For the multi-phase fluidization coupling photocatalysis multi-scaled system, it is a hard nut to crack the evaluation of fluidized agglomerates dynamic scale only by the macro/micro-methods, since the fluidized agglomerates are dynamic, multi-scaled distributed, and changed instantaneously. In this case, the evaluation methods for dynamic scale of photocatalytic fluidized agglomerates in multi-phase fluidization were summarized from modern installment detection, mathematic model, and numerical simulation, evaluation and detection methods of bed voidage, etc. The superiority and limitations of these methods in practice were further analyzed. Finally, the creative thought and method of evaluation of fluidized agglomerates dynamic scale in photocatalysis coupling multi-phase fluidization system were put forward as follows. Combining microscopic information and macroscopic parameters in the multi-phase fluidization coupling photocatalysis multi-scaled system, using the key parameters, such as the number of molecules as the correlation index, by introducing the constructed collision probability function and bed voidage distribution function into the photocatalytic reaction kinetics equation containing fluidized agglomerate reactivity characteristic parameters, the novel agglomerate dynamic scale and photocatalytic reactivity integrated model concerning macro- and micro- information could be achieved by substitution method, iterative method, and fitting technology.

Hydroformylation of olefin mainly involves the activation of olefin and the formation of C—C bond and aldehyde group. At present, the hydroformylation of olefin is mainly achieved by thermochemical method using Rh and Co based metal catalysts, which usually requires harsh reaction conditions with high temperature and high pressure. Electrochemical methods using clean and sustainable electrical energy can provide a greater driving force and achieve hydroformylation of olefin under mild reaction conditions at room temperature and pressure compared to thermochemical methods. The applied voltage can affect the electronic structure of metal catalyst, and the rapid activation of olefin is driven by adjusting the applied voltage. In addition, electrochemical reactions can be used to provide a continuous supply of carbon and hydrogen sources for hydroformylation of olefin. Electrochemical methods will play an important role in the hydroformylation of olefin in the future.

With the advantages of high thermal conductivity, excellent temperature uniformity, compact structure, and high reliability, the ultrathin vapor chamber (UTVC) has become an effective way to deal with high heat flux heat dissipation in restricted space. However, the narrow liquid reflux channel and vapor flow channel of the UTVCs weaken the heat transfer capability of the UTVCs. To improve the heat transfer performance of UTVCs, researchers have conducted a number of studies, mainly including the wick structure optimization design, the surface modification of the internal structure, and the development of novel working fluids. In this paper, the research status and development tendency of the above three ways to improve the heat transfer performance of UTVCs were summarized comprehensively and systematically, and the solutions to the shortcomings of current studies were prospected. The development of novel wick structures with both high capillary pressure and low flow resistance will continue to be a focus of future research. Moreover, in terms of the surface treatment, studies of the hydrophobic treatment of condensing surfaces of UTVC can be further conducted. In addition, the development of new working fluids suitable for UTVC is also required.

Aiming at the separation of DMC-MeOH azeotrope at the top of the tower for dimethyl carbonate (DMC) production by reactive distillation with propylene carbonate (PC) and methanol (MeOH) as raw materials, a extractive distillation process with PC as solvent was presented. The simulation and economic evaluation were carried out on the Aspen Plus software platform. The feasibility and selectivity of the solvent were investigated, the process flow scheme was determined, and the process parameters of the extractive distillation process were optimized. The energy consumption and economy of PC extractive distillation and heat integrated pressure swing distillation for separating DMC-MeOH azeotrope were compared. The results show that the total energy consumption and total annual cost (TAC) of the extractive distillation process are reduced by 53.9% and 49.5%, respectively, compared with the pressure swing distillation process, showing the feasibility and technical and economic advantages of the extractive distillation process.

For the efficient utilization of of industrial waste heat, the R245fa flow boiling heat transfer characteristics was investigated experimentally in a vertically upward tube with a micro-nano porous coating. The effects of inlet vapor qualities, heat fluxes and mass fluxes on the heat transfer characteristics in the tube were analyzed, and the flow patterns were recorded by visualization. Experimental conditions were as follows: saturation pressure 0.6MPa, mass flux 199.68—701.81kg/(m²·s), heat flux 4.99—74.96kW/m², and vapor quality 0.01—0.9. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient and friction pressure drop of the bare tube and enhanced tube were compared. The enhanced tube had an obvious effect of enhancing boiling heat transfer, and the maximum heat transfer enhancement factor could reach 2.12 times. With the increasing inlet vapor qualities and heat flux, the heat transfer enhancement factor showed a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing. The variation trend of the performance evaluation parameter aligned closely with that of EF. The visualization showed that the strong wettability of the enhanced tube accelerated the diffusion of R245fa liquid on the tube wall surface and facilitated rapid rewetting. In comparison to the bare tube, the transition to annular flow occurred earlier in the enhanced tube.

The corrosion caused by CO₂, known as "sweet" corrosion, has become a significant challenge for oil and gas pipelines. Numerous one-dimensional corrosion prediction models have been proposed to forecast and prevent corrosion hazards. However, these models lack consideration of the complex flow within the pipeline. Therefore, a multi-field coupled finite element model was constructed to investigate the mass transfer law of corrosion in pipelines. The comprehensive consideration of chemical reaction, electrochemical corrosion reaction, and corrosion product formation in CO₂ aqueous solution was undertaken. The electrochemical corrosion model was integrated with flow calculations to simulate the mass transfer of CO₂ corrosion in straight pipe flow. The results indicated that the thickness of the mass transfer boundary layer was less than 1/10 of that of the flow boundary layer, and the presence of flow enhanced the rate of corrosion mass transfer, resulting in a higher flow corrosion rate. The consumption of H⁺ on the pipeline surface was not fully exhausted under flow corrosion, leading to distinct variations in the H⁺ Sherwood number (Sh) with Reynolds number (Re) in corrosion mass transfer at different pH. Considering the actual flow, the study derived an empirical correlation equation for mass transfer to predict flow corrosion in oil and gas pipelines.

The internal temperature distributes unevenly for the synthesis of methyl ester sulfonate in falling film reactor, leading to the decrease in productivity. Considering the efficient reaction characteristics of microreactor, the present paper attempted to synthesize methyl ester sulfonate in a T-type microreactor. The effects of temperature, molar ratio, aging time, aging temperature and other factors on the content of active substances of the product (the mass fraction of the active content of the product ) in the sulfonation reaction process were investigated. The response surface method was used to explore the influence degree and interaction of the above influencing factors on the content of active substances, and the process conditions were optimized on this basis. According to the analysis, the influence order of above factors on the content of active substances was: molar ratio of sulfur trioxide to methyl stearate>aging temperature>sulfonation temperature>aging time. The optimization results showed that when the sulfonation temperature was 86.4℃, the molar ratio of SO₃ to methyl stearate was 1.4, the aging time was 47min and the aging temperature was 90℃, the active content of the product was 88.1%, which was about 5% higher than that of industrial synthesis. The kinetic equation of SO₃ sulfonation reaction of methyl ester in microreactor system was established and the kinetic parameters were fitted, which provided the basis for the process control, product prediction and reactor structure optimization. The NSGA2 algorithm was used to proceed double-target optimization for the reaction process, and combing the TOPSIS method, the best process conditions were selected from the Pareto solution set.

Reaction crystallization using lithium chloride and sodium carbonate as raw materials is the main method for preparing lithium carbonate. To improve the yield of lithium carbonate, reduce its sodium content and obtain a narrow particle size distribution, a single-factor method was used to obtain a range of optimal experimental conditions. The experimental results showed that when the reaction crystallization temperature was 80℃, the stirrer speed was 600r/min, the lithium chloride concentration was 3.20mol/L, the positive feeding method was used, the seed crystal addition amount was 2.00g/L, the seed crystal particle size was controlled to be less than 54μm and the ultrasonic power was 100W, the obtained lithium carbonate had high yield, low Na content and narrow particle size distribution. In order to further optimize the experimental conditions to improve the lithium carbonate yield and reduce the sodium content in lithium carbonate, the Design Expert 13.0 software was used to select the reaction temperature, seed addition amount and ultrasonic power for a 3-factor 3-level by response surface analysis. The fitted yield equation was with a fitted correlation coefficient R²=0.9784. The fitted equation for the sodium content in lithium carbonate was with a correlation coefficient R²=0.9588. The correlation between the predicted value and the measured value was good. The conditions obtained after optimization could be verified to obtain a lithium carbonate yield of greater than 85% with sodium content controlled below 0.30mg/g Li₂CO₃. The lithium carbonate crystal agglomeration within the experimental particle size range was in agreement with the Thompson model, which could provide assistance for the design of the crystallizer. The experimental conditions obtained through research could provide a basis for adjusting process parameters for lithium carbonate production and guidance for improving product quality.

Heat transfer performance of pulsating heat pipe (PHP) could be affected by adding surfactant, and its mechanism was complicated. In this study, the effects of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) solution and heating power on the heat transfer performance of PHP were investigated experimentally. The liquid filling rate of 50% was fixed, and the mass fraction of 0—0.288% (0—8.0CMC)and heating power range of 10—105W were adjusted, respectively. The results showed that when heating power ranged from 20W to 90W and concentration ranged from 0.5CMC to 8.0CMC, the addition of CTAB could improve the heat transfer performance of PHP, which was reflected in the decrease of amplitude and increase of frequency of evaporation and condensation temperature fluctuation, and the decrease of thermal resistance of PHP. Among them, the strengthening rate of 4.0CMC was higher up to 11.0%—37.3%. At higher heating power, the strengthening effect of CTAB on heat transfer weakened or even deteriorated, such as the "drying" trend in PHP at 105W and 8.0CMC. For CTAB solution, the optimal concentration was about 4.0CMC, which was much higher than the critical micelle concentration (CMC). For these results, we should not only analyze the influence of static surface tension and viscosity, but also introduce the influence of dynamic surface tension.

In order to explore the mechanism of enhancing the rapid mixing of liquid-liquid heterogeneous materials by self-priming jet, the coupling model of SST k-ω turbulence model and Eulerian-Eulerian model was used to numerically simulate the oil-water mixing characteristics in a down-flush self-priming jet stirred tank. A comparative analysis was conducted on the effects of rotational speed, down-flush angle, and impeller diameter on the heterogeneous coefficient of variation and segregation strength. The mechanism of down-flush self-priming jet stirring impeller strengthening mixing was analyzed by the field synergy principle. The results indicated that the heterogeneous coefficient of variation divided the stirring process into three stages: initial oscillation, mid-term decline, and later stability. High speed, 20°—30° down-flush angle, and the middle diameter of the stirring impeller effectively shortened the stirring duration of the initial and mid-term, accelerating oil-water mixing. The analysis of the phase holdup in the later stable flow field showed that a larger down-flush angle and the stirring impeller diameter resulted in uneven distribution of segregation strength along the axial and radial directions, forming a stable high oil or high water phase region. The study of the synergistic angle between velocity and concentration gradient on the longitudinal profile revealed the mechanism of enhanced mixing. The velocity difference in the jet pipe was smaller when the down-flush angle and the stirring impeller diameter were smaller. The synergistic angle of the self-priming region increased, and the oil phase accumulated. The down-flush jet impacted the wall when the angle and the diameter were relatively large. The velocity in the jet region rapidly decreased, and the synergistic angle near the wall increased, causing the water phase accumulated near the stirring shaft. In the engineering design of self-priming jet stirring impeller, the down-flush angle and the stirring impeller diameter should be reasonably set to ensure the flow space of self-priming and jet.

With the development of application requirements and equipment technology upgrades, the current commercial lithium primary batteries cannot meet the needs of low cost, high energy density and high power applications. The research on "dual high" lithium primary batteries with high energy density and high power characteristics is currently a technical challenge. It is necessary to vigorously carry out research on improving the performance of current lithium primary batteries, while seeking new lithium primary battery systems. In view of this, the research progress of lithium/sulfur primary batteries and organic cathode material lithium primary batteries with low-cost and high energy density was summarized. Meanwhile, this paper reviewed the research progress in improving the power characteristics of lithium/manganese dioxide and lithium/carbon fluoride battery through material nanomaterialization, surface treatment and process optimization design. The research progress of high power new battery systems including lithium/chromium oxide and lithium/delithiated lithium cobaltate primary batteries was also summarized. Finally, prospects for future development were presented. Intensive research on current battery systems mining potential of high power characteristics and the research of new battery systems provided new possibilities for obtaining lithium primary batteries with high energy density and high power characteristics.

In the current context of "dual carbon", hydrogen energy will gradually develop into an important component of world energy due to its characteristics of cleanliness, zero carbon, high efficiency, and abundant reserves. The long-distance pipeline transportation technology of hydrogen energy is a key technology for its industrial scale application and also a bottleneck technology that restricts its development. Pipeline transportation is considered the best way to transport hydrogen energy over long distances, with the characteristics of safety, efficiency, and energy conservation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview and summary of the latest developments in hydrogen pipeline transportation technology. The analysis shows that in the research of hydrogen energy pipeline transportation technology in China, due to hydrogen blending ratio, safety issues, such as pipe compatibility, leakage and explosion, and incomplete supporting processes and equipment, the technical specifications and risk assessment system for hydrogen energy long-distance pipelines have not been fully established, and the large-scale application of hydrogen energy has not yet been realized. The key to achieve large-scale application of hydrogen energy lies in the breakthrough of core technology for hydrogen pipeline transportation and the establishment and improvement of a standard system for hydrogen pipeline transportation technology.

Production scheduling optimization models for crude oil industry in the supply chain typically focus on specific segments and aim to minimize overall costs through single-objective linear programming. This study presented a comprehensive and systematic multi-objective optimization model for production scheduling, accurately characterizing various stages in the entire crude oil supply chain. The ε-constraint method was employed to solve the model. To address the issue of inaccurate capturing of processing and transportation fluctuations in traditional scheduling models, this study introduced auxiliary variables and constraints to penalize volatility factors. This approach effectively reduced fluctuations in processing and transportation volumes within each period, bringing the model solutions closer to actual scheduling scenarios. The results demonstrated that the proposed optimization model, incorporating volatility constraints, achieved a more desirable overall cost value while meeting practical scheduling requirements.

A novel air-cooling thermal management unit based on 280A·h high-capacity battery with micro-porous plate was developed and simulated by ANSYS Fluent. The "U"-type air duct was selected to investigate the temperature and velocity distributions of the battery packs with or without porous plate, and with different porous plate thicknesses, air velocities, ambient temperatures and discharge rates. The results showed that the addition of porous plate effectively improved the velocity distribution and enhanced the temperature uniformity of battery packs, and increasing the thickness significantly reduced the maximum temperature. Increasing air velocity could reduce the maximum temperature and balance the inside temperature difference of the battery packs. In addition, when the thickness was 6mm, the discharge rate was 1C, the air speed was 10m/s and the ambient temperature was 25℃, the maximum temperature was 36.51℃ and the maximum temperature difference was only 1.55℃. This novel micro-porous plate type air-cooled thermal management unit was able to quickly remove the heat generated in battery packs operated under high current, thus significantly improving the service life and the safety and reliability of the energy storage battery packs.

In recent decades, the development of photocatalysis has opened up new paths for the efficient utilization of energy. Transfer hydrogenation based on photocatalysis offers advantages such as the absence of gaseous hydrogen, mild reaction conditions, reliance on clean and renewable energy sources, and controllable reaction processes. In this paper, research progress in recent years on photocatalysis for selective transfer hydrogenation of organic compounds is reviewed. Firstly, the mechanism of photocatalytic transfer hydrogenation is presented. Secondly, based on the different functional groups being hydrogenated, the research achievements of various photocatalysts and reaction systems are summarized and the reaction mechanism of typical catalytic systems is explained. New hydrogenation systems and ways of substrate valorization are also introduced. Finally, it is pointed out that photocatalytic hydrogenation still encounters challenges such as low reaction rate and low quantum efficiency, limited photocatalysts suitable for visible light, incompatible to traditional reactors, and the use of power-consuming simulated light sources. In this regard, the prospects including the combination of photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, the development of new photocatalysts, the design of reactors suitable for photocatalysis, and the direct utilization of solar energy for photocatalysis, are made.

The CO₂ electrocatalytic reduction (CO₂ER) technology has a high potential for energy conversion and greenhouse gas reduction. Achieving high current density and desired products with high selectivity, particularly multi-carbon compounds, has become a challenging and hot topic in this field. This article reviews the latest research progress on copper-based catalysts for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to ethanol, including the excellent performance, catalyst modification strategies, novel electrolysis processes, stability control, and reaction mechanisms. Special emphasis is placed on the design, synthesis, and application of the copper-based catalysts that can achieve industrially relevant current densities and high selectivity for ethanol. The article also discusses the key factors affecting the catalyst performance, such as the catalyst's oxidation state, performance decline, and electrode stability. Finally, it gives prospects for the future research directions of copper-based catalysts for CO₂ER to ethanol, including improving catalytic efficiency, stability and process scale-ups. This article is expected to provide references and suggestions for the development of efficient catalytic systems for CO₂ER to ethanol and their industrialization.

The electromagnetic induction heating technology, as a new non-contact energy supply technology, can be used for heating reactors. This technology is expected to convert chemical production from fossil fuel-driven to electric energy-driven, effectively reducing carbon emissions. In this work, a modeling study on the electromagnetic induction heating of a carbon dioxide methanation reactor was conducted. A COMSOL Multiphysics model was established for the application of electromagnetic induction heating, and five coil winding modes, y=An, y=Bn², y=Cn³, y=De ⁿ and y=E were designed. The effects of coil winding method and process conditions on reactor temperature, concentration distribution, and energy consumption were investigated. The research results showed that the heating coil could adopt different winding methods in the inlet and reaction sections. In the inlet section, the coil should be wound tightly to achieve rapid heating, while in the reaction section, the coil should be wound sparsely to avoid the appearance of "hot spots" in the reactor. The winding method of the coil was critical for optimizing the performance of the electromagnetic induction heating reactor by avoiding the "hot spots" and instability in the reactor and reducing its energy consumption.

As an inexpensive and widely used metal oxide, TiO₂ with improved catalytic activity after processing and modification can be used in electrocatalysis field. In this paper, a hydrophilic anatase TiO₂ with hierarchical flower-like structure was prepared and loaded with PdCu NPs on its surface. The obtained two-phase composite nanomaterial PdCu NPs@TiO₂ had a large specific surface area and abundant active sites. The samples with different compositions of 5%, 10% and 20% PdCu NPs@TiO₂ were characterised by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS and BET, and the activity changes of electrocatalytic hydrogen precipitation were evaluated using electrochemical tests. The results showed that the prepared Pd₂Cu NPs@TiO₂-10 (Pd∶Cu=2∶1) HER electrocatalyst performed the best with low water adsorption/dissociation and H intermediate desorption energy barriers. It had a low overpotential of 35.8mV and a low Tafel slope of 46.3mV/dec at current density up to 10mA/cm² under acidic condition.

Membrane distillation technology has broad application space in fields of hypersaline wastewater treatment, high-value salt recovery and freshwater extraction. Until now, membrane distillation technology has not been widely promoted and applied yet for various reasons, among which membrane fouling is particularly prominent. Special wettable membrane has been recognized as an effective way to alleviate fouling in membrane distillation. Therefore, this article mainly reviewed the research progress on the antifouling characteristics of special wettable porous membranes from several aspects, e.g. the theoretical models of special wettable surfaces, membrane preparation and antifouling characteristics. Firstly, a brief introduction was given to membrane distillation technology and the types and processes of membrane fouling in membrane distillation, while the research hotspots and publications related to membrane distillation and membrane fouling in the past five years were discussed. Secondly, the fabrication principles of special wettable surfaces were systematically elaborated based on the Young model, Wenzel model and Cassie-Baster model. The design, fabrication and antifouling characteristics of special wettable porous membranes were illustrated with examples. Finally, the difficulties and challenges for the application of special wettable porous membrane in antifouling membrane distillation were raised, including complex preparation processes, fragile micro/nano structures, lack of low surface energy materials and inconsistent evaluation standards. The development of special wettable porous membranes with low toxicity, low cost, broad-spectrum antifouling ability, and acid and alkali resistance would become a key research direction.

Adaptive camouflage is an advanced technology that integrates materials science, sensing technology and control engineering. This technology can adjust the detected target in real time according to the changes of the surrounding background environment, so that the optical characteristics of the target in a certain spectral range (such as visible light and infrared) are consistent or close to the background, so as to effectively reduce the detection probability of the target. In recent years, a series of optical control devices and systems based on different control modes have been developed, all of which are play extremely important roles in the field of adaptive camouflage. The research progress of visible light and infrared adaptive camouflage technology was reviewed from four aspects, including light-driven adaptive camouflage, thermal-driven adaptive camouflage, electric-driven adaptive camouflage and intelligent integrated system-driven adaptive camouflage. The control principles and implementation methods of various adaptive camouflage technologies were briefly introduced. Finally, the future development trend of adaptive camouflage technology was discussed, and it was pointed out that the technology was still in the experimental stage, its performance was unstable in the actual environment, and it was difficult to cope with complex background information. Through the research and development of camouflage materials and the establishment of complex background information processing system, the foundation could be laid for the intelligent and diversified development of adaptive camouflage technology.

To gain insight into the interaction and diffusion behavior of components in waste soybean oil rejuvenated bitumen from a molecular scale, the molecular models of base bitumen, aged bitumen and rejuvenated bitumen were constructed by means of molecular dynamics simulation, and the double-layer bitumen (bitumen-bitumen) models were constructed. The interaction energy and mean square displacement (MSD) were utilized to characterize the diffusion behavior of components in the rejuvenated bitumen models and the binding strength between waste soybean oil and bitumen components. The interfacial interaction energy and molecular diffusion behavior of the double-layer bitumen models were evaluated. The results showed that there was an attractive interaction between the waste soybean oil and bitumen components, and the interaction energy of 5% waste soybean oil rejuvenated bitumen was approximately 95.8% higher than that of 2% waste soybean oil rejuvenated bitumen, indicating that with the increase of the amount of waste soybean oil, the interaction energy gradually increased. By calculating the MSD, it was found that with the increase of the amount of waste soybean oil, the diffusion performance of the bitumen components in the rejuvenated bitumen model gradually increased. The waste soybean oil could effectively improve the molecular migration ability of the bitumen components in the aged bitumen model, while the component migration ability could not fully be restored to the level of base bitumen. The interfacial interaction energy of the base bitumen-aged bitumen model decreased by approximately 8.6% compared with that of base bitumen-base bitumen model, showing that the interfacial interaction ability of the virgin-aged bitumen at the molecular scale was attenuated. With the increase of the amount of waste soybean oil, the van der Waals interaction was gradually enhanced, and the interfacial interaction energy of base bitumen-8% waste soybean oil rejuvenated bitumen was basically the same as that of base bitumen-aged bitumen. The components in the base bitumen-rejuvenated bitumen model had a great diffusion rate when the content of waste soybean oil was 2%—5%. The results provided a theoretical basis for the application of waste soybean oil rejuvenated bitumen from the molecular scale.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aerogels are widely used in various fields due to the lightweight and porous features. The pore structure plays a decisive role in the performances, but controllable fabrication of PVA aerogel with a tunable structure is still a challenge. Herein, a facile approach to prepare PVA aerogel with a designable pore structure by ice-induced self-assembly was reported. The relationship between the properties and structure was investigated by simply tuning factors such as temperature gradient, pre-freezing direction and solute concentration. The as-prepared aerogel had typical mesoporous (2—25nm) material characteristics and good flexibility. After hydrophobic modification, the PVA aerogels were changed from completely hydrophilic to surface hydrophobic, and the water contact angle and the absorption capacity of trichloromethane reached 117° and 20g/g, respectively. The research provided new insight into the controllable preparation and oil-water separation application of PVA-based aerogels.

In this work, composite color-changing hydrogels (SPS) with dual-stimulation response to temperature and pH were successfully prepared by free radical polymerization using sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) as the raw materials. The SPS hydrogel had higher temperature sensitivity, and the visible light transmittance of the composite hydrogel showed a linear change with the ambient temperature when the temperature-variable interval was 10—40℃, and the solar modulation rate ΔT_solwas higher than 85.78% before and after discoloration. The composite hydrogel also functioned as a pH discoloration response due to the greatly reduced solubility of SDBS in acidic environments (pH≤2). In addition, the SPS hydrogel had higher solar modulation and visible light transmittance than the SPN hydrogel with the addition of other anionic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Therefore, compared with the traditional PNIPAm hydrogels, SPS composite hydrogels had the advantages of high solar modulation rate, linear temperature response and multi-stimulus color change, which provided a wider range of application scenarios for smart color-changing hydrogels.

Adding high thermal conductivity materials to salt hydrate phase change materials is an effective approach to promote the thermal performance of salt hydrates. However, significant thermal resistance occurs at the interfaces when different materials are combined. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were employed to calculate the temperature distribution, thermal conductivity, radial distribution function (RDF) and phonon density of states (PDOS) in solid and liquid states, respectively, to investigate the atomic distribution, heat transport, and phonon transport at the interface of sodium acetate trihydrate (SAT) and graphene composite materials to explore the mechanism behind interface thermal resistance from a microscopic perspective. Temperature calculation results indicated that in both solid and liquid states, significant temperature gradients existed at the graphene/SAT interface with a thermal resistance at the interface approximately 4.5 times greater than that of other regions. RDF calculations revealed that in the solid state of graphene/SAT composite materials, the distance between graphene surface atoms increased, forming a vacuum layer, while in the liquid state, the atomic aggregation occurred on the graphene surface. PDOS calculations demonstrated that the addition of graphene disrupted the low-frequency phonon distribution in the vicinity of the interface, leading to increased phonon scattering, and then reduced thermal efficiency. This disruption diminished with increasing distance from graphene and essentially disappeared at 3nm.

Iron-based metal organic framework material [MIL-100(Fe)] was loaded onto polyacrylonitrile (PAN) at room temperature using in-situ growth method, and then Ag/AgCl nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of MIL-100(Fe)/PAN by photo-reduction deposition to obtain Ag/AgCl/MIL-100(Fe)/PAN composites. The crystal structure, morphology and optical absorption performance of the composites were characterized by a series of methods. The effects of initial concentration, initial pH, light and H₂O₂ on the photocatalytic removal performance of Cr(Ⅵ) by composite materials were explored, and the photocatalytic reaction mechanism was analyzed. The results showed that the introduction of Ag/AgCl could significantly improve the absorption capacity of the composites for visible light. Under the condition of 1000W xenon lamp illumination for 60min, 15mg/L Cr(‍Ⅵ) solution added 0.32mL/L 30% H₂O₂ and initial pH=3, the removal rate of 6g/L composite for Cr(Ⅵ) reached 93%. After 5 times reuse, the removal rate of composite for Cr(Ⅵ) could still reach 74%. During the photocatalytic process, e^- and ·O₂^- played reducing roles.

The pollution of antibiotics in the water environment has been widely concerned, and the photocatalytic technology has a good application prospect in this field. Semiconductor composite construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions can improve carrier separation efficiency and thus photocatalytic degradation efficiency. Herein, CoFe₂O₄/BiFeO₃ Z-scheme heterojunctions were prepared by hydrothermal method and characterized for their structural and photomagnetic properties, which were applied to the photocatalytic degradation of safranin hydrochloride and comprehensively evaluated for their photocatalytic performance. The results showed that the composite catalyst had good optical and magnetic response properties. The degradation rate reached 86.76% at 120min of reaction with a composite heterojunction with a 1∶2 ratio of CoFe₂O₄ and BiFeO₃, a catalyst dosage of 20mg, a pollutant concentration of 5mg/L, and a pH of 3, with good stability. The active substances controlling the reaction were holes and superoxide radicals, and the construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions led to the improvement of their photocatalytic performance. The CoFe₂O₄/BiFeO₃ Z-scheme heterojunctions were environmentally friendly and could be applied to the degradation of antibiotics in aqueous environments. This study provides a feasible idea for the photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics and other organic pollutants.

For the electrode used for electrochromic fabrics do not meet the requirements of comfort and breathability, this paper selected conductive silver yarn as the electrode. The experimental results showed that the performance of conductive silver yarn could be better to meet the comfort of the fabrics and breathability. The electrode with five yarns side by side through the fabric connection had good electrochromic performance. The experiments were conducted on a white cotton plain woven fabric as the substrate with lithium perchlorate solution of propylene carbonate as the electrolyte and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulphonate as the electrochromic layer. The electrochromic performance was tested using an electrochemical workstation, and the factors affecting the electrochromic performance were further analyzed from the electrode material, the conductive yarn connection method and the density of conductive yarn rows.

Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a water electrolysis process with high current density, fast dynamic response and high hydrogen purity. To achieve its efficient industrial application, the development of inexpensive, efficient and stable oxygen evolution catalysts is particularly important. In this paper, a two-step synthesis method was used to dope the rare earth element yttrium (Y) into amorphous carbon supports to modify the surface of iridium dioxide (IrO₂) particles. The prepared IrO₂/Y _x C exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction with a required overpotential of only 270mV at a current density of 10mA/cm², which was lower than that of undoped IrO₂/C (300mV) and commercial IrO₂ (310mV). The enhancement of the metal carrier interaction between the carbon carrier and its surface iridium dioxide particles by Y doping led to changes in the electron density around the Ir active site, thereby facilitating the regulation of the adsorption of reaction intermediates and optimizing the reaction rate. This research provided a new catalyst design approach for the oxygen evolution process in PEMWE, and was expected to promote the wider application of PEMWE technology in the field of clean energy.

The lubrication performance of grease is prone to deteriorate under high temperature and high load conditions, leading to severe friction and wear. Two-dimensional nanomaterials are widely used as lubricant additives due to their excellent friction-reducing and anti-wear properties, which can significantly improve the tribological performance of lubricating grease. However, their enhancement effect on lubricants is often reduced due to agglomeration. Graphene oxide/magnesium hydroxide [GO-Mg(OH)₂, GM] composite material was prepared by the oxidation-reduction method. Silicon coupling agent was used as a modifier to modify the GM particles by high-energy ball milling, resulting in modified graphene oxide/magnesium hydroxide [KH-GO-Mg(OH)₂, KGM]. The performance of GM and KGM lubrication under high temperature and high load conditions was investigated using a SRV-4 friction and wear tester, and various characterization methods were used to analyze the two materials and the test wear scars. Research analysis showed that KGM had smaller size and thickness than GM. Both GM and KGM, as lubricant additives, could improve the tribological capability of the base grease with the optimal mass fraction being 0.5%. lubrication effect and friction-reducing and anti-wear performance of KGM were more prominent. Under high temperature (150℃) and high load (3.5GPa) conditions, the friction coefficient and wear width were reduced by 36.5% and 33.7%, respectively. KGM formed a lubricating protective film containing iron, magnesium, silicon and oxygen elements through adsorption on the friction surface, which exhibited friction-reducing, anti-wear effects and repair functions. This provided a simple and economical reference for the development of efficient lubricating greases under harsh conditions, holding significant potential and research value in sustainable lubrication.

The escalation of the global energy crisis has made the development of renewable alternative fuels even more urgent. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) is a bioprocessing technology that integrates pre-treatment, cellulase production, cellulose hydrolysis and saccharification, and hexose and pentose fermentation to produce ethanol. It is the most promising and efficient low-cost strategy for degrading lignocellulosic biomass to produce cellulose ethanol. Starting from the research on bacteria and fungi in the production of cellulose ethanol from CBP, this article reviews the development process of cellulose ethanol industrialization. This article expounds four different strategies in the consolidated bioprocessing process, including single bacterial CBP system, natural microbial community, composite microbial community, and microbial metabolic engineering transformation. It systematically summarizes the types, fermentation metabolic characteristics, and engineering and co-cultivation strategies of CBP chassis bacteria and fungi reported in domestic and foreign literature, and discusses their research cases and development status. This article provides theoretical basis for the breeding of new functional strains and the development of non-grain biofuels.

Succinic acid, as one of the most promising chemical intermediates, has received extensive attention from the society. The production of succinic acid by microbial methods has the advantages of environmental friendliness and low cost, but it also has the problems of low fermentation yield and complex by-products. In this paper, by engineering Escherichia coli (E. coli SUC37), the yield of succinic acid was effectively increased. Firstly, using E. coli SUC37 as the starting strain, a lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhA) inactivation mutant strain was constructed by Red homologous recombination to block the major redundant metabolic branches, reduce the accumulation of by-products and thus increase the yield of succinate. The activities of mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAD-IDH), NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME), malate synthase (MS), isocitrate cleavage enzyme (ICL), coenzyme Ⅰ NAD(H), and NAD-malate dehydrogenase (NAD-MDH) were analyzed against those of the starting and engineered strains during the fermentation process. Metabolic differences of the key enzymes during the fermentation process of the high-yielding strains were further explored. The optimization of the fermentation conditions for succinic acid production using corn starch industrial waste corn syrup as the nitrogen source yielded the following results: under the conditions of the initial glucose content of 9%, the initial corn syrup content of 2.5%, the initial magnesium carbonate content of 6.8%, the inoculum amount of 3%, and the fermentation temperature of 37℃, the conversion rate of succinic acid for 60h of fermentation was 0.658g/g glucose, which was improved by 30.2%, and the yield reached 54.9g/L, an increase of 20.7%; the by-product lactic acid accumulated 19.16g/L, a decrease of 46.5%; laying the foundation for the industrialized production of succinic acid.

2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), a typical chlorophenol compound, was used as the target pollutant. Bovine bone char was used as a carrier to load the HD bacterial strain, thereby producing solid engineered bacterial agents to degrade 2,4-DCP in contaminated soils. The succession and changes of microbial communities in soil and earthworm guts under the stress of 2,4-DCP were revealed using high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that when the bovine bone char, with a particle size range of 160—250μm, was pyrolyzed for 4h, the viable bacteria count was the highest, reaching 2.42×10⁹cfu/g. When the concentration of 2,4-DCP in the soil was 15mg/kg, the effect of solid engineered bacterial agent combined with earthworm remediation group was significantly higher than that of the blank control group and the earthworm-only group. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that strain HD could be stably loaded into the surface voids of bovine bone char, and the surface of the solid engineered bacterial agent showed a porous honeycomb structure. The results of microbial sequencing showed that the input of earthworms and solid engineered bacterial agent could increase the total number and diversity of soil microorganisms. This study aims to provide theoretical and practical references for the development of bioremediation techniques for organic polluted soils.

The reduction of 2,4-diamino-5-nitroso-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (DAHNP) to 2,4,5-triamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (TAHP) and the formation of TAHP sulfate is complicated and involves a large amount of inorganic salts, making it difficult to purify crude guanine (GA). Directly synthesizing GA from DAHNP can not only solve this problem, but also shorten the reaction process and improve the reaction efficiency. Therefore, this article designed a green route for the synthesis of GA by formamide method. This study used methyl cyanoacetate (MC) and guanidine hydrochloride (GH) as raw materials to obtain DAHNP through cyclization and nitrification in one-pot method. The separated DAHNP was then reduced by sodium bisulfite and reacted with formamide dehydration in a closed loop in one-pot to obtain GA. The effects of molar ratio of raw material, dosage of sodium nitrite and mass fraction of sodium methanolate solution on the yield of DAHNP were systemically investigated. The effects of types of reducing agent, dosage and mass fraction of formamide solution on GA yield were studied. When using sodium bisulfite as reducing agent, n(MC)∶n(GH)∶n(CH₃ONa)∶n(NaNO₂)=1∶1.14∶1.6∶1.2, m(NaHSO₃)=3.5g, 80% formamide solution and 20% sodium methanolate methanol solution, GA yield could reach 80.7% with purity ≥99.0%. The synthesis process was easy to operate and had a simple process, achieving the recovery and utilization of formamide solvent, which was suitable for industrial production.

To reduce the environmental pollution caused by pesticides and improve the effective application of the hydrophobic pesticide avermectin (AVM) in crops, castor oil-based waterborne polyurethane emulsion (CP) synthesized by self-emulsification method was coated AVM to obtain the drug-loaded emulsion (CPA). The chemical structure, microstructure, thermal stability, contact angle, leaf retention, ultraviolet resistance, sustained release performance, insecticidal activity and storage stability of drug-loaded emulsions with different castor oil (CO) contents were studied. The results showed that compared with AVM dispersion, the contact angle of CPA on cucumber leaves decreased by more than 20% and the retention increased by more than 50%, which indicated that CPA had better affinity and wettability on cucumber leaves. Under the same UV irradiation, the half-life of CPA was nearly half longer than AVM dispersion, indicating that CPA had good ultraviolet resistance. The drug loading rate of CPA was between 5.61% and 6.62% and the encapsulation efficiency was more than 70%. It had good sustained release performance. The drug release behavior conformed to the First-order kinetic model and was controlled by Fickian diffusion. There was no significant difference between CPA and AVM dispersion in the insecticidal activity against plutella xylostella.

A series of montmorillonites were treated by using hydrochloric acid solutions with different concentrations, and the effect of treating montmorillonite with different acid concentrations on the conversion of vanillyl alcohol to vanillyl butyl ether was investigated. Characterization results showed that compared to sodium-based montmorillonite, it was found that the structure and acidity of acid-activated montmorillonite changed significantly, and the lamellar skeleton structure of montmorillonite was not significantly affected at a lower concentration of acid treatment, while the lamellar skeleton structure of montmorillonite was destroyed at a higher concentration of acid treatment. With the increase of acid treatment concentration, the specific surface area of the catalyst increased gradually, and the acidity was increased firstly and then decreased. The highest acidity and the best catalytic performance were obtained at the acid treatment concentration of 0.11mol/L, and the obtained vanillin alcohol conversion and vanillyl butyl ether yields were 99.9% and 93.6%, respectively. The study on the structure-performance relationship of the catalyst confirmed that the catalytic performance showed a linear positive correlation with the acidity of the catalyst, indicating that the catalytic performance was dominated by the structure of the montmorillonite and acidity. On the basis of maintaining the montmorillonite structure, the increase of the acidity could increase the catalytic activity.

As a kind of solid waste generated during the fermentation for production of antibiotic drugs, antibiotic mycelial residue (AMR) has caused serious threat to human health and huge environmental pollution due to the inevitable residual of antibiotics and resistance genes. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties of AMR were analyzed based on their source and perniciousness. The current situation of the environmentally sound disposal of antibiotic residues by various treatment and utilization technologies were summarized. Especially, the main factors that affect the AMR pyrolysis process as well as the research progress on the application of pyrolysis products in adsorption, energy storage, catalysis, and biofuel were systematically discussed and reviewed. At last, some suggestions and prospects were put forward for the development of AMR utilization in future. It was also pointed out that the combination of two or more technologies after pretreatment of initial raw material was beneficial for the reduction and harmless treatment of AMR. Meanwhile, it had good application prospects in producing high-value-added products and alleviating fossil energy consumption.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are widely used in the field of CO₂ adsorption and separation due to their high specific surface area, high selectivity, structural tunability and renewability. Firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of MOFs and other CO₂ treatment methods and CO₂ adsorption materials were compared, and the unique advantages of MOFs were obtained. According to the structure and chemical characteristics of MOFs, the physical and chemical adsorption mechanism of CO₂ was summarized, and the basic principle of MOFs as CO₂ adsorption materials was deeply revealed. On this basis, in view of the defects that still existed in the performance and structure of MOFs and needed to be improved, the research progress of the functionalization modification of MOFs (multi-metal doping, multi-material composite, construction defects, amine functionalization, polar group functionalization, etc.) and the CO₂ adsorption performance of modified MOFs were summarized by comparing the performance of different types of MOFs. By evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of these modification methods and considering their applicability and economy, the aim was to find a better modification method for MOFs. The future development of MOFs modification required further in-depth research on the loading of multiple functional groups, greening of synthesis and loading methods and the ratio of surface area to binding sites. Additionally, the advancement of characterization methods for modifications was a key element in the future development of MOFs modification.

Anaerobic digestion of wastewater is a biological treatment process in which microorganisms degrade organic substrates in an anaerobic environment and produce biogas, which has great potential to reduce energy dependence. However, due to the low methane yield, easy acidification, slow microbial enrichment, and unstable reactor operation, the traditional anaerobic technology has caused increasing energy consumption and treatment costs. Conductive materials can stimulate the interspecific electron transfer between syntrophic bacteria and methanogenic archaea, thereby improving the efficiency of methanogenesis, and are widely used in the field of wastewater anaerobic treatment. On the basis of sorting out the enhanced efficiency of carbon-based, metal-based and other conductive materials mediated anaerobic digestion, the advantages of composite synergistic effect in efficient biodegradation and high stability of operation were emphatically introduced. The effects of different physical and chemical properties of materials on enhanced anaerobic digestion performance were discussed from the aspects of particle size, conductivity and surface characteristics, and the research prospect of enhanced anaerobic biodegradation of wastewater by conductive materials was prospected.

Polyoxometalate (POM) is a kind of catalyst with excellent properties, but it is usually soluble in organic solvents and has a small specific surface area, which makes recovery and recycling difficult. Meanwhile, metal-organic framework (MOFs) is a porous loading material with a large specific surface area, high porosity, rich pore structure, and adjustable pore size. Starting from porous MOFs materials, this article reviewed how to promote POM to enter the pores of MOFs, constructing a type of MOFs confined POM material (POM@MOF). It clarified that this type of catalytic material could not only exert the efficient catalytic performance of POM, but also effectively utilize the porous properties of MOFs. The current research status in the field of oxidative desulfurization was also summarized. However, even though traditional powder catalysts had superior catalytic performance, their application in practical production was limited by issues such as difficulty in recovery and impact on recycling. Therefore, it was an effective way to shape and treat POM@MOF through methods such as forming fiber fixation and electrospinning. Finally, this article provided an outlook for the application of POM@MOF in the field of oxidative desulfurization, and proposed that the formation of POM@MOF was one of the important directions for future desulfurization applications.

With the vigorous development of the electric vehicle industry, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the core components of electric vehicles, have received extensive attention based on their environmental impact and sustainability. Under the background of dual-carbon policy, the carbon footprint evaluation of LIBs based on the full life cycle has become a key problem to solve the sustainable development of LIBs battery. Different studies have different research results due to differences in LIBs materials and recycling technologies. This paper summarizes the research progress of the full life cycle carbon footprint of LIBs, with the perspective "from the cradle to the grave" (full life cycle), "from the gate to the gate" (production stage), and "from the cradle to the cradle" (recovery stage), focusing on the production stage and the recovery stage. It is found that the carbon footprint of lithium iron phosphate batteries in the production stage is low. The benefit of hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide battery is the best in the recovery stage. It is also found that the research and development of new technologies and the development and use of green energy can effectively reduce the carbon footprint of LIBs in the production, use and recycling stages of the full life cycle. Finally, this study looks forward to the future of multiple factors affecting the carbon footprint of LIBs and provides a basis for the sustainable development of LIBs and the realization of dual-carbon goals.

Pseudomonas sp. strain LV1, a quinoline-degrading bacterium, was taken as the research object. Firstly, the effects of carbon source on the quinoline degradation performance of strain LV1 were studied, and the results showed that the appropriate addition of sodium acetate could promote quinoline degradation of strain LV1. When the sodium acetate dosage was 1.00g/L, the promotion effect was the most significant. Based on this, a sequencing batch biofilm reactor was successfully started by applying sodium acetate and stepwise increasing quinoline concentration. Then, the strain LV1 was inoculated into the reactor to investigate its effects on the degradation performance of quinoline, and results indicated that the removal rates of quinoline and COD_cr in the effluent were stable at 95.70%±1.25% and 86.49%±0.99%, respectively, after the reactor inoculated with strain LV1 was run for 35d. Compared with uninoculated LV1, the removal rate of quinoline and COD_cr increased by 46% and 33%, respectively, indicating that strain LV1 could enhance the degradation of quinoline in the reactor. Finally, the microbial community structure before and after reactor strengthening was analyzed through the 16s rDNA high-throughput sequencing technology. After inoculation with LV1, the microbial diversity and microbial community structure of the system were significantly changed. Pseudomonadaceae and Comamonadaceae were the core populations that degraded quinoline pollutants in the start-up stage and the bioaugmentation stages. Among them, the relative abundance of Comamonadaceae belonging to Betaproteobacteria increased significantly during the bioaugmentation stage. According to PICRUSt, the relative abundance of the genes encoding aromatic ring lyase, especially the genes encoding nitrogen heterocyclic lyase, was significantly increased in the start-up stage and the bioaugmentation stages, which were conducive to maintaining or enhancing the degradation performance of quinoline.

The co-pollution of water environment containing heavy metals and antibiotics has received extensive attention and research. Magnetic biochar (Fe-BC) owns fine adsorption performance for multiple pollutants in water, but that was limited by the structure of primary biochar. The doping of heteroatoms (N, S, etc.) is one of the ideal methods to change their internal structure and effectively improve their adsorption performance. Based on this, N and S co-doped magnetic biochar (Fe/N/S-BC) was synthesized with FeCl₃·6H₂O as magnetic precursor, bagasse fiber as carbon source, while urea, thiourea and ammonium sulfate as doping materials, and compared its structure and performance with undoped and monodoped magnetic biochar (Fe-BC, Fe/N-BC, Fe/S-BC). The maximum adsorption capacity of Fe/N/S-BC for Cu(Ⅱ) and TC mono polluted systems reached at 230.70mg/g and 93.63mg/g, respectively, and the adsorption models were more accorded with the pseudo-secondary-order and Langmuir models. In the binary polluted system, the addition of TC promoted the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ), while the addition of Cu(Ⅱ) had the effect from promotion to suppression for TC adsorption. The adsorption of Fe/N/S-BC to Cu(Ⅱ) and TC mainly involved cation-π interaction, complexation, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction, pore diffusion (filling), etc. Due to the co-doping of N and S, Fe/N/S-BC had a better adsorption performance than others and realized the synergistic adsorption for Cu(Ⅱ) and TC binary pollutants, which had potential application as a kind of good water environment remediation material.

Due to high moisture and organic matter content, improper disposal of food waste can easily cause environmental pollution. Biodegradation can effectively reduce the moisture and organic matter in food waste, reduce the pressure of post-disposal, and achieve the purpose of minimization. In order to further improve the efficiency of food waste biodegradation, by studying the growth characteristics of bacteria and single-bacterial biodegradation experiment of food waste, 4 strains of highly efficient degrading bacteria were screened from the existing 10 in the laboratory to produce a compound bacterial agent, which was added into the autothermal degradation system of food waste through bio-augmentation, so that the high-temperature period could be reached 1d earlier, and the volatile solids removal rate was increased by 6.72%—25.82%. Moreover, the reaction process was further accelerated by staged inoculation of bacteria, with a 3.87% increase in VSR compared with one-time inoculation method, which proved that the staged inoculation of bacterial method was more suitable for the autothermal degradation of food waste.

In this study, two kinds of biochar were prepared by pyrolysis and carbonization using walnut shell as the starting materials, and then subjected to KOH activation and the sequential Mn-modification to prepare Mn modifying carbon-based denitrification catalyst. The effects of preparation methods of biochar and activation temperature on the physicochemical properties and denitrification performance of the catalysts were investigated by multiple techniques such as physical adsorption. The results showed that compared to the Mn modifying carbonized carbon-based denitrification catalyst, the Mn modifying pyrolytic carbon-based denitrification catalyst possessed larger specific surface area, well-developed pore structure, higher Mn⁴⁺ content, and thus better low-temperature denitrification performance. When the space velocity was 20000h^-1 and the denitrification temperature was 120℃, the denitrification efficiency and N₂ selectivity of the Mn modifying pyrolytic carbon-based catalyst reached 87.2% and 98.1%, respectively, and the denitrification efficiency maintained 85.1% after continuous reaction for 10h. And the denitrification efficiency increased to 95.1% at denitrification temperature of 180℃, much higher than that of the Mn modifying carbonized carbon-based denitrification catalyst (86.4%). The catalysts produced at too high or too low activation temperature showed diminished denitrification performance, and those prepared at activation temperatures of 700℃ and 900℃ had denitrification efficiencies of 80.5% and 87.9% at denitrification temperature of 180℃, respectively. This study provided a new strategy for the high-value utilization of pyrolytic carbon and achieved efficient removal of MnO _x, which was of great significance for the fulfilment of the carbon peak and carbon neutrality goal and environmental protection.

The digestate from anaerobic fermentation of food waste has high organic matter content and high potential for fertilization. Compared with traditional composting, using hydrothermal technology to convert organic waste into humic acids has many advantages such as high substrate adaptability and short reaction time, which is conducive to promote the use of digestate as fertilizer in the anaerobic fermentation project of food waste. The present study provided options for the resource utilization of food waste anaerobic digestate as well as a source of feedstock and better process conditions for the production of humic acid-like substances. In this study, the effects of hydrothermal reaction pH and temperature on the yield and characteristics of humic acid and fulvic acid were investigated using anaerobic digestate as feedstock. The highest humic acid yield of 43.31% was achieved at a neutral reaction pH and temperature of 200℃. The humic acid-like products generated were found to have typical humic acid structure by FTIR and 3D-EEM analysis. And the fulvic acid yield was also more than 8% at 180—200℃. Carbon and nitrogen flow analysis showed that the carbon efficiency increased to more than 40% when the reaction temperature reached 200℃, and hydrothermal humification could recover more than 25% of nitrogen through humic acid.

In view of the low concentration of nitrate pollution and the technical requirements of nitrogen recycling, the foam Fe₂O_3-x catalytic cathode was synthesized by the electric reconfiguration strategy, and a coupling reaction system of high-efficiency and low-energy-consumption ion exchange process-electro catalytic nitrate reduction-ammonia nitrogen stripping recovery was constructed. The enrichment effect of the ion exchange resin could obtain a high concentration of nitrate regenerator for efficient electrocatalytic reduction of ammonia, and then the hydroxide generated by the nitrate reduction reaction was used to regenerate the anion exchange resin, thus avoiding the use of a large number of agents while achieving efficient electrocatalytic reduction. The introduction of ion exchange technology improved the electrocatalytic NO₃^- reduction capability of the IE-EC-MC system, and significantly reduced the energy consumption of the system. The results showed that at a current density of 20mA/cm², the NO₃^--N removal rate after treatment reached 98%, and the ammonia nitrogen recovery rate, ammonia production rate, and Faraday efficiency were 81%, 0.67mg N/(cm²·h), and 53%, respectively. The energy consumption for ammonia recovery was only 19.78kWh/kg (NH₄)₂SO₄. This study provided new ideas for low concentration nitrate pollution and nitrogen resource utilization processes.

Since the industrial revolution, greenhouse gas emissions have been increasing along with wide fossil fuels applications, which leads to significant global climate change and then a commonly-concerned subject focused by international researchers and governments. Because the main component of greenhouse gas is CO₂, some novel technologies for CO₂ capture and separation from flue gas have been widely studied during recent years, among which the hydrate method is an emerging one. However, the outstanding problem during its applications is how to obtain a faster rate and higher amount of hydrate formations. Rapid CO₂ hydrate formation requires high-pressure gas conditions, but along with continuous hydrate formations, gas pressure in reaction system will continue declining. The initial pressure recovery of reaction system by multi-pressurizing is therefore a general method. In this study, two typical kinetic accelerators, L-methionine(L-Met) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), were selected. And the kinetic promotion effects of them on formations of carbon dioxide hydrate were then compared under repeated recoveries of initial pressure conditions. The experimental results showed that when the initial pressure was repeatedly restored, MWCNT and L-Met system both significantly reduced the induced time of hydrate nucleating processes. L-Met with 1.1g/L concentration could significantly promote formation of carbon dioxide hydrates, and the formation amount of hydrate was 5 times that in pure water system. The hydrate formation rate in L-Met system was higher than that in MWCNT system. The conversion rate of gas in 1.1g/L L-Met system was the highest 70.3%, being 6 times that in pure water system. According to the final experimental results, L-Met was more superior than MWCNT as a carbon dioxide hydrate kinetic accelerator. It could be then used as an efficient, reliable and environmentally friendly kinetic accelerator during the large-scale application of hydrate-based technologies for CO₂ capture and separation from flue gas.

The stable and clean combustion of pyrolysis gas from waste tires is a key factor for the stable operation of the pyrolysis system. However, due to the complexity of gas composition, controlling pollutants has always been a challenge in the industry. Based on a two-stage experimental system of primary pyrolysis and secondary combustion, the composition of the pyrolysis gas and its purification process were studied in this paper. The results showed that the pyrolysis gas was mainly composed of CH₄, H₂, and small amounts of other hydrocarbons (C₂—C₄), with a calorific value of 46.49MJ/m³ (standard state). The pyrolysis gas also contained a variety of N- and S-containing compounds, mainly including 96.43mg/m³ (standard state) of HCN and 308.44mg/m³ (standard state) of H₂S. When the pyrolysis gas was directly combusted at 800℃ in an excess air atmosphere, the average emission concentrations of NO _x and SO₂ were 206.65mg/m³ (standard state) and 706.01mg/m³ (standard state), respectively, with NO _x mainly in the form of fuel NO. Washing the pyrolysis gas with a wash bottle containing 200mL of alkaline solution and organic solvents (such as ethylene glycol, lactic acid, glycerol, and diesel) could effectively control the NO _x and SO₂. Specifically, using a NaOH solution with a pH=13.7 combined with glycerol for washing the pyrolysis gas shows the best control effect, reducing the average emission concentrations of NO _x and SO₂ to 27.72mg/m³ (standard state) and 48.86mg/m³ (standard state) respectively, achieving removal efficiencies of 86.58% and 93.08%. This study could provide an effective method for the large-scale application and promotion of waste tire pyrolysis technology.

To improve the compressive strength of the prepared fly ash/iron tailings based geopolymer (IGF), the effects of n(Na₂O)/n(Al₂O₃), activator modulus, liquid-solid ratio, solidification temperature and iron tailings content on the compressive strength of IGF were analyzed through single factor and orthogonal experiments. The phase changes of IGF were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results showed that the compressive strength of IGF increased first and then decreased with the increase of activator modulus, n(Na₂O)/n(Al₂O₃), liquid-solid ratio and iron tailings content, and was positively correlated with the curing temperature. The order of influence was: curing temperature > modulus > liquid-solid ratio > n(Na₂O)/n(Al₂O₃). SEM and XRD results indicated that IGF contained abundant SiO₂ and Al₂O₃. The hydrated calcium silicate (C-A-H gel and C-S-H gel) generated by the combination of the two materials could make the structure more compact, and improve its durability and strength. In addition, adding iron tailings to fly ash based geopolymers could fill the pore structure of IGF, reduce microstructural damage, increase its density, meet the application standards of building materials, and provide possibilities for seeking cement substitutes and improving industry efficiency.

The invasion of antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) from the discharge of antibiotics is an emerging challenge to ecological environment. Fenton-like reactions based on the activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by homogeneous and heterogeneous systems have been extensively studied in the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in water, however, there are few studies on the inactivating of tetracycline resistant bacteria. It was found that the homogeneous Cu(Ⅱ)/PMS system with coexisting Cu(‍Ⅱ) and TC to form cupric complex activated PMS could effectively inactivate tetracycline resistant Salmonella typhi (TRST), but the inactivation efficiency was only about 52%. After adding N/S co-doped magnetic carbon (N/S-MC) to Cu(Ⅱ)-TC-TRST ternary contaminants, the heterogeneous N/S-MC/PMS system could realize the superposition on the effect of homogeneous Cu(Ⅱ)/PMS system and greatly promote the inactivation of TRST. Despite the competition of Cu(Ⅱ) and TC, the coupling homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-like system could enhance the inactivation efficiency of TRST in the complex polluted water, and that increased to more than 99%. The ROS produced by Fenton-like reaction destroyed the cell membrane, cell wall and drug resistance genes (ARGs) of TRST, furthermore prevented its horizontal transfer. In the homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-like systems, both free radical (·SO₄^-, ·OH, ·O₂^-) and non-free radical (¹O₂) pathways participated in the inactivating of TRST, but exhibited the dominant role of free radicals. In this paper, a coupled homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-like system was proposed, which showed good efficacy in inactivating ARB in water.

Na₂CO₃-based adsorbent pellets loaded on Al₂O₃ were prepared by graphite-casting method. The effects of calcination temperature on the decarburization characteristics and microstructure of Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ adsorbent pellets were investigated. High temperature calcination could significantly improve the decarburization performance of Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃, and the CO₂ adsorption capacities of Na10Al at 300℃ and 900℃ were 0.621mmol/g and 1.1mmol/g, respectively. The SEM and BET test results showed that the residual graphite on the surface of the pellets could be completely decomposed by calcination at 900℃, which eliminated the adverse effect of the hydrophobicity of graphite, and had a good pore structure and a dense Na₂CO₃ adsorption active site. The loading capacity of Na₂CO₃ (10%—40%, mass fraction) was further optimized, and it was found that Na₂CO₃ was evenly distributed on the surface of Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ loaded with 20%, showing the best adsorption performance of 1.62mmol/g. Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ loaded with 10% Na₂CO₃ had the best pore structure (specific surface area of 83.417m²/g) and mechanical properties (compressive strength of 95.1MPa). Then ultrasonic cleaning replaced high-temperature calcination to remove graphite, and the structural characteristics of Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ loaded with 20% Na₂CO₃ were optimized. The adsorption capacity of Na₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ after ultrasonic cleaning was 1.715mmol/g, the specific surface area was 73.941m²/g and the compressive strength was 52.3MPa. The adsorbent pellets prepared by the optimized graphite-casting method had a potential application prospect.

The fracturing flowback fluid produced during the hydraulic fracturing process of shale gas has the characteristics of complex composition of pollutants, high concentration of total dissolved solids and heavy metals. The "dual carbon" target has prompted the fracturing flowback fluid treatment industry to urgently transform its carbon emission reduction. Membrane technology, as one of the key low-carbon technologies for energy conservation and emission reduction, has the potential to reduce industrial energy consumption by up to 90%. This study focused on the integrated membrane process of "pretreatment-tubular ultrafiltration-nanofiltration-electrodialysis-reverse osmosis-mechanical vapor recompression" for treating the fracturing flowback fluid, and conducted a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) and analysis of each treatment process from the perspectives of pollution reduction and carbon reduction. The results revealed that the carbon footprint of the integrated membrane treatment process amounted to 86.7kgCO₂eq. In terms of the global warming impact category, the carbon footprint contribution of pretreatment, tubular ultrafiltration membrane and mechanical vapor recompression was 90.7%, which was primarily attributed to reagents utilized in the pretreatment process while substantial electricity consumption was resuled from high-frequency operation of the processes. For the greenhouse effect and other typical indicators, the sensitivity of influencing factors was as follows: electricity > sodium carbonate > sodium hydroxide. Therefore, reasonable and efficient operation of the equipment could save energy loss and ensure low-carbon operation. This study clarified that pretreatment, tubular ultrafiltration and mechanical vapor recompression process were the keys of pollution and carbon reduction that should be focused on for the treatment of fracturing flowback fluid.

The carbon disulfide desulfurization adsorbent was prepared by anchoring active functional groups containing primary and secondary amines onto the resin chain through substitution reaction using chloromethylpolystyrene resin as the carrier and diethylenetriamine as the aminating agent, and the modified resin adsorbent was characterized by FTIR, element analysis, and BET. Subsequently, the adsorption performance of the adsorbent for removing CS₂ from benzene was evaluated, and the adsorption breakthrough curves were obtained at different temperatures and initial concentrations of CS₂. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to analyze the adsorption isotherms of CS₂ in benzene, and quasi first and quasi second order kinetic models, as well as particle diffusion models, were used to fit the adsorption kinetics. The results showed that the amine modified polystyrene resin had excellent selective adsorption performance for carbon disulfide, with a penetration adsorption capacity of up to 154.17mg/g at the adsorption condition of air-pressure, 318.15K, 1h^-1, 2000mg/L CS₂ in benzene. In addition, the adsorption of CS₂ by the adsorbent conforms to Langmuir model and the quasi second order kinetic model, and the adsorption control step was the reaction between CS₂ and the surface active amino group of the adsorbent, rather than the mass transfer process. By establishing a Y-N dynamic adsorption model for the adsorption process and verifying the adsorption breakthrough curve, the fitted values were in good agreement with the experimental values.

Secondary aluminum dross possesses a dual nature of hazardous solid waste and valuable resources. If not recycled, it not only leads to resource wastage but also environmental pollution. In response, a process of calcining secondary aluminum dross using a NaOH-Na₂CO₃ mixed additive was proposed to efficiently extract Al₂O₃. The process of calcining secondary aluminum dross in the NaOH-Na₂CO₃ system, as well as the effects of alkali dross ratio, mass ratio of NaOH to Na₂CO₃, calcination temperature, calcination time, dissolution temperature, dissolution time and liquid-to-solid ratio on the dissolution rate of Al₂O₃, were studied through thermodynamic analysis, TG-DSC analysis and chemical analysis. The results indicated that the construction of the NaOH-Na₂CO₃ mixed additive system helped to lower the eutectic point of the calcination system, promoted sufficient contact between aluminum ash and the mixed additive, reduced energy consumption and enhanced reaction efficiency. Under the conditions of m(NaOH+Na₂CO₃)∶m(SAD)=1.2, m(NaOH)∶m(Na₂CO₃)=1.5, calcination temperature of 800℃, calcination time of 60min, dissolution temperature of 80℃, dissolution time of 15min and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 15mL/g, the dissolution rate of Al₂O₃ can reach 92.29%. This study provided theoretical and practical guidance for the technical application of extracting Al₂O₃ from secondary aluminum dross using the NaOH-Na₂CO₃ calcination method, further improving the comprehensive utilization of secondary aluminum dross.