Electrolytic copper foil is an important part in lithium ion batteries as the current collector and the carrier of anode materials. It directly influences the battery's capacity and cycle life. It is an effective method to control properties of electrolytic copper foils by using additives, which could change the electrode potential of cathode reactions and affect the microstructure and morphology of foils significantly. In this work, the research progress of conventional additives was reviewed according to their characteristic groups, including organosulfur compounds, amine compounds, polyether compounds, chlorine ions and ions of rare elements. The interactions between different kinds of additives were also introduced. Based on the analysis and comparison on the mechanisms and effects of different additives, key limitations including the poor correlation between mechanisms and performance, contradictions in mechanism interpretations, the lack of effective research methods, and the difficulties in industrial applications were pointed out. More researches of insight into the mechanisms and more efficient formulations additives should be acquired in future.

The essential oils and their volatile components have been widely used in cosmetic, food and medical industry, agriculture and food preservation fields. At present, the essential oils are mainly separated by fractional distillation. It has some drawbacks such as high-cost, high-energy consumption and could damage the thermolabile compounds. Therefore, its applications are greatly limited. The pervaporation (PV) is a newly emerging membrane-based technology and can effectively separate the thermolabile compounds environment-friendly with advantages of low-energy consumption and easy-operations. As a result, the PV holds great potential in separation of essential oils and fine-preparations of their components. In this paper, the recent research progresses of PV technologies used in essential oils separation were systematically summarized and the membrane materials, separation procedures and the present applicable situations of PV were also analyzed. The challenges of using PV in large-scale separation of essential oils were also been discussed and prospected.

The impinging stream has been widely used in energy, environmental protection, chemical engineering for the excellent mixing effect due to a large number of disordered turbulent vortices in the flow field of the impinging stream reactor. Based on the mixing principle of impinging stream, the mixing process at different mixing scales and the influence of vortex evolution on mixing in the impinging stream reactor were explained in detail. Combining with experimental and numerical simulation results, the vortex characteristics of different types of impinging stream reactors and the multiphase flow field in impinging stream reactors were expounded. And the characteristics of flow field vortices in impinging stream reactors were summarized. The mechanism of vortex generation and shedding in impinging stream reactor was revealed. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis of vortex characteristics in cylindrical jet, impinging jet on flat plate and impinging stream was summarized. The evolution and dissipation of vortices were indicated from the viewpoint of flow field energy. Finally, the prospects for the development of new impinging stream reactors and optimization analysis methods were prospected.

The forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) coupling process, as a new type of membrane separation process technology, has the characteristics of simple process equipment, high treatment efficiency, and no secondary pollution. The coupling process includes two membrane processes with high rejection rates. It can realize double barrier treatment of wastewater, thereby improving the removal efficiency of organic pollutants, oily substances, surfactants and other pollutants, and has a good application prospect in the treatment of difficult wastewater. In this paper, the working principle and process characteristics of the FO-MD coupling technology were comprehensively analyzes. The future research directions of the process were pointed out that is to improve the processing efficiency and save the processing cost through the development of high-performance membrane materials and the optimization of the processing process. The latest application of FO-MD coupling process in the treatment of high concentration organic wastewater, high concentration ammonia nitrogen wastewater and oil and high salt wastewater were introduced, and the problems to be solved in FO-MD coupling process were discussed. Several future development directions of FO-MD coupling process were summarized, which can provide reference for the further development of this technology.

Microchannel devices, such as multiphase micro-reactors, have extraordinary advantages and broad prospects for application. The hydrodynamic behaviors of the dispersed phase play an important role in the transport and reaction process, while the transport mechanism research of complex systems containing particles is still deficient. In this paper, the research progress of bubble deformation and breakup in micro-scale confined structures in recent years is reviewed. The main research objects and research methods of multiphase flow in microchannels, especially the transport mechanism in confined space containing particles or other complex multiphase conditions, are summarized. The interaction mechanisms of bubble interface evolution and unstable-breakup process are discussed. Finally, the future directions of bubble breakup under the influence of confined structures are analyzed and prospected.

When the two-phase flow passes an impacting T-junction, the gas-liquid two-phase may split unevenly in the downstream pipelines, and severe mal-splitting has a significant effect on the safety and efficiency of downstream equipment. Up to now, the branching tee has been widely studied, but little attention has been paid on the split characteristics of the impacting tee. Based on the analysis of the experiment, model, and theory experiment, this paper reviews the existing problems of two-phase flow splitting at impacting T-junction, and looks forward to the future research direction. This paper describes the experiments of impacting tee with different angles and the impacting tee with the inclined line. The phenomenological model based on the streamline division method and the mechanism model based on the pipeline pressure drop are summarized. The influence of the direction of the branch pipe, the flow pattern at the entrance of the T-junction, the symmetry of the downstream pipeline, the flow state in the inclined pipes, and the pressure drop in the downstream pipeline on the gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics are summarized. The future research direction is clarified, the next research work can be carried out to improve the prediction accuracy by improving the gas-liquid two-phase flow split model, and to study the two-phase flow split character at the T-junction by combining the flow state in the downstream pipelines with the momentum balance theory.

In order to solve the problems in oil-water separation and viscosity reduction during the production and transportation of heavy oil with free water, Fluent software was used to simulate the downhole oil-water separation and lubrication process. And a new type of lubricating element was designed to be installed on site to form a high-quality oil-water annular flow, which could effectively control the water cut of well stream, improve the recovery of heavy oil with free water, and reduce the cost of subsequent heavy oil processing. The inlet flow velocity was maintained at 0.6m/s, and the split ratio was maintained at 0.5. A single-factor analysis was carried out on the structure of the lubricating element. The results showed that the radial velocity of the fluid at the overflow was extremely small, indicating that the formed oil core had almost no eccentricity. The existence of axial velocity was conducive to the formation of a clear oil-water interface and high-quality oil-water core-annular flow. The axial velocity of the flow was increased after part of the water was separated by passing through the element, which was conducive to improving the heavy oil recovery. The indoor experiment under the same operating conditions as the simulation was carried out, and the changes of pressure drop and flow pattern of the lubricating element as the flow velocity were observed. The results showed that within a reasonable range of inlet flow velocity, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and the mixture multiphase model (Mixture) could simulate the internal flow field of the lubricating element with high reliability.

As a kind of efficient mixing device, the circulating jet mixing tank has the function of chemical process intensification and has potential industrial application prospect. Insufficient study of the flow and mixing performance of multiphase system in the reactor restricts the optimal design and industrial application. In the present study, the two-phase flow of water and dimethyl silicone oil was considered. The Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase flow model and SST k-?ω turbulence model in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS Fluent V16.1 was adopted to investigate the dimensionless jet centerline velocity, segregation intensity, stretching rate of the liquid-liquid two-phase in the circulating jet mixing tank by two feeding methods. It is found that the energy consumption of jet entrainment increases with the increase of dispersed phase concentration (α_d). For l/s<0.4, the attenuation of dimensionless jet centerline velocity at α_d=1.80% and 2.86% weakens by 51% and 21% compared with that at α_d=6.00%, respectively. At low dispersed phase concentration, the increase of Re has little effect on the dimensionless jet centerline velocity. For l/s<0.24, the attenuation of dimensionless jet centerline velocity at Re=6346, 9519 and 12692 weakens by 2.60%, 2.87% and 12.69% in comparison with that at Re=3173, respectively. The segregation intensity decreases with the increase of mixing time. With the increase of circumferential angle, it presents a W shaped trend. Under the same conditions of dispersed phase fraction and Reynolds number, the mixing time in the CJT feed by the symmetrical spherical shape was reduced by 65.5% compared with that of the cylindrical shape. The stretching rate at different nozzles increases with the increase of the path line, and the stretching rate at the positions of jet1 and jet9 were larger than that of the other nozzles. The stretching rate of Re=6346, 9519 and 12692 increased by 289%—320%, 418%—454% and 607%—667% compared with that of Re=3173, respectively.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to study the gas-solids flow in a stripper with pore-opening on disc-donut baffle. Solids flow behaviors in the stripper with and without pore-opening on disc-donut baffle were compared. It was predicted that the disc-donut baffle with pore-opening can reduce the area of "air cushion". As a result, gas and particle could flow through the pore easily, which was beneficial for their contact. Effects of different types of pore-opening on the solids flow behaviors as well as on the bubble behaviors were further analyzed with the model. Simulation results showed that with the size of pore increasing, the gas flow resistance decreased. Therefore, more particles can be carried through the baffle by the gas, and the area of "air cushion" was reduced, which distributed particles more uniformly in the stripper and was beneficial for improving the contact efficiency of stripping steam and catalyst particles. However, at larger pore size, the average bubble size increased, the bubble number decreased, and the total bubble volume and interfacial area decreased, which may be detrimental for the stripping process. Considering the uniform particle distribution and bubble behaviors, it was concluded that the type of pore with 12mm near the top of the disc baffle and 9mm on the donut baffle was promising in providing improved stripping performance. The present work is meaningful for guiding the design of efficient internals in the stripper.

Isoprene is an important organic raw material, which is widely used in the fields of synthetic rubber and fine chemical products and has great market value. However, the economic value of a large number of C₅ alkanes produced by oil refining units is low, so there is no good method for its utilization. It is a promising comprehensive utilization strategy to prepare isoprene with high added value from cheap C₅ alkanes. In this paper, the process of one-step dehydrogenation of isopentane to produce isoprene was modeled, and the heat exchanger network of the whole process was synthesized by pinch technology. On this basis, the techno economic evaluation of the process was carried out. The results showed that the optimized process has high economic benefits, and the price of isoprene products has an important impact on the economy of the unit. The present method can be used as an effective way to increase the value of isopentane in C₅ alkane.

Dividing-wall distillation column (DWDC) is an effective way to enhance the thermodynamic efficiency of two or more traditional distillation columns. Because of the complicated inner structure and strong interactions of DWDCs, traditional sequential optimization requires much calculation time and it is difficult to achieve a global optimal solution. Standard particle swarm optimization is widely used and easy to be implemented, but it shows premature convergence and easy to drop into the local extremum. Therefore, the improved particle swarm optimization is studied in this paper for the synthesis and design of the Kaibel DWDC. Particle swarm optimization changes the learning strategy of particles and divides the particles into several subgroups employing the concept of the cellular neighborhood. 50 Steps of the optimization process based on standard and particle swarm optimization are compared. Results show that two-particle swarm optimization methods are able to complete the synthesis and design of the Kaibel DWDC, which has complicated inner structures and strong interactions. Moreover, the optimized results are significantly effective.

Microfluidic platforms have promising applications in gas-liquid mass transfer, heat transfer and chemical reaction, due to its great specific surface area, precise control of residence time, and stability of transport process. The Taylor flow for six different gas-liquid systems with different surface tensions and viscosities were systematically investigated in rectangular cross-section serpentine microchannels, aiming at dynamic behavior of bubbles and liquid slugs. Based on geometric model of bubble cross-sectional shape, quantitative equation of the net leakage flow was successfully obtained. It was simultaneously found that the controllability of the serpentine microchannel on the leakage flow is better than that of the straight microchannel in a larger operating range. And the effects of different gas-liquid flow rates, liquid physical properties (surface tension and viscosity) and bubble length on the net leakage flow of the main channel for the serpentine microchannel were respectively analyzed in detail.

Due to active chemical properties and a high price of cesium, few studies on medium temperature cesium heat pipe were reported, while most researches were focus on sodium, potassium and Na-K alloy heat pipes. To meet the demands of applications at medium temperature and a systematic academic research, a medium temperature cesium heat pipe was fabricated and experimentally tested in this paper. Heat fluxes were modulated by a high frequency heater and the temperature revolutions of heat pipe wall along the pipe length were monitored by a data acquisition system. The results showed that the start-up performance of the cesium heat pipe was similar to that of a sodium heat pipe, and the transition temperature of a cesium heat pipe could be accurately calculated with Kn=0.01. When heat flux q was 18.04W/cm², the temperature distribution along the heat pipe indicated that the cesium heat pipe entered the start-up state with a sonic limit, and a temperature difference between adiabatic and evaporation sections reached 30.00℃. Increasing heating flux to 69.10W/cm², the working temperature of heat pipe could reach 600.00℃ with the maximum temperature difference between the evaporation section and the adiabatic section less than 7.00℃. Furthermore, the effective length of this cesium heat pipe was 100% which showed an excellent heat transfer performance and temperature uniformity.

Scenarios screening is the key to ensure the effectiveness of layer of protection analysis (LOPA). To screen out the scenarios accurately which need to carry out the LOPA analysis, this paper proposes a scenarios identification and screening method based on the most credible scene on the basis of Bow-tie model. First, use the Fault tree and Event tree to establish a simplified Bow-tie model which centers on loss events to identify the potential hazards of the analysis object, and obtain a list of hazard scenarios. Secondly, improve the scenario screening method based on the most credible scenario identification method. Use the improved screening method to filter the list of hazardous scenarios. Simultaneously determine the scenarios that need carry on LOPA analysis in the scenarios list. Finally, apply this method in the 10⁵m3 crude oil storage tank of a reserve storage and use risk analysis screening tool (RAST) to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can better consider the actual operation of the equipment and screen scenarios according to the internal risk standards of the enterprise, which makes the actual screening results obtained more instructive for the subsequent LOPA analysis.

With the development of precision machining technology, microchemical equipment with characteristic size less than 1mm has been gradually considered and applied in many organic synthesis processes due to its high efficiency of mass and heat transfer and intrinsic safety characteristics. The continuous synthesis of dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid in microchannels is an important basis for the development of efficient, green and safe sulfonation process. In this paper, the interaction effects of temperature, flow rate and SO₃/DDB molar ratio on the sulfonation process of dodecylbenzene in the microreactor were studied by response surface experiment. It was found that the content of active substance was most affected by flow rate, and flow rate in T-shaped micromixer mainly affected impact intensity and residence time of the fluid. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to characterize the fluid in a T-shaped micromixer. The mixing state of SO₃ and DDB in a T-shaped mixer at different flow rates was simulated, and the variation rule of the mixing state was fairly consistent with the experimental results. The mixing effect in the mixer was not strong at low flow rate, but with the increase of flow rate, the area of components mixing with each other in the mixer increased obviously. It is believed that the increase of the flow rate increases the inertia force of the fluid in the mixer, and enhances the collision of the fluid in the mixing place, and relatively reduces the surface tension of the fluid in the mixer, and enhances the mixing effect. The mixing state of water and toluene in a T-shaped micromixer at different flow rates with or without solvent was studied. It was found that when the flow rate is 0.12m/s without solvent, the two-phase fluid mixes to a certain extent under the action of interfacial tension, and then flows in the form of Taylor flow. When the flow rate is 0.15—0.17m/s, the mixing phenomenon disappears, and the fluid is directly in the form of Taylor flow. When the flow rate is 0.19—0.21m/s, the mixing part appears again under the influence of the enhanced impact. However, in the presence of solvent, the fluid no longer appears obvious Taylor flow, but flows in the pipe in the form of small droplets whose characteristic size is smaller than the pipe size. When the flow rate is 0.12—0.17m/s, the fluid flows appear irregular. When the flow rate is 0.19—0.21m/s, the fluid is distributed in the radial direction of the pipe from the inside to the outside with the density from the largest to the smallest. It was believed that the introduction of solvent reduces the effect of interfacial tension, which makes the dominant role of inertial force stronger when Re number increases.

The wavy vortex in the Taylor reactor has received widespread attention due to the existence of azimuthal waves and mass transfer between adjacent vortices. In the present study, a numerical study was developed for the wavy vortex flow in a Taylor reactor, of which the radius ratio was 0.83 and the aspect ratio was 46.07. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was utilized to investigate the flow field without and with an axial flow. The numerical predictions were compared favorable to the PIV measurements in the literature. The results suggested the azimuthal waves eliminated the axisymmetric of vortex structure, and resulted in the periodic variation of the vortex with the azimuthal position, including the vortex shape, position, and vortex vorticity. It also yielded the transient behavior of velocity. The introduction of an axial flow decreased the degree of the above periodic variation with the azimuthal position, changed the variation of the velocity with time, and stabilizes a more stable flow field. It was found the axial flow also affected the variation of tangential velocity with the time. The unsteady tangential velocity fluctuated with the vortex passage frequency and its higher harmonics.

Carbon dioxide capture is one of the important technologies to deal with global warming. In this paper, a cocurrent gas-liquid column was used as the experimental system to investigate the mass transfer performance of tridimensional rotational flow sieve tray (TRST) with NaOH solution and CO₂. The volumetric overall mass transfer coefficient (K_Ga_e) was calculated from the experiment results under different operating conditions. The effects of operating parameters on K_Ga_e and the K_Ga_e of the tray section [(K_Ga_e)_t] were investigated, including gas F-factor, spraying density, CO₂ concentration, NaOH concentration, the tray number and installation method. The results showed that the tray section is the main place for mass transfer and the increase in tray number and backward installation can improve the mass transfer performance. The (K_Ga_e)_t decreases with the increase in CO₂ concentration and spraying density. The (KGae)_t first increases and then decreases with the increase in NaOH concentration and gas F-factor. Under the experimental conditions, maximum of (K_Ga_e)_t was 12.18kmol/(m³·h·kPa). Based on the experiments, the empirical correlation of the operating parameters of CO₂ absorption on (K_Ga_e)_t was established. The calculated values of (K_Ga_e)_t are in good agreement with the experimental data, and the relative error is within ±20%.

The fluid flow in a rotating disk with a non-central impinging jet was studied. A rotating disk device with a high speed camera was designed to record the liquid film flow. Based on the VOF (volume of fluid) model, a gas-liquid two-phase flow model was established. Compared with the experimental results, the average relative error between the simulated and the experimental values was less than 9%, which demonstrated the accuracy of the CFD (computation fluid dynamics) model. Then, the influence of inlet flow rate and disk rotation speed on the hydraulic jump in the inlet area of rotating disk was studied by means of CFD. The results indicated that in front of the inlet rotation direction, the hydraulic jump radius will be larger when the inlet flow rate was larger and the disk rotation speed was smaller, and the hydraulic jump phenomenon will be more obvious. After the inlet rotation direction, the hydraulic jump radius will be larger when the inlet flow was larger. But the hydraulic jump radius increased first and then decreased with the increase of disk rotation speed. The relationship between the hydraulic jump radius behind the inlet rotation direction and the inlet flow rate and rotation speed was fitted. The empirical correlation was got. The relative error between the correlated and the simulated values was less than 15%.

In actual production process of oil and gas fields, there will be a wide variety of maintenance tasks with different urgency levels. And the oil wells with maintenance tasks are widely distributed. At present, the routing scheduling of maintenance technicians still relies on manual experience, with low scheduling efficiency and low labor force utilization. It is of great significance to make reasonable arrangements for maintenance technicians to ensure that they complete various maintenance tasks as soon as possible. This can effectively guarantee the safe and stable production of oil and gas fields and thus reduce the economic losses caused by downtime. In this paper, after analyzing the characteristics of maintenance tasks in the actual production process of oil and gas fields, four schemes were proposed, which are daily general scheduling, temporary scheduling, manual scheduling and emergency scheduling according to different scenarios. Moreover, different mixed linear programming models were established for these four schemes. A scheduling software written in C# language was verified by field application. The results showed that the proposed scheduling scheme can realize the timely and effective processing of maintenance tasks in different situations.

Traditional HAZOP analysis is conducted through experts’ brainstorming discussions, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive and cannot guarantee the completeness of the analysis results. To resolve the problem, the HAZOP causal knowledge description model based on ontology is proposed. The study first extracted common knowledge from traditional HAZOP analysis texts, and obtained the HAZOP causal knowledge description model structure expressed in natural language. With the help of ontology, the structural modification of the model is realized through the definition of classes, attributes and instances in HAZOP causal knowledge. Finally, the study used ontology software named Protégé to express the model through OWL language, and established an ontology-based HAZOP causal knowledge description model. The model was used for finding the causes and consequences of liquid level changing to verify its reasoning process. The results shows that the proposed model can assist artificial HAZOP reasoning analysis process, and at the same time explore the shallow and deep knowledge of the HAZOP analysis process to ensure the depth and completeness of analysis results.

As an important platform compound based on lignocellulosic biomass, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is the precursor of many types of high-value chemicals and liquid fuels. However, due to its unstable physical and chemical properties, efficient preparation of HMF is facing great challenges. In a single solvent system, the yield of HMF from biomass degradation is low, and the yield of by-products cannot be neglected. In-situ extraction of HMF by adding organic solvent in the original reaction phase can greatly improve its selectivity. At present, the use of biphasic solvent system has become the mainstream of research. Based on the discussion of the effects of organic solvents, reaction raw materials, and catalysts on the preparation of HMF by biomass degradation in biphasic solvent system, this article revealed the important effect of optimizing reaction conditions and enhancing the mass transfer of the biphasic solvent interface to increase product yield and reaction efficiency. Focusing on the two vital aspects, the intensification of the phase interface disturbance and optimization of the solvent system, the research status of the degradation of biomass in biphasic solvent system with enhanced mass transfer were reviewed, and finally the future development trend was prospected.

Traditional coal-to-ethylene glycol process is criticized by the problems of high CO₂ emissions and low resource utilization efficiency. To address these issues, this paper proposed a novel coal-to-ethylene glycol process coupled with solid oxide electrolytic cells (SO-CtEG). Since the novel process is integrated with the solid oxide electrolytic cells for hydrogen production technology, the water gas shift and air separation units are avoided. In addition, the processing scale of the coal gasification and acid gas removal units is also effectively reduced. According to the modeling and simulation results of the whole SO-CtEG process, techno-economic analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted in detail. The results show that the carbon utilization efficiency and exergy efficiency of the novel SO-CtEG process are 2.16 times and 1.48 times of the traditional coal-to-ethylene glycol process, respectively. Moreover, compared with the traditional coal-to-ethylene glycol process, the total capital investment and total production cost of the novel SO-CtEG process are reduced by 23.64% and 17.14%, respectively, as well as the internal rate of return is increased by 8.85%. Since the novel process can utilize the energy of wind and light, reduces the carbon emissions of traditional coal-to-ethylene glycol process, and has better technical, economic and environmental performance, it is a promising direction for the coal-to-ethylene glycol industry in the future.

Integrating renewable energy system into a hydrogen network can replace a part of hydrogen utility to meet the hydrogen demand in a refinery. Meanwhile, it also provides electricity for the rotating equipment in the refinery. However, the fluctuation of hydrogen will affect the stable operation of the hydrogen network. To explore the characteristics of the two subsystems in suppressing fluctuations of wind power generation, a mathematical programming model for the hydrogen network integrated with wind power to hydrogen system is established to investigate the economy and structure characteristics of the hydrogen network for suppressing the fluctuations of the hydrogen stream from wind power generation. The results show that, to accommodate fluctuations, a more complex structure of the hydrogen network is required. The power and hydrogen outputs from the wind power generation system still fluctuate greatly after the batteries and hydrogen storage tanks buffering. It is critical to adjust the flowrate of hydrogen utility and fuel gas system to achieve stable operation of the hydrogen network.

In recent years, environmental remediation and clean energy production have attracted worldwide attention. Photocatalytic reaction under the irradiation of renewable solar energy is one of the effective ways to solve these problems. The photocatalytic system is relatively complicated, in which photocatalyst and co-catalyst are two key factors affecting the photocatalytic efficiency. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) with unique electronic structures are cheap and abundant, and hence have become a new and hot class of photocatalytic materials. Herein, starting from the basic principles of improving photocatalytic efficiency, including the enhancement of light absorption and the improvements of photogenerated electrons and holes separation efficiency, and photogenerated carriers' utilization, we reviews the latest progress of TMPs as co-catalysts and photocatalysts in last decade. Then, the challenges and problems in the rapid development of TMPs, such as the difficulty in full water splitting and the unclear structure-photocatalytic activity relationship, are pointed out. Finally, new and efficient photocatalytic TMPs based on dual-function design and theoretical calculations will play an important role in improving the photocatalytic efficiency.

The exhaust gas emitted by marine vessels is one of the air pollution sources, and the nitrogen oxides in the gas could cause ocean acidification, marine ecosystem damage, air pollution over coastal cities, and people’s health problems. Photocatalytic removal of nitrogen oxides from atmosphere is considered to be a reliable and potential advanced oxidation removal technology, but the current studies are mostly focused on the elimination of nitrogen oxides of low concentration(10^-9 level), and those on high concentration(10^-6 level)nitrogen oxides removal from ship exhausts are still rare. The heterojuncted BiOX(Cl, Br, I)/Bi₂WO₆ were prepared through a one-step ultrasonic-assisted method, and applied in the NO removal from exhaust gas. The band-gap energies of BiOX(Cl, Br, I)/Bi₂WO₆ were estimated to be 3.1eV, 2.6eV and 1.8eV, respectively. The conduction band potentials of pristine Bi₂WO₆ and BiOX/Bi₂WO₆ were calculated. The photocurrent density of BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ composite electrode was higher than that of BiOBr/Bi₂WO₆ and BiOI/Bi₂WO₆, and BiOCl/Bi₂WO₆ showed the highest activity with the maximum NO removal rate of 37.5% under UV light. BiOX/Bi₂WO₆ revealed good stability after five cycles. In situ DRIFTS tests of NO photocatalytic oxidation on BiOX/Bi₂WO₆ were employed to identify the reaction intermediates and the NO oxidation pathway was proposed based on the electrochemical and photocurrent density measurements as well as in situ reaction study.

A series of Fe_xM_y (M=Mo, Cu, W) bimetallic catalysts were prepared by the fusion method using iron, molybdenum, copper and tungsten nitrate as raw materials. Fe₁₅M₁ (M=Mo, Cu, W) bimetallic catalysts were synthesized to investigate their catalytic decomposition of methane (CDM) activity. Results indicated that the catalytic activity of Fe₁₅Mo₁ was much higher than that of Fe₁₅Cu₁ and Fe₁₅W₁. The physical characteristics, structural composition, reduction characteristics and the graphitization of by-product carbon nano materials (CNMs) were characterized by means of specific surface area (BET), X?ray powder diffraction (XRD), H₂ temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and Raman spectra, respectively. Then, the effects of Mo doping and calcination temperature on the methane conversion and carbon yield over the Fe_xMo_y catalysts for CDM were further investigated. It was found that, the Fe₁Mo₁ catalyst had the best catalytic activity and stability, and its carbon yield (6g_C/g_cat) was higher than that of pure Fe (4.35g_C/g_cat). XRD and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase was formed in Fe₁Mo₁, which increased the catalytic activity and stability. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results indicated that the deposited CNMs over the spent Fe₁Mo₁ catalyst were bamboo-like carbon nano tubes.

Beta zeolites were modified by Mg, Ce and Ga metals using ion exchange method, and Pt/Beta bimetallic catalysts were prepared by impregnation method. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were characterized by XRD, XRF, NH₃-TPD, Py-IR, H₂-O₂, TEM, H₂-TPR, H₂-TPD and XPS, and their performances on selective ring opening of polycyclic aromatics were investigated. The results showed that the acidities of the Beta zeolites could be regulated by the metal's substitution effects on Br?nsted acid and compensation effects on Lewis acid. The strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) was enhanced by metal modification, which could promote the dispersion of platinum and improve the thermal stability of platinum nanoparticles. The migration or delocalization of electron between platinum nanoparticles and supports caused by the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), could affect the activation and desorption of H₂ by platinum nanoparticles. In addition, the active sites of Pt nanoparticles could be selectively poisoned by the modification of Ga. Metal modification had great influence on the catalytic performance of the Pt/Beta catalysts in selective ring opening of methylnaphthalene. The stability of the Pt/Beta catalysts could be significantly improved by the modification of Ga and Ce. Besides, the Pt/Beta catalysts modified by Ga had the best selectivity.

Sensitive material refers to the material that can sense and respond to external conditions. It has the functions of perception, drive and control, which is the hotspot of current research. Among them, environmentally sensitive materials had been widely used in the field of oil and gas drilling and exploitation because of their high sensitivity, remarkable responsiveness and self-regulating ability. Environmentally sensitive materials can effectively improve the rheological properties of drilling fluid, enhance the plugging ability, the recovery and acid viscosity. In this paper, the research and application of pH sensitive materials, CO₂ sensitive materials, magnetic sensitive materials, temperature sensitive materials, salt sensitive materials and pressure sensitive materials were reviewed. The applications, synthesis methods, properties and other aspects of the above materials were analyzed. The future application of environmentally sensitive materials in the field of oil and gas drilling and exploitation was prospected. At the same time, some environmentally sensitive materials had some problems such as small response range, hard to degrade, poor stability and weak reservoir protection ability. It was suggested that better nanoparticles, polymers and functional monomers should be developed in the future to promote their further development in oil and gas drilling and exploitation.

Modified electrode materials have been widely studied for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. At present, the electrode research strategy is mainly to use composite materials to construct a three-dimensional structure to increase the adsorption surface area. This review summarized the currently commonly used electrode modification materials of nano carbon and nano metal and some methods of constructing three-dimension electrode, compared and analyzed the influence of the surface structure of the modified materials on the adsorption of dopamine, and pointed out the adsorption mechanism of dopamine on the surface of the modified materials. Compared with one dimensional topographic structure, the modified electrodes with a three-dimensional topographic structure often had better detection capabilities. The three-dimensional structure can not only significantly increase the surface area and provide more adsorption sites, but may also produce a "thin film effect". This effect would improve the response sensitivity in a degree and also slow down the response time if it exceeded a certain limit. Secondly, the adsorption state of dopamine on the surface of different modified materials was analyzed based on first principles. Finally, it was pointed out that further research was needed to improve the design rationality of the modified electrode structure, enhance the anti-interference and selectivity, and analyze the new detection and control mechanism.

Liquid marbles are liquid droplets encapsulated by hydrophobic particles at the liquid-gas interface. The non-wetting particles can not only effectively isolate the direct contact between the internal liquids and the external solid or liquid substrates, but also realize the transportation of miniature liquids in the form of rolling, reduce the friction on the surface and improve the controllability of droplets under multi-stimuli-responsive. The formation of liquid marbles triggered by multiple stimuli is desirable for their application in fields such as microfluidic transportation and miniature reactors for chemical/biological reactions. In this article, the recent research progresses on miniature reactors based on liquid marbles were summarized, including the designing approaches, constructions and applications. Current advances on remote control of liquid marbles using external stimuli and liquid marbles in liquid as a kind long-term and temperature-controlled miniature reactors were briefly introduced. Some insights into challenges and opportunities were also provided based on our own understanding of this field.

As a strategic non-metallic mineral resource, the unique structure of natural graphite makes it have excellent electrical conductivity (resistivity 8×10^-6~13×10^-6Ω·m), strong plasticity, low friction coefficient (0.08~0.16), high temperature resistance, stable chemical properties, good natural floatability and other properties, and thus it is a key raw material necessary for many industries. At the same time, natural graphite has a wide range of uses, high added value of deep-processed products and long industrial chain. In addition to being widely used in refractory, sealing, casting, conductive materials and other traditional industrial fields, natural graphite also has great application prospects in emerging fields such as new energy, new generation electronic information technology, new energy vehicles and high-end equipment manufacturing, which makes it well-known as “industrial black gold”. China is rich in graphite resources, but has not yet become a strong country in graphite resources. Based on the current status of graphite mineral resources, the international trade data and the structure of graphite consumption market, this article analyzed the comprehensive utilization of China's natural graphite. On this basis, the separation technology, purification method, preparation of deep-processed products and the application in the emerging strategic industry were discussed. The comprehensive utilization of graphite resources was systematically introduced, which mainly involved three important types of graphite deep processing products, such as graphite interlaminar compound, spherical graphite and graphene. Finally, the future direction of strengthening the development and utilization of graphite resources was proposed according to the trend of the graphite industry.

This paper reviewed the characteristics of the current industrial production technology and the current industrialization status of PBAT in China and abroad. The remaining gap between PBAT and traditional plastics in terms of performance and cost was pointed out through comparison. In addition, this paper systematically introduced the preparation of degradable materials (PLA, polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene carbonate and polybutylene succinate), nanomaterials (cellulose nanocrystals, modified cellulose nanocrystals, seafoam and montmorillonite) and natural polymer materials (starch, acetylated green bamboo fibers and industrial lignin) by three different methods of melt mixing, solvent casting and in situ polymerization. The research progress of modified PBAT composites was discussed, and the degradation principles and degradation properties of PBAT composites were discussed. Finally, the future research of PBAT was prospected, and it was pointed out that the future research direction of PBAT production technology should be developed in the direction of high comprehensive performance, low cost and green.

Organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN), a new type of membrane-based separation that has attracted much attention in the field of membrane technology, evinces a broad application prospects in chemical, pharmaceutical, energy and environmental related fields due to the advantages of high efficiency, low energy consumption and ease of operation. This review first briefly introduced the application background of OSN. Then, recent advances in an OSN field in terms of transfer models and functional membrane materials were outlined and discussed. Among them, OSN membrane materials such as porous ceramics, polymers, porous organic materials, organic-inorganic frameworks, as well as graphene-like two-dimensional materials were summarized. Combined with the transfer models, the transport behavior of organic solvent molecules across the membrane and the membrane separation performance were analyzed. Finally, the industrial application status of OSN membranes was briefly described. The advantages and challenges of these key materials in OSN field were pointed out, and some development suggestions for optimizing membrane performance based on the characteristics of these key materials were put forward, aiming at promoting the research and application of OSN membrane.

As a new type of two-dimensional porous materials, two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (2D-MOFs) have the advantages of small thickness, large specific surface area, high porosity and rich access to active sites. These advantages enable potential value of 2D-MOFs in energy storage, catalysis, sensing, separation and other fields. In this article, the preparation methods of 2D-MOFs in recent years were reviewed briefly, including top-down and bottom-up strategies. The top-down method was easy to operate and has wide applicability, while the bottom-up method can control the preparation of materials to a certain extent by controlling the experimental conditions. The influence of structural characteristics of 2D-MOFs on the electrochemical performance of energy storage devices and the catalytic activity of the reaction was analyzed elaborately. In addition, the high electrical conductivity and charge transfer rate of 2D-MOFs had promoted their development in electrochemical sensors. Molecular sieve membranes based on 2D-MOFs had also received increasing attention from researchers. Finally, the difficulty of controlling the thickness of 2D-MOFs, high cost and low yield were listed as current problems. It proposed that optimizing preparation scheme and doping and compounding it with other materials would be the future development directions to improve the performance of 2D-MOFs.

Three-dimensional MXene/polyaniline composite electrode materials were successfully synthesized through direct electrochemical method. Aniline monomer was induced and electrochemically polymerized by the surface functional groups of MXene nanosheets under external electric field. The surface, structure and composition of the composite electrode material were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR and Raman spectra. The capacitance properties of the composite electrode material were investigated in 1mol/L H₂SO₄. The results indicate that the MXene /PANI composite electrode exhibits excellent electron conduction ability and outstanding electrochemical performance due to the MXene doping. The gravimetric capacitance of the MXene/PANI composite electrodes can reach 417F/g at a scan rate of 10mV/s, and when the scan rate increases to 200mV/s, the electrode can still retain 52% of the original specific capacitance value, which is 31% higher than that of pure PANI electrode. In addition, the composite electrode also exhibits excellent cycling stability, and the capacitance retention can be maintained up to approximately 83.4% after 2000 cycles at a current density of 1.0A/g. This research work can provide design ideas for the construction of 3D MXene composites.

AHT aluminophosphate molecular sieves (AlPO₄-H2) were synthesized by hydrothermal method using different chain-length organic amines as templates and different aluminum sources. The effects of aluminum sources, substrate molar ratio, and organic template on the synthesis of AHT aluminophosphate molecular sieves were investigated. Multiple analytical techniques, including XRD, SEM, BET, and TG/DTG, were employed to characterize the AlPO₄-H2. The results showed that only pseudo-boehmite can be used to synthesize AlPO₄-H2 among the four tested aluminum sources. The water content in the reaction mixture has a remarkable impact. When n(H₂O)/n(Al₂O₃) was over or less than 20, impurities were formed. When the length of the alkyl chain of the organic amines was larger than 4, pure AlPO₄-H2 can be obtained under optimized conditions. While the alkyl chain length of organic amine was smaller than or equal to 4, pure AlPO₄-H2 cannot be obtained, because the stretching extends of these amines are smaller than the value of crystal cell parameter c. The morphology of the synthesized AlPO₄-H2 was needle-like or rod-like, with a n(Al)/n(P) of 1 in its structural skeleton. This molecular sieve has good chemical stability although it is unstable at high temperature.

ZSM-5 zeolites with excellent catalytic performance have been widely applied in petrochemical industry as shape-selective catalysts, and therefore it has been a research focus to efficiently prepare zeolites. There are many problems such as poor particle size distributions and long crystallization time in traditional static hydrothermal route. In order to address these problems, ZSM-5 zeolites were prepared by dynamic hydrothermal method in a stirring tank reactor (STR) with premixing in a rotating packed bed (RPB). The effects of crystallization parameters, including crystallization way, rotation speed in the STR, crystallization time, and crystallization gel volume, on the particle size of ZSM-5 zeolites were studied. The ZSM-5 zeolites prepared under the optimal conditions were characterized systematically. The results show that the RPB premixing-STR dynamic hydrothermal synthesis route is conducive to prepare hierarchical ZSM-5 with smaller particle size, more uniform particle size distribution, more acid amount and larger surface areas compared with static hydrothermal route. Faster rotation speed in the STR and smaller crystalline gel volume can facilitate the formation of ZSM-5 zeolites with smaller particle size and more uniform particle size distribution. These results indicated that the hydrothermal process parameters had a significant impact on the particle size, structure and acidity of the zeolites.

In order to endow magnetic bentonite (MB) with magnetic separation ability and simultaneously obtain stronger removal capacity of antibiotics, magnetic bentonite/carboxymethylcellulose-chitosan composite (MB-CC) was prepared by modifying previously fabricated MB with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and chitosan (CS). The characterization of both MB-CC and MB and their adsorption properties towards ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tetracycline (TC) in aqueous solution were investigated. Textural characterization results revealed that the magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) were successfully immobilized onto bentonite and further modified with CC. The surface functionalization with CC concurrently enhanced the stability of Fe₃O₄ and removal capability of CIP and TC for the final product. Adsorption results indicated that MB-CC exhibited superior adsorption performance for CIP and TC (182mg/g and 189mg/g) to MB (147mg/g and 136mg/g) at pH 5.0 and 25℃. Adsorptive removal of CIP and TC by MB-CC was more than 90% even after 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption process. The adsorption isotherms were better described by Langmuir model than Freundlich model. The adsorption process fitted well with pseudo-second order kinetic model, indicating that the rate-determining step for MB-CC was chemical adsorption. The main steps during the successful adsorption process of MB-CC for CIP and TC included pore diffusion, ions exchange and electrostatic interaction. The current approach is credited to the simplified synthesis and high-efficiency of MB-CC which could also be deemed as a promising alternative sorbent for removal antibiotics from wastewater.

Rationally controlling the composition of electrocatalysts at the atomic level is proved to be an effective way to improve their catalytic performance towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Here, PdCu ultrathin nanosheets-composed three-dimensional (3D) nanoflowers (Pd₁Cu_x NCFs) with different compositions were prepared by a facile one-pot solvothermal reduction. The morphology, crystal structure and composition of catalysts were characterized by TEM,STEM-EDS,XRD,XPS,etc. Compared with traditional two-dimensional nanomaterials, their abundant routes for fast mass transport, high Pd atom utilization efficiency as well as the synergistic effect of PdCu bimetal endowed Pd₁Cu_x NCFs with enhanced ORR performance under alkaline condition. In addition, the effect of the dosage of Pd and Cu precursors on the ORR performance was studied. Electrochemical measurement results indicated that the optimal catalyst (Pd₁Cu_0.5 NCFs, the molar ratio of Pd/Cu precursor was 1∶0.5) exhibited the best ORR performance. A half-wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.937V in alkaline medium was obtained, which was higher than that of commercial Pt/C (0.851V). Electrochemical accelerated durability test results showed that the Pd₁Cu_0.5 NCFs could endure at least 1000 cycles with negligible activity decay, suggesting their excellent stability. At 0.90V, the mass activity of Pd₁Cu_0.5NCFs could achieve 1.09A/mg, which was 14.5 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C.

In order to increase the diversity of photochromic of rare earth luminous fiber and improve its single-color problem, a luminous fiber with both red luminescence characteristics and long-lasting luminescence performance was prepared by using SrAl₂O₄∶Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ and Sr₂MgSi₂O₇∶Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ as the common luminescent center, the silane coupling agent as a molecular bridge to bond the light conversion agent to the surface of the luminescent material, the polyacrylonitrile fiber-forming polymer as the matrix and spinning through solution method to prepare a luminous fiber that can emit multiple light colors in the dark state after excitation, and its performance was studied. The results showed that the addition of the red conversion agent did not damage the phase structure of the luminescent material and the fiber-forming polymer. The excitation and emission spectra of the composite luminous fiber moved to long wavelengths, and the spectrum had red-shifted. The afterglow curve indicated that as the amount of light conversion agent increased, the fiber afterglow brightness decreased. In addition, the degree of red shift of the light color of the luminous fiber increased with the increase of the concentration of the red conversion agent.

A method for preparing a graphene oxide-phthalocyanine composite material via solvent which can be applied to laser protection was proposed. The chemically prepared graphene and graphene oxide were loaded on phthalocyanine, and the morphology and structure were characterized by a series of technical means such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). UV-vis was used to investigate its UV absorption and dispersibility in organic solvents, and then the open aperture Z scanning technology was applied to investigate nonlinear optical properties. The results of the characterization technology showed that the method of concentrated sulfuric acid solvent can successfully made graphene and graphene oxide composited with phthalocyanine. Then the higher the concentration of concentrated sulfuric acid, the more stable the grafting structure would be. The application of the composite material indicated a significant reverse saturation absorption response. The non-linear transmittance of phthalocyanine-chemical graphene was reduced to 45.5%, which was 39.1% lower than that of phthalocyanine. The reverse saturated absorption coefficient of phthalocyanine-graphene oxide was increased to 74.6cm/GW with an increase of 57.1%. If the phthalocyanine was provided with more grafting sites via substrate and solvent environment during the preparation process, the obtained composite material can exhibit a higher reverse saturation absorption coefficient and a lower optical limiting threshold at a higher incident energy, which had certain guiding significance for researching graphene and phthalocyanine in the technical field of nonlinear optical composite materials.

A simple and low-cost method for enhancing the hydrophobicity of PVDF microporous membrane surface——swelling embossed method was proposed. The membrane was made by immersion gel after rolling the PVDF microporous membrane with microstructure roller. The water (non-solvent) of N-methyl pyrrolidone was a swelling agent. The influence of the structure and properties of PVDF microporous membrane characterized by SEM, atomic force microscope (AFM), contact angle, maximum pore size, average pore size, N₂ flux, wear resistance and liquid entry pressure. The results indicated that the surface of the embossed membrane presented micron-submicron hierarchical features, the operation of swelling rolling had enhanced hydrophobicity and improved permeability, and thus had great hydrophobic stability. When the mass fraction of water (non-solvent) in the swelling agent was 6% and the spray density was 0.03mL/cm², the performance of the membrane was the best. The contrast experiment of continuous operation of 30h vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) showed that the embossed membrane had higher penetration flux and salt rejection rate and better pollution resistance than unembossed. This method provided a new option for low-cost and continuous hydrophobic strengthening of the surface of the finished membrane.

A stacked sheet-like zinc-based (cobalt or nickel doped) hydrotalcite-like composite metal oxide was synthesized by the co-precipitation method and then used for medium to high temperature gas desulfurization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the phase composition and morphology of the desulfurizers and their precursors. It was found that the main crystal phase of the desulfurizer with nickel (or cobalt) doping was still zinc oxide with hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the introduction of nickel (or cobalt) did not significantly change the morphology structures of both the zinc-aluminum composite oxide and its precursor. The vulcanization and regeneration behavior of the desulfurizers were studied on a fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that when the molar ratio of zinc to nickel (or cobalt) was 20, the longest breakthrough time (324min) and the highest sulfur capacity (25.4%) was achieved. Compared with the undoped desulfurizer, the optimal regeneration temperature of those doped with nickel (or cobalt) was reduced by about 60℃. After the introduction of nickel (or cobalt), the desulfurizer maintained not only a high sulfur adsorption capacity even after multiple desulfurization-regeneration cycles, but also the sheet-like structure, indicating an enhanced desulfurization-regeneration stability.

A multifunctional hybrid membrane was obtained by assembling of geopolymer nanoparticles (GPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on the surface of mixed cellulose membrane (MCE) through vacuum filtration. The effects of particle size and amount of GPs on the performance of hybrid membrane were investigated. The results showed that the performance of the hybrid membrane was the best with water flux of 11293L/(m²·h·MPa) when the content of GPs was 0.15g. The structure of the hybrid membrane was characterized by SEM, FTIR, AFM and XRD, and the removal performance of the hybrid membrane for different pollutants was investigated. The results indicated that the removal rate of 50nm polystyrene microspheres and emulsified oil in water could reach 100% and 99.87%, respectively by pore interception. The removal rate of cationic dyes in water could also reach 100% by adsorption. Compared to the original MCE, the removal rate was increased by 528.54%, 25.78% and 90.96%, respectively. When the hybrid membrane was used to filter the oil emulsion in a continuous mode, the fluxes decreased only by 21.70% after 1h operation, while the flux of MCE decreased by 95.70%. The results implied the good antifouling performance of the hybrid membrane, which accordingly had a great potential for practical application in water purification.

Glycerophosphocholine (GPC), as the biosynthetic precursor of the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine, can promote the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain, enhance the human memory and cognitive ability, and prevent Alzheimer's disease. In order to further promote the research and application of GPC-related products, this article focuses on the research progress of its analysis, preparation and purification technology in recent years. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods were compared. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the mainstream method for analyzing GPC, but no detector can detect all key impurities alone. It requires a combination of multiple detectors to determine whether the quality of GPC meets the requirements. Full chemical synthesis and hydrolysis of lecithin (PC) are the main methods for preparing GPC. Full chemical synthesis has the advantages of high yield, high product purity and perfect preparation technology, but the starting materials are expensive, and even worse, some impurities in the fully chemically synthesized GPC are genotoxic and seriously affect quality. Hydrolysis of PC can prepare food-grade GPC, and the product is non-toxic and harmless, but the hydrolysis method has a low yield, low product purity, high purification difficulty, and difficulty in large-scale production. Crystallization and column chromatography are the main methods for purifying crude GPC products. The product obtained by crystallization has high purity, but low recovery and high production costs. Column chromatography can remove a large amount of impurities and has a good impurity removal effect, but a large amount of wastes will be produced during the process, and the purification cycle will be long. Analysis shows that the combination of HPLC and multiple detectors is the most effective method for the quantitative analysis of GPC and its related impurities. Hydrolysis of PC to prepare food-grade GPC is now a research hotspot. The development of efficient purification technology is the key point in industrial production of GPC.

The CO₂ corrosion mechanism was summarized and the influences of temperature, CO₂ partial pressure, pH and medium composition on CO₂ corrosion were analyzed. The corrosion inhibitors widely used to inhibit CO₂ corrosion such as imidazoline derivatives, surfactants, quaternary ammonium salts and organic amines were reviewed. The application and mechanism of several common corrosion inhibitors in CO₂ corrosion were described in detail. Most of the corrosion inhibitors acted on the active sites by physical adsorption and chemical adsorption, and the limitations of some corrosion inhibitors were pointed out. Usually the combined effect of two or more corrosion inhibitors was better than a single corrosion inhibitor, however, the role of a single component was difficult to measure. Imidazoline corrosion inhibitor was often used as one of the components of compound corrosion inhibitors in CO₂ corrosive environment, and the synergistic effect of imidazoline and other corrosion inhibitors was analyzed. Finally, the future research directions of CO₂ corrosion and CO₂ corrosion inhibitors were prospected.

Environment-friendly plasticizers of dialkyloxy phthalates were synthesized via direct esterification using phthalic anhydride and low toxic alcohol ethers (ethylene glycol methyl/ethylene/butyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl/ethylene/butyl ether) as feedstocks. Under the catalytic of of \mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-}/TiO₂, the_{esterification rate of the reaction was higher than 97.0%, and the structure of purified product was confirmed by FTIR and ¹H NMR. The basic physical properties of dialkyloxy phthalate esters including ester content, acidity, viscosity and heating loss, were studied and then they were used as plasticizers for PVC resin. The results indicated that the plasticizing properties of dialkyloxy phthalate including mechanical properties, thermal stability and migration resistance of plasticized PVC were related to the length of ethoxyl group and terminal alkyl chain in their structures, and the plasticizing properties were increased as increasing the number of ethoxyl groups. However, with increasing length of alkyl carbon chain in the structure of dialkyloxy phthalate esters, the properties of plasticized PVC increased at first and then decreased. Compared with the PVC plasticized by traditional DOP (PVC/DOP), the elongation at break, tensile strength and thermal decomposition temperature (T5%) of PVC plasticized by diethylene glycol monoethyl ether phthalate (PVC/DEEEP) were increased by 87.4%, 3.4MPa and 21.5℃, respectively.}

The high-gravity reaction crystallization method has the advantages of intensifying mass transporting function and the grain sizes of the product are distributed within a narrow range in the preparation of calcium carbonate. Spherical calcium carbonate with uniform size distribution and regular morphology was successfully prepared by using high concentration calcium hydroxide slurry as raw material, ammonium chloride and L-glutamic acid as additives in a high-gravity reactor. The effects of various factors on the preparation of spherical calcium carbonate by high-gravity reactive crystallization were studied and the optimal preparation conditions of spherical calcium carbonate were also investigated by changing the amount of additives and the high-gravity factor. The product of calcium carbonate was analyzed by SEM, XRD, FTIR and static particle image analysis, and the influence of additives on calcium carbonate in the whole reaction process was explored by sampling test. The test results indicated that the prepared product was spherical calcium carbonate with a particle size of about 500nm and a crystal form of vaterite. At the same time, it showed that the spherical calcium carbonate had the most regular morphology when L-glutamic acid and ammonium chloride were 4% and 20% of the mass of calcium hydroxide, respectively, and the high gravity factor was 161.0.

Mechanochemisty is considered as an important technology in the field of environmental pollutants control, especially in the degradation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), due to its rapid development and versatile applications. The mild reaction conditions and unique advantages such as complete reaction, less demand for solvents, low cost and almost no secondary pollution attract more and more attention from researchers. In this review, the source and the mechanism of mechanochemistry such as plasma model and the generation of electron undergone bond breakage and lattice defect for promoting the reaction are summarized. The previous research of mechanochemistry in environmental protection such as pollutants decomposition and disposal and waste materials utilization are introduced and commented especially on the development of POPs treatment in the aspect of main reagents, chlorinated persistent organic pollutants and other persistent organic pollutants, etc. The representative reaction mechanism of the process is described in details. Finally, further research for the promotion of mechanochemical degradation of POPs and the contaminant soil is proposed.

Industrial wastewater contains multiple hydrophobic organic pollutants and surfactants. In the process of membrane distillation to treat industrial wastewater, these pollutants are easily deposited on the surface of traditional hydrophobic membrane, causing membrane fouling and wetting, and ultimately leading to the inefficiency or failure of membrane distillation process. Hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane is an asymmetric membrane with hydrophilic surface and hydrophobic substrate, which can relieve the adsorption and accumulation of pollutants by forming a hydration layer on the membrane surface, while retaining high rejection rate of pollutants by the hydrophobic substrate. Thus it can effectively strengthen the treatment of complex industrial wastewater by membrane distillation. In this paper, the bionic principle and surface wetting theory of hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane construction is firstly introduced. Secondly, the preparation of composite membrane is reviewed. Thirdly, the enhancement performance and mechanism of composite membrane made of a variety of hydrophilic materials for the advanced treatment of industrial wastewater are explained. It is believed that the hydrophilic layer formed on the surface of composite membrane can effectively inhibit the hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction between the hydrophobic pollutants and membrane surface, reducing membrane fouling and wetting tendency, improving the rejection of pollutants. Some hydrophilic substances such as graphene oxide can also accelerate the passage of water molecules and increase membrane flux. Finally, it is pointed out that the future development of hydrophilic/ hydrophobic membrane can be focused on the enhancement mechanism of composite membrane by establishing the transfer model of pollutants during industrial wastewater treatment. Improvement of the rejection and anti-fouling performance of composite membrane to various pollutants in industrial wastewater by optimizing and adjusting the composite membrane structure also should be issued, eventually realizing the simultaneous improvement of membrane fouling resistance, pollutants' rejection and water flux. And pilot test can be implemented to verify the economic and long-term stability of composite membrane in the advanced treatment of industrial wastewater.

There are abundant highly toxic heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. Without properly disposed, it will cause serious pollution to the soil and groundwater, thus, the addition of chemical agents to stabilize the heavy metals in fly ash is vital. On the basis of reviewing the literatures at home and abroad, the characteristics of heavy metals, the solidification technology in landfills, and the heavy metal stabilization agents including inorganic agents (sodium sulfide, phosphoric acid, amorphous silicon, iron compound) and organic chelating agents (thiourea, EDTA polymer, chitosan, thiosamine carboxylate) of fly ash that had been studied or applied are reviewed. The mechanism of action and existing problems of these agents are clarified, and the stabilization effects under different agents are summarized. The requirements of heavy metal stabilization under the new situation are discussed, and suggestions and prospects are put forward, namely, selecting compound distinctive agents, improving DTC substances by means of modification and ring formation or developing new agents via cross-linking and grafting.

Biological nitrogen removal could be achieved using nitration liquid internal circulation in AO process, which was difficult to ensure the anoxic condition of anoxic zone and thus led to unsatisfactory nitrogen removal and poor sludge flocculation. In order to enhance biological nitrogen removal, external electric current was used to enhance the sludge activity and bioflocculation in the anoxic zone. The changes of sludge contact angle, zeta potential and particle size were explored and the composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was analyzed using three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy (3D-EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) under different current intensities. The effects of external electric current on the pollutants removal and sludge properties were investigated. The results showed that removal efficiencies of TN and COD and enzyme activity increased with the increase of the current intensity when the current intensity was lower than 30mA. When current intensity was 30mA, ORP was -135mV, and nitrate reductase activity and removal efficiency of TN were the highest [0.37μg/(mg·min) and 79.43%]. When current intensity was 40mA, dehydrogenase activity and removal efficiency of COD were the highest [50.86mg/(L·h) and 80.65%]. When current intensity was lower than 40mA, the ratio of protein (PN)/polysaccharide (PS), contact angle and average particle size of sludge increased and zeta potential of sludge decreased with the increase of current intensity, which was beneficial to sludge flocculation. Fluorescence intensity of tryptophan and tyrosine was improved and there were no obvious changes in functional groups of EPS based on the analysis of 3D-EEM and FTIR. When the current intensity was 40mA, the bioflocculation of sludge was the optimum and flocculation ability (FA) was 40.33%. Effluent suspend solid (ESS) was 13.95mg/L and sludge volume index (SVI) was 66.5mL/g. When current intensity was higher than 40mA, sludge flocculation gradually deteriorated with the increase of current intensity. Therefore, the efficiency of biological denitrification and the sludge flocculability could be improved when the current intensity was controlled at 40mA.

Stainless steel pickling sludge contains high concentrations of iron, chromium, nickel, which are hazardous solid wastes. In this paper, study on valuable components in stainless steel pickling sludge was separated in cascade, and the influencing variables of the separation effect of Fe, Cr, Ni are sodium phosphate, initial pH, temperature, and time, which were investigated. Average precipitation rate of Cr³⁺, Fe²⁺ and Ni²⁺ is 94.47%, 0.88%, 0.79% respectively under the optimum conditions including P/Cr=1.00 (molar ratio), initial pH of 1.00, reaction temperature of 90℃, holding time of 70min. Precipitation rate of iron and nickel is 99.83% and 0.68% respectively under the optimum conditions including P/Fe=0.80 (volume ratio), initial pH of 1.00, reaction temperature of 45℃, holding time of 60min. The experiment proved the feasibility of separating Fe, Cr and Ni from stainless steel pickling sludge leaching solution by phosphate precipitation, which provide theoretical basis and technical application reference for the separation of iron, nickel and chromium from stainless steel pickling sludge.

The costs for the synthesis of calcium based sorbents are quite high, which has severely limited their industrial application. In this article, insoluble CaCO₃ and Ca(OH)₂ were used as raw materials to synthesize CaO/MgO sorbents by solution combustion. The CO₂ capture capacity of the synthesized sorbents was investigated in a double fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the CaO/MgO sorbents presented highly porous microstructures, with MgO uniformly distributed on the surface of CaO and their anti-sintering performance was improved obviously. Therefore, the CaO/MgO sorbents showed much higher CO₂ capture capacities. When Ca(OH)₂ was used as calcium precursor, the Ca and Mg crystallized simultaneously during the solution combustion process and distribute more evenly on the obtained sorbent. The optimum Ca/Mg molar ratio range was (8∶2)~(7.5∶2.5). The synthetic cost is effectively controlled by using insoluble calcium precursors as raw materials and hence the produced CaO/MgO sorbent here has a better engineering application prospect.

Both H₂S poison load and explosion overpressure load pose grave threats to the offshore oil and gas industry. Accordingly, the chain accidents of H₂S-containing natural gas release and explosion on the offshore platform were concerned for the first time. Considering the certainty of the continuous existence of poison load and overpressure load, a dynamic approach was proposed to realize the comprehensive assessment of the severity of multi adverse effects on the sufferers. The proposed approach was illustrated by a hypothetical chain accident concerning H₂S-containing natural gas release and explosion on an offshore platform. The dynamic assessment for the toxic impact due to H₂S release was conducted considering the emergency evacuation and the temporal-spatial variation of the H₂S profile. The adverse impact due to explosion was estimated according to the explosion loads of the real-time location of the sufferers at the time of ignition. Then the risk-based concept was adopted to combine these two kinds of adverse effects based on the additivity characteristic of risk. The research results would provide support for emergency rescue and emergency resource allocation on offshore platforms.

In order to explore the strengthening effect of low-intensity ultrasound on the anaerobic biological treatment of low-strength wastewater, a research on the improvement of organic matter removal by ultrasonic irradiation of anaerobic sludge in anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) was carried out. The effects of ultrasound on sludge yield, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), enzyme activity, sludge particle size, sludge surface functional groups and microscopic morphology were further studied.The results showed that low-intensity ultrasound could improve the removal of organic matter in low-strength wastewater by ABR. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the ultrasound group was 5.2% higher than that of the control group. The COD concentration of the effluent could meet the first-class A standard in the Pollutant Discharge Standard for Urban Sewage Treatment Plants (GB18918—2002). After periodic ultrasound, the total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) of each compartment of the ultrasound group were lower than those of the control group, but the VSS/TSS ratio was higher. The EPS increased in the ultrasound group, while the loosely bound EPS (LB-EPS) and tightly bound EPS (TB-EPS) increased. The protein (PN) content increased but the polysaccharide (PS) content decreased. The dehydrogenase activity (DHA) of each compartment of the ultrasound group was 26.43mgTF/(gVSS·h), 23.43mgTF/(gVSS·h), 21.87mgTF/(gVSS·h), 19.55mgTF/(gVSS·h), while the control group was 18.13mgTF/(gVSS·h), 17.01mgTF/(gVSS·h), 13.56mgTF/(gVSS·h), 9.90mgTF/(gVSS·h). Ultrasound greatly improved the activity of anaerobic sludge dehydrogenase. Ultrasonic treatment reduced the particle size of the sludge, but there was basically no change in the types of surface functional groups. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that filamentous bacteria were the dominant strain on the sludge surface of each compartment in the control group, while cocci were the dominant strain on the sludge surface of each compartment in the ultrasound group.