24%.

In previous studies of CH₄ microscale catalytic combustion,CH₄ gas-phase reaction usually was not paid enough attention and even was ignored sometimes. To know the role of CH₄ gas-phase reaction playing in CH₄ microscale catalytic combustion,a simulation of CH₄/air premixed gas catalytic combustion in microscale parallel plate combustor was done in computational fluid dynamics software. CH₄ catalytic combustion inmicro scale parallel plate combustors of 0.2mm and 1mm distance were compared. The interactions between CH₄ gas-phase reaction and CH₄ catalytic reaction were investigated,and the effect of CH₄ gas-phase reaction on CH₄ catalytic reaction was investigated particularly. Several regularities were revealed by simulation results. First,CH₄ gas-phase reaction was caused by CH₄ catalytic reaction in microscale parallel plate combustors of 0.2mm and 1mm distance. Second,in microscale parallel plate combustor of 0.2mm distance,OH produced from CH₄ gas-phase reaction promoted CH₄ catalytic reaction. Third,in microscale parallel plate combustor of 1mm distance,CH₄ gas-phase reaction still had positive effect on CH₄ catalytic reaction,but its negative effect was more remarkable. The results can be used to provide reference to the development of efficient and stable microscale parallel plate combustor.

Asphaltenes were precipitated with different n- alkanes from medium/low temperature coal tar,including n-pentane asphaltene(As-5),n-hexane asphaltene(As-6),n-heptane asphaltene(As-7),soluble in n-hexane but insoluble in n-pentane[As-(5-6)],soluble in n-heptane but insoluble in n-hexane[As-(6-7)] and soluble in n-heptane but insoluble in n-pentane[As-(5-7)]. They were characterized by XPS,elemental analysis and FTIR. The occurrence state and content of element,functional groups of elements in asphaltenes were obtained and systematically discussed. The results showed that the sp² carbon and sp³ carbon were the main forms of carbon and the total content reached 85%,while the C=O and COO— were fewer. The aromaticity(f_a) of As-(5-7) was obviously smaller than that of As-7. The heteroatoms on the surface of the six kinds of asphaltenes were mainly oxygen atoms existed in the form of C—OH and C—O—C mostly. The pyridine and pyrrolic were the main forms of nitrogen with the sum of relative content up to more than 70%. Nitrogen were detected as amine and the protonation pyridine with the smaller content in the total nitrogen functional groups. The amine content of As-(5-6),As-(6-7) and As-(5-7) asphaltenes were higher than As-5,As-6 and As-7 asphaltenes due to the aromatic ring side chain length of the former were larger than the latter.

Considering the key role of the rapid and abundant hydrate formation in the industrialization of natural gas hydrate,it is necessary to study the dynamic promoting approaches for hydrate formation. In this paper,the effects of AES concentration and stirring rate on hydrate formation were studied experimentally through AES solutions with concentrations from 60mg/L to 1350mg/L and stirring speeds from 0 to 800 r/min at 2℃ and 6.6MPa. The promoting effects were compared,and the promoting mechanisms were studied from the perspective of hydrate formation kinetics,respectively. Results show that both AES and stirring could promote the gas supersaturation in liquid phase and accelerate the growth and coalescence of crystal nucleus. This would significantly shorten the induction period,improve hydrate formation rate,and reduce gas consumption. However,in the hydrate growth stage,stirring could only promote the one-way movement of the gas phase into the liquid phase,whereas AES could improve the cross movements of both gas and liquid phases. This mechanism of AES could reduce the mass transfer resistance between gas and liquid,and significantly increase the nucleation sites. Therefore,AES could further improve the hydrate formation rate and gas consumption.

The decolorization of lubricating oil is a problem demanding prompt solution in the lubricant industry,meanwhile,the application of ionic liquids in petrochemical industry could be a new direction. In this paper,the application of ionic liquids in the decolorization of regenerated lubricating oil has been discussed. The synthesis and characterization of ionic liquids have been studied by taking [C₄mim]BrAlCl₃ as an example. Through the synthesis of the following ionic liquids: [C_xmim]BrAlCl₃,phosphate ester ionic liquids,[C_xmim]BrZnCl₂ and [C_xmim]BF₄(where x = 2,4,6,8)have been used for decolorization of re-refined oil B and J. This experiment examined the effects of different ionic liquids and different process conditions on the oil discoloration process. Based on the analysis of processed oil color level,the best discoloration effect of ionic liquids were [C₈mim]BF₄ and [Bmim] DBP. The optimum reaction temperature,optimum reaction time,and the optimum ILs mass ratio have been determined. Antioxidant properties of discoloration oil have been tested by ICOT. ICOT results show that ILs processing can improve the antioxidant properties of the oil,and the antioxidant properties of oil after ILs processing are better than those of oil after treatment by furfural refining and clay refining.

Phase change energy storage technology is an efficient way of energy storage which guarantees the the efficient conversion and utilization of renewable energy, such as solar and wind energy. A two dimensional model of the encapsulated phase change materials(EPCM)with an air void is developed in this paper. The numerical simulation of the thermal energy storage process was conducted for the EPCM model using the enthalpy-porosity method and volume of fluid method(VOF)of the Fluent software. The effect of gravity,buoyancy-driven convection and the air void in the capsule, on the thermal energy storage process was considered. At the same time, the effect of various velocities and flow directions relative to gravity of the heat transfer fluid(HTF)and the blockage ratios on encapsulated phase change were studied. The results showed that the flow direction of HTF had little effect on the thermal energy storage process. However, the air void in capsule had negative effect on the thermal energy storage process. With the proper ratios of velocity to the blockage, the thermal energy storage process of the EPCM would be accelerated. The results provide a reference for the future research and application of the EPCM.

To improve the yield of biodiesel in sub/supercritical continuous alcoholysis reaction and reduce acid value of crude product,the effect of kinds of vegetable oils,the water content in the reaction system,the liquid hourly space velocity(LHSV),ratio of alcohol to oil,the nitrogen atmosphere,and the wall of reactor for yield in the sub/supercritical continuous alcoholysis reaction in tubular reactor was studied. The orthogonal test of sub/supercritical alcoholysis conditions was conducted. The optimal process parameters were obtained. The results showed that the transesterification reaction yield of all kinds of vegetable oils was different;that the product distribution of supercritical alcoholysis basically remained unchanged with the increase of water content in reaction system,but the product acid value increased significantly. The effect of the process conditions on the product yield in the order most to least is liquid hourly space velocity(LHSV),ratio of alcohol and oil,reaction temperature,and pressure. The optimal reaction process condition are the reaction temperature ≤320℃,pressure 8.5MPa,oil liquid hourly space velocity ≤0.7h^-1.

Using ammonium metavanadate as main raw material and Zeolite Socony Mobil-5(ZSM-5) as the carrier,the V₂O₅/ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by coprecipitation and it was applied to the catalytic oxidation of liquid paraffin for the synthesis of fatty acid. The catalyst was characterized by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluoresence Spectrometer(EDX). EDX analysis indicated that the V₂O₅/ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared successfully. The catalysts before and after reaction were analyzed by X Ray Diffraction(XRD)and X ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS),which suggested that V₂O₅/ZSM-5 only play the catalytic role in the oxidation process of liquid paraffin. The prepared oxidation product was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR),and it was found that the fatty acid existed in the oxidation product. Meanwhile,the effect of reaction temperature,reaction time,dosage of catalyst and gas atmosphere on the performance of fatty acid was investigated. The experimental results showed that the optimal conditions for preparing fatty acid are as follows:temperature 150℃,reaction Time 8h,dose of catalyst 0.1g,and with pure oxygen. The acid value and the saponification of the product were 17.33mg(KOH)/g and 33.52mg(KOH)/g,respectively.

As the best nitrogen oxide(NO_x)control technology,selective catalytic reduction(SCR) has been widely used in NO_x emission control. The core of this technology is the catalyst. Typically,commercial V₂O₅-WO₃ (MoO₃)/TiO₂ SCR catalyst consists of V₂O₅ as the active component,WO₃ or MoO₃ as the promotor,and TiO₂ as the carrier. During the catalytic reduction of NO_x,however,the oxidation of SO₂ is catalyzed as well and the generated SO₃ have significant negative effects on the denitrification process. In this review,the mechanism and research progress of SO₂ oxidation were introduced at first. Then the main influence factors of the SO₂ oxidation rate were reviewed and analyzed in detail,including V₂O₅ content,catalytic promoters,fly ash,catalyst wall thickness,flue gas composition and reaction temperature. On this basis,methods for controlling the SO₂ oxidation rate over SCR catalyst were summarized. Overall,the SO₂ oxidation rate control technology has made significant contributions to the development of low SO₂ oxidation rate catalysts,regeneration of deactivated catalysts as well as recycling of disabled catalysts,and therefore deserves further research and development.

Electroreduction of CO₂ into useful fuels,especially those driven by renewable energy,is one of the most promising strategies for clean energy development. Current researches of the electro-catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons(CH₄,C₂H₄)is reviewed. It covers the research status of electro-catalytic materials,electrolyte solution and the reaction mechanisms. Among aqueous electrolytes,copper and copper based materials are preferred as they have both high selectivity in the hydrocarbons transfer and inhibiting ability of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Copper oxides provides more options of the electro-catalytic materials due to their multiplex structural features. Aqueous electrolytes have significant effects on the selection of the electro-catalytic reduction products,while non-aqueous or trace-aqueous electrolytes are promising because of their significant inhibition ability of the HER. Finally,the research status of the reaction mechanisms are introduced. It is suggested that the application of in-situ spectroscopy techniques and the modeling work based on the reaction kinetics are highly demanded,which would be helpful to guide the development of the electro-catalysts and the electrolytes.

Steam catalytic gasification experiments of pine sawdust to produce hydrogen-rich gas were carried out in a high-temperature fixed bed reactor with Ni-CaO as the catalyst. The influence of catalyst dosage,gasification temperature and steam flow rate on hydrogen content were investigated. The results showed that by increasing the catalyst to sawdust ratio from 0 to 1.5(g/g),the hydrogen content was increased from 45.58% to 60.23%,and the hydrogen yield was increased from 38.80 g/kg to 93.75g/kg,whereas the hydrogen content and hydrogen yield only showed a modest increase when the ratio was changed into 2. Increasing the gasification temperature from 700℃ to 750℃ significantly increased the hydrogen content from 54.24% to 60.23%,and decreased the carbon dioxide content from 21.09% to 13.18%,but higher temperature gave rise to a decrease in the hydrogen content and the low heating value.When the best gasification temperature was taken as 750℃,and the catalyst to sawdust ratio and the steam flow rate were 1.5(g/g) and 0.34g/(min·g),the resulting hydrogen content,dry gas yield and low heating value were 60.23%,93.75g/kg,and 12.13MJ/m³,respectively.

The Bi₂WO₆-TiO₂ composite photocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel and solvent-thermal method with butyl titanate,bismuth nitrate and sodium tungstate as precursors. The structure of the samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV-vis),scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and photoelectrochemical measurements. The photocatalytic performance of Bi₂WO₆-TiO₂ on the treatment of Cu(Ⅱ)-EDTA combined pollutions in complexing water and the new application of used photocatalysts were investigated. Furthermore,the synergetic treatment mechanism for the combined pollutions was discussed. The results demonstrated that the composite photocatalyst exhibited higher treatment efficiency for Cu(Ⅱ)-EDTA combined pollutions than that for single Cu(Ⅱ) or EDTA under visible light irradiation. The composite showed the best photocatalytic activity when the Bi₂WO₆ content reached to 5%. The Bi₂WO₆-TiO₂ composite with Cu and CuO deposited remarkably improved the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutions.

5% Pd/CNTs was synthesized by chemical impregnation method using multi-walled carbon nanotubes(CNTs)which was acidified by concentrated nitric acid as starting materials,PdCl₂ as precursor and formaldehyde as reducing agent. The catalyst was characterized by means of ICP、XRD、BET and TEM. The results showed that 5% Palladium nanoparticles were successfully loaded on the outer wall of the CNTs tubes and the mean diameter of the Pd nanoparticles was 4.30nm. The performance of the Pd/CNTs catalysts in the liquid-phase catalytic hydrodechlorination(HDC)of 4-chlorphenol(4-CP)under mild conditions was also investigated. Effects of reaction temperature,catalyst and NaOH dosage,substrate concentration,as well as the reaction kinetics were studied. The optimized operating parameters were obtained as reaction temperature 40℃,catalyst dosage 20mg,and Cl^-:OH^- =1:1.1(molar ratio). The reaction kinetics could be described by a zero-order kinetics model. The activation energy E_a and pre-exponential factor A were estimated as 40.12kJ/mol,and 1.66×10⁷mol/(L·min),respectively.

A series of boric acid modified MCM-22 catalysts were prepared by impregnation method with boric acid as the precursor and fatty alcohol as the solvent. The catalytic performance of the boric acid modified MCM-22 catalysts in the synthesis of p-xylene(PX)by alkylation of toluene with dimethyl carbonate(DMC)was investigated on a fixed bed reactor. The catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,FTIR,N₂ adsorption desorption,NH₃-TPD,and FTIR with pyridine adsorption. Furthermore,the effects of boric acid modification on the acid property of MCM-22 zeolite were also investigated through the cracking reactions of cumene and 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene. The results indicated that the prepared catalysts with 1-propanol as the solvent exhibited both excellent shape-selectivity and high catalytic activity in the synthesis of PX. This should be ascribed to the formation of organic borate during the impregnation process by the reaction of boric acid and 1-propanol,which achieved good coverage of the acid sites on the external surface of MCM-22 zeolite while preserve the acid sites inside the pores .

The catalytic liquid-phase oxidation of fluorene to 9-fluorenone is limited by the difficulties of continuous production for industrialization and waste water generated in production. CeO₂/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method,precipitation method and sol-gel method,respectively. Their activities for oxidation of fluorene to 9-fluorenones were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD,H₂-TPR,CO₂-TPD and HRTEM. The catalytic performances of catalysts for oxidation of fluorene to 9-fluorenone were examined. The experimental results indicate that the conversion of fluorene on CeO₂ is determined by the reduction temperature of CeO₂,the concentration of oxygen vacancies and the concentration of surface oxygen. The selectivity of fluorenone on CeO₂ is related to the amount and intensity of surface basicity. The catalysts prepared by the sol-gel method have the best dispersion and show the best catalytic activity. Under the reaction conditions of temperature of 370℃,WHSV of 0.5h^-1,gas liquid ratio of 250,the conversion of fluorene was 83% and the selectivity was 60%.

CoY,CuY and NiY zeolites were prepared by ion-exchange method. Influences of operation conditions and olefin content on adsorption desulfurization performances were investigated by dynamic adsorption experiments. Adsorption behaviors of dimethyl disulfide(DMDS)and isobutene onto CoY,CuY and NiY zeolites were calculated using density function theory. Saturated adsorbents were regenerated in superheated steam. Results show that adsorption desulfurization capacities of CoY,NiY and CuY are 47.5mg/g、36.3mg/g and 40.2mg/g,respectively,and CoY and NiY were more easily to be influenced by olefin competitive adsorption. The Mayer bond order of S—S is not much changed after adsorption while the double bond property was weakened. The adsorption energies of CoY,CuY and NiY are -59.5kJ/mol,-22.2kJ/mol and -30.4kJ/mol,respectively,which were consistent with the experimental results. Saturated adsorbents could be effectively regenerated in steam at 160℃ for 60min.

The properties of friction pairs and their performances were directly related with the material characteristics of vibration,noise and surface microstructure etc. It will be useful for improving its abrasion performance and reliability and prolonging its no-failure lifetime by studying the material configuration,material modification and noise and drag reduction. In this paper,the research achievements on the noise detection of milti-medium nanocomposites,the acoustic wave signal processing,the improvement of frictional resistance on the bond between microgel particles and composites,the resistance-reducing and wear-resisting property of nanocomposites and the effect of bionic surface texture on frictional noise of friction pairs are summarized. Also the development prospect of friction pairs are presented. Though researches have achieved appreciable results,little has been done in the studies on the transmission characteristics of noise,the difference of sound velocity and attenuation characteristic of milti-medium and the synergic effect of flow characteristics of fluids and bionic surface microstructure on friction-induced noise reduction. Therefore,such studies for improving the performance of friction pairs,have both theory significance and a vast application prospect.

Nanoscale zero-valent iron catalytic materials have advantages of low cost,high reaction activity,high specific surface area and excellent adsorption properties. The excellent performances of these materials in various environmental pollutants(e.g. heavy metals,inorganic anions,radioactive elements,halogenated organic compounds,nitroaromatic compounds and endocrine-disrupting chemicals)remediation through different degradation mechanisms have made them be regarded as a new type of material that having broad application prospect. In this review,the typical preparation methods,including physical method,chemical liquid phase reduction method,thermal decomposition method,carbothermal synthesis and polyol process,and novel green synthesis technology,of nanoscale zero-valent iron are introduced in detail. Moreover,the applications as well as the reaction mechanism and efficiency of nanoscale zero-valent iron in environmental pollution treatment and catalysis are summarized. In addition,some unresolved scientific problems including the oxidation and the agglomeration of nanoscale zero-valent iron are mentioned. It also suggests that the future research should be focused on the improvement or development of new synthetic method to reduce the cost and to extend the application field of the nanoscale zero-valent iron materials.

Collagen self-assembled into highly ordered network structure in vitro,which helps to cell adhesion,proliferation,spreading,and migration. Collagen self-assembly biological functional materials have highly ordered structure characteristics,excellent mechanical properties,good biocompatibility,biodegradability,and low immunogenic idiosyncrasy. The assembly process of the four self-assembly technologies,which are template self-assembly technology,in situ self-assembly technology,directed self-assembly technology and induced self-assembly technology,is described. The status of research on those four self-assembly technologies is presented. The theory and characteristic of four self-assembly technologies is discussed. Then,the application of collagen self-assembly biological function materials as tissue replacement material,targeted drug delivery material,functional material of specific conduction of light,electricity,sound,is summarized. The development trend of collagen self-assembly biological function materials in regenerative medicine,gene therapy,drug design,tissue engineering,medical imaging,etc,is identified. Finally,the direction of future development of collagen self-assembly biological function material is proposed. Results show that the collagen self-assembly biological functional materials have broad application prospects in biomedical field.

Cement support and granulation were used to synthesize calcium sorbent. CO₂ capacity was investigated in a quartz bubbling fluidized bed. A particle impact apparatus was employed to evaluate the mechanical strength. The morphology and porosity of the sorbents were also assessed by scanning electron microscope and N₂ absorption/desorption. The synthesized sorbents doped with 10% aluminum cement during pelletisation showed higher sintering resistance and lower porosity decaying than raw limestone. Thus,the cyclic reactivity of the synthesized pellets calcined at 850℃/N₂ or 950℃/100%CO₂ was superior to limestone. The less fine particles in reactor after multiple cycles exhibited higher attrition resistance to synthetic sorbents. The impact tests also showed that the pellets formed from powder still possessed similar impact breakage resistance to limestone after calcination. High calcined temperature decreased the strength of pellets,which could be improved by sintering after multiple cycles. A semi-empirical formula for calculating the average diameter after impact breakage based on Rittinger's surface theory was developed. This sorbent could acquire good reactivity without expense of strength decaying.

The effects of thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)powder on the performance of gypsum-based 3D printing specimens and the printing process were studied. The results show that the compressive and tensile strength as well as water resistance of the 3D printing specimens increases with the content of TPU powder,but when there is too many TPU powders,the dimension error would become greater and the printed specimens would be damaged more easily and show wrong layer during 3D printing. Through synthetical considerations of the surface features,dimensional accuracy,water resistance and mechanical properties of the printed specimens and the smoothness of the printing process,the optimal mass ratio of TPU powder and gypsum powder is in the range of 40:50 to 50:40. The minimum dimensional deviation of the printing specimen was achieved when the content of TPU powder is 50%(in mass),and the compressive strength and tensile strength are increased by 38.5% and 117.4% respectively,compared with the pure gypsum-based 3D printing specimens. The formation of ribbon plastic structure inside the 3D printing specimens after thermal post-processing is responsible for the improvements of compressive and tensile strength,density and water resistance.

A kind of acrylate copolymer called matrical cohesive is synthesized by photopolymerization method to replace the traditional thermal polymerization method. The target-product prepared by the matrical cohesive is compounded with certain amount of initiator and multi-photosentitive-functional groups oligomer or monomer,which exhibits excellent adhesion property under UV irradiation. The 180° peel strength can reach 24N/25mm. However, when exposed to UV light of 20mW/cm² and 365nm for 20s,the multi-photosensitive oligomer can react with each other and form cross-linked structure. Linear polymer penetrates into the cross-linked structure and forms interpenetrating network structure,which decreases the 180°peel strength down to zero. So it is very convenient to detach and have no harm to the jointed objects. Furthermore,the effects of copolymer composition,type of photosensitive oligomer or monomer,and the number of functional groups on the dismantlble property have been investigated. The mechanism is discussed through SEM. The cross-linked structure leads to the volume contraction and reduces the effective bonding area,while the interpenetrating network makes it lose rubber elasticity and exhibit plastic properties.

In this contribution,polyvinyl acetate(PVAc)based composite emulsion was successfully prepared by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization,whose average particle size was about 115nm. The novel compound surfactants and the particle size control monomer BA were systematically investigated as the vital factors for controlling the particle size of the latex,because of BA's inhibitory action on the free radical polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer. Based on the results of chemical structure analysis,particle size distribution,morphology and thermal properties,it can be found that the average particle size of PVAc composite emulsion can be effectively decreased when the anionic surfactants PCA078 and PCA507 is used,but the average particle size began to increase when the BA content reached a certain proportion. A certain amount of BA monomer can inhibit the growth of PVAc molecular chains and increase the number of particles by secondary nucleation,which can effectively decrease the latex's particle size in the emulsion system. However,when BA was excessive,the self-polymerization of BA was significantly increased,which can't reduce the particle size.

The rosin based polymer microspheres with hydroxyl groups were prepared by suspension polymerization process that used the styrene(St)as monomer,an ester of acrylic rosin and glycial mathacrylate (RAG)as a crosslinking agent,gelatin as a dispersing agent,and azodiisobutyronitrile(AIBN)as initiator. The effects of dispersant level,monomer weight ratio,and stirring speed on the polymer microspheres were investigated. The microspheres were characterized by infrared spectroscopy(IR),thermalgravimetric analysis(TGA),optical microscopy(OM),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results showed that rosin based polymer microspheres with hydroxyl groups were successfully prepared with good thermal stability,spherical shape and dispersibility. When m_RAG:m_St=1:1,AIBN of 1%(based on monomer weight,same after),gelatin of 6%,stirring speed of 500r/min,the reaction took place at 85℃ for 3h,followed by aging process at 90℃ for another 2h,the resulting microspheres were the best. The microspheres adsorbed 172.3mg/g of benzonic acid in 4h at 298K,the solid to liquid ratio 0.6g/L,and pH 4.5.

Porous surface high flux exchanging tube is a high efficiency heat transfer component. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of porous surface high flux exchanging tube,power sintering was adopted to develop a stainless steel-based micro-porous layer on the surface of stainless stain tube. All the experiments were conducted in the boiling ethylene glycol solution with acetic acid. With the aids of electric scanning microscope method(SEM),corrosion weight loss method and electrochemical comparison measurement,the corrosion resistance of stainless steel-based porous layer on high flux heat exchanger tube was studied compared with copper-based and iron-based porous layer. The results show that corrosion resistance of stainless steel-based porous layer is superior to copper-based and iron-based materials. In the boiling immersion test,the mass loss rate of stainless steel-based porous layer is about 1/5—1/3 of iron-based porous layer,and 3/10—4/7 of copper-based porous layer. The corrosion resistance of stainless steel-based porous layer decreases with acetic acid concentration at the range of 0.1—10mol/L and at room temperature. Additionally,the corrosion resistance of stainless steel-based porous layer is higher than copper-based and iron-based porous layers throughout the experiment.

As a new recycling material,the coffee shell was used as a raw material to extract the cellulose by adopting the chemical separation techniques. Single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment were conducted to find the optimal process condition of the extracting process. The results showed that the optimal conditions of cellulose extraction were as follows:NaOH mass fraction 4%,H₂O₂ mass fraction 10%,and reacting at 45℃ for 35min. The optimal mass fraction(83.88%)of the coffee shell cellulose was obtained under these conditions. The extracted samples' composition,micro-surface structure,phase structure and absorbency were tested by FTIR,SEM,XRD and absorbent liquid experiment. The results showed that the extracted samples were mainly cellulose and had spiral tube structure. Its specific surface area increased significantly and the crystal type,natural cellulose I,did not change. At room temperature,the absorption rate(65g/g)coffee shell cellulose was largest with the tap water,and the absorption rate(58g/g)was lowest with 0.9% NaCl solution,which was stillhigher than natural cotton cellulose(40g/g).

The clean production process of Natural Borneol by extraction from Cinnamomum Camphora was studied. The single-stage condensation in the extraction apparatus was replaced by two-stage condensation. The distillate and residual liquid were combined and reused in the next extraction process. The effect of recycle times on yield and purity of borneol was studied. The residue of flask was treated by anaerobic process. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) and the methane production rules in the anaerobic process were obtained. The results show that the yield and purity of borneol are respectively 1.11% and 95.23% at the two-stage condensation,improved by 45.42% and 5.44% compared with the single stage condensation. The yield of borneol was improved to 1.28% until 20 times of reuse of waste water. The purity of borneol of 20 times reuse is 95.09%. The discharge of the waste water was reduced by 99% through the reuse of the residual liquid and distillate. The BMP of residue is 31.5mL/g. The anaerobic process is suitable for the treatment of residue.

Waste penicillin mycelium(WPM) is solid waste from the fermentation process of penicillin in pharmaceutical industry,which will result in air pollution and threaten the ecological environment. WPM was treated by microwave hydrolysis in alkali condition to produce mixed amino acids,which can be used for gypsum retarder to realize safe utilization of WPM. Based on the single factor experiment,four factors were selected for orthogonal experiment:alkali concentration,solid-liquid ratio,treatment time,and temperature. The optimal conditions for the hydrolysis process were obtained:alkali concentration 0.04mol/L,solid-liquid ratio 1:4,reaction time 10min,and at 85℃. Chemical composition of the product was analyzed using high speed amino acid analyzer. The retarding mechanism for desulphurization gypsum was investigated using FTIR and SEM. The results showed that the retarder contained amino acids such as lysine,tyrosine,and cysteine,etc. The amino and carboxyl group in the retarder chelated with calcium ion,forming mixed amino acids/small peptides complexes,which delayed dissolution,hydration and crystallization of gypsum crystals,thereby prolonging the setting time of gypsum paste.

To solve the problem of high viscosity and poor fluidity of Xinjiang heavy oil,the polyester series MAS oil-soluble viscosity reducer with phenyl group and amide bond was synthesized and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer(FTIR). The effectiveness of the viscosity reducer on Xinjiang heavy oil was evaluated. The results showed that MAS5 with main chain of ethyl acetate and MAS4 with long main chain alkyl acrylate(C₁₈) performed better in viscosity reduction on heavy oil. The amide bond in MAS5 can interact with the resin and asphaltene inheavy oil,and the benzene ring can affect π-π force between the polycyclic aromatic molecules,and the ethyl acetate can form the solvation layer around the asphaltene aggregate to reduce further aggregation of the asphaltene molecules,all of these resulting in the viscosity decrease ofheavy oil. The synthesis conditions for MAS5 were optimized. When the dosages of MAS5 viscosity reducer in Xinjiang heavy oil are 600mg/L and 1000mg/L,the corresponding rates of viscosity reduction were 50.6% and 53.7%,respectively at 50℃. Furthermore,the price of raw materials for MAS5 is lower so it has a better prospect for industrial applications.

Exhaust pollutants such as SO_x,NO_x and PM emitted by marine diesel engines are harmful to human health and environment,especially near port cities. With growing concerns on environmental protection,regulations become more and more stringent,and marine emissions also receive increasing attention. In this paper,existing ship exhaust control technologies were reviewed,including pre-treatment,in-cylinder cleaning and after-treatment technologies. Single after-treatments are believed to be able to serve the near-term needs. Desulfurization tower,selective catalytic reduction (SCR)and diesel particulate filter(DPF)are more promising to deal with SO_x,NO_x and PM,respectively. Through the analysis of different post-treatment technologies of SO_x,NO_x and PM,it is considered that the integrated treatment technology combining de-SO_x,de-NO_x and PM after-treatment is an important direction in the long run. Some key technologies enabling such a system include sulfur-tolerant catalysts and low temperature catalysts,fine particle removal technology,process optimization,simple and reliable control as well as acceptable space and cost requirement.

Petroleum coke is a by-product of ill crude oil processing in refinery and it has a lot of disadvantages as fuel. With the high temperature gasification technology,however,the utilization of petroleum coke can be realized. Based on the existing catalytic gasification reaction mechanism,this paper makes a comparative analysis on the four mainstream mechanisms of petroleum coke gasification reaction. The influences of anion,cation and radical on the gasification reaction mechanisms have been discussed. Also,this paper makes a summary of existing problems and the applicable gasification mechanism for different types of ions. The mechanism of gasification is suitable for single ion catalysis,but not for the phenomenon of complex interaction with different types of ions. Meanwhile,some heavy metal ions in the petroleum coke can inhibit the gasification reactivity of the petroleum coke,and the mechanism has not been studied thoroughly. In conclusion,the interaction between ions in gasification reaction and the influence mechanism of heavy metal ions on gasification reaction will be the focus of future research.

There are many kinds of heavy metals with higher concentration in sludge incineration slag. Disposal of slag will cause environmental and ecological risks. Based on the speciation analysis of heavy metals in sludge and its incinerated slag,the leaching characteristics of heavy metals in slag were studied at simulated actual acid rain conditions. The results showed that,compared with the sludge,the proportion of the residual fraction of heavy metals in the slag was significantly increased. The proportions of effective fraction and organic fraction of heavy metals were significantly reduced. But the proportion of iron-manganese oxide fraction of heavy metals was still high(18%—65%). So the transferability and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the slag was high. As a result of static leaching experiments,the leaching rates of most heavy metals in the slag increased with the increase of leaching time and liquid-solid ratio,and increased with the decreasing solution pH and particle size. Among the factors, the solution pH had a significant effect on the leaching of heavy metals. As a result of dynamic leaching experiments,the total leaching of heavy metals increased with the decrease of solution pH,and leaching time. The leaching rates of heavy metals were significantly higher than those of static leaching rates. The leaching of heavy metals mainly concentrated in the first three years,50%—100% of total leaching. The leaching rates of As,Zn,Cr,Cd and Pb were higher. Results were consistent with the heavy metal speciation analysis. Finally,the suggestion for the treatment of sludge incineration slag was proposed based on literature and experimental phenomena.

With polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)as adhesive,a granular Fe-Mn binary oxide(GFMO) was synthesized with FeSO₄/KMnO₄ molar ratio of 5:1. GFMO was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR)and its adsorption behavior for phosphate and effect parameters were investigated. The results showed that GFMO exhibits a rough surface and a porous structure with abundant surface hydroxyl groups. GFMO has a favorable adsorption properties for phosphate in water. Phosphate adsorption amounts increase with the contact time increasing. The adsorption equilibrium time is achieved at 400min. The adsorption kinetics can be described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm model can suitably fit the isotherm adsorption data at different temperatures. Higher temperatures yield larger equilibrium adsorption amounts. Ionic strength and other anions such as NO₃^-,SiO₃^2-,SO₄^2- and CO₃^2- have no obvious influence on the phosphate removal process by GFMO. However,pH can strongly influence the phosphate adsorption process. A better phosphate removal efficiency was obtained when pH was below 5,while the phosphate removal efficiency decreased with the increase of pH when pH was above 5.

Persulfate can be effectively activited by iron. However,iron will leaching in the solution because of the rapid speed of the reaction. The montmorillonite-sodium alginate balls(MABs)with zero-valent iron loading(Fe-MABs)was prepared and characterized by the electron microscope. The results showed the well dispersion of iron on the sodium alginate gelatin ball. In addition,the effects of dosages of sodium peroxydisulfate(PDS)and catalyst to the degradation of Reactive Black 5(RBK5) were examined in batch experiments. The degradation ability to RBK5 follows this order:Fe+C/PDS> Fe-MABs/PDS> Fe+C> PDS> Fe. The results demonstrated that RBK5 could be degraded by Fe-MABs/PDS system effectively. Under the condition with initial RBK5 concentration 40mg/L,PDS dosage 2.0mmol/L,Fe-MABs dosage 40g/L,pH 7,temperature 298K,the degradation rate of RBK5 in aqueous solution could reach 95.42% and 99.90% within 30min and 60min,respectively. Comparing with Fe+C/PDS,Fe leaching ratio will reduce 90% in Fe-MABs/PDS system within 60min. By using methanol and chloroform as free radical quenchers,the active intermediate SO₄^-· play a leading role to the degradation process,which generated from the PDS activation. Finally,the dynamics was also calculated in the Fe-MABs catalyzing system.

The CO₂ capture capacity of carbide slag modified by propionic acid was investigated in a dual fixed-bed reactor and a TGA. The result shows that modification by propionic acid can improve the cyclic carbonation conversion of carbide slag and delay the decays of carbonation conversion with number of cycles. An ion reactive adsorption model was employed to describe the mechanism why modification by propionic acid can improve the CO₂ capture capacity of carbide slag. With the same number of cycles,the values of k and X_u of carbide slag modified by propionic acid are higher than those without modification,while the value of t₀ is shorter. The modified carbide slag shows higher carbonation rate and can achieve a relative higher carbonation conversion with a shorter time. Modification by propionic acid improves the microstructure of the carbide slag after calcination. The pore area and pore volume in the range of 20—100nm are increased and the resistance of diffusion is reduced. That's why the modified carbide slag shows favorable kinetics parameters superior to carbide slag without modification.

As an industrial waste,fly ash was used in wastewater treatment because of abundance,high porosity structure and large specific surface area. In this study,fly ash was modified using 1mol/L of mixed acid. The morphology and composition were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM),X-ray Diffraction(XRD)and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)before and after the fly ash was modified. Furthermore,simulated dye wastewater was treated by the modified fly ash to study the adsorption capacity of modified fly ash. The results showed that the surface of modified fly ash formed a large number of grooves and holes so the roughness and adsorption void were increased. The removal efficiency of contaminants in the dye wastewater was the highest under the conditions of modified fly ash 15g/L,reaction time 45min,pH 6—8,and temperature 30℃. The removal efficiencies of COD and NH₄⁺-N were 64% and 38%,respectively. And decolorization efficiency was 84%. In addition,the adsorption isotherms of simulated dye wastewater were compatible with the mechanism of monolayer adsorption and fit with Langmuir adsorption isotherms model. The adsorption process was a spontaneous and exothermic reaction,and the degree of disorder of the simulated wastewater treated by modified fly ash was reduced.