轻质碳纤维/酚醛复合材料的制备与改性研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0464

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以酚醛气凝胶为基体、碳纤维为增强体的轻质碳纤维/酚醛复合材料，由于具有低热导率、较高力学性能和耐烧蚀等优点，在航天飞行器热防护系统领域具有良好的应用前景。然而，轻质碳纤维/酚醛复合材料存在制备工艺周期较长、抗氧化性能差和脆性大等问题，限制了其更广泛的发展与应用。因此，对其进一步改性与优化成为当前研究领域热点。本文简述了轻质碳纤维/酚醛复合材料的制备工艺和结构特征，分别从酚醛气凝胶基体、碳纤维增强体、基体与增强体协同改性、结构与功能化设计和界面优化五个方面，分析了轻质碳纤维/酚醛复合材料的研究成果和进展，并介绍了烧蚀/隔热一体化的热防护机理。最后，对轻质碳纤维/酚醛复合材料在未来发展中应进行的研究和面临的挑战进行了总结和展望，提出制备工艺的绿色低碳发展、材料性能的协同提升与多功能化集成是主要研究方向。

关键词: 热防护, 酚醛气凝胶, 碳纤维, 复合材料, 改性

Abstract:

Lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials, using phenolic aerogel as the matrix and carbon fiber as the reinforcement, have good application prospects in the field of thermal protection systems for aerospace vehicles due to their low thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength and ablation resistance. However, problems such as long preparation cycle, poor oxidation resistance and high brittleness limit the wider development and application of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials. Therefore, further modification and optimization of composite materials have become a hot topic in current research field. In this paper, preparation process and structure characteristics of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials were briefly described. The research achievements and progress of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials were analyzed. Meanwhile, the thermal protection mechanism of an integrated ablation/thermal insulation system was introduced. Finally, the future research and challenges of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials were summarized and prospected, indicating that the green and low-carbon development of preparation processes, synergistic enhancement of material properties and multi-functional integration were the main research directions.

Key words: thermal protection, phenolic aerogel, carbon fiber, composite, modification

中图分类号:

TQ32

翟恒艳, 金宇凡, 黎水涵, 尹衍军, 王季平, 贾献峰. 轻质碳纤维/酚醛复合材料的制备与改性研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(S1): 368-387.

ZHAI Hengyan, JIN Yufan, LI Shuihan, YIN Yanjun, WANG Jiping, JIA Xianfeng. Research progress on preparation and modification of lightweight carbon fiber/phenolic composite materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(S1): 368-387.

图/表 24

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材料	浸渍-固化工艺	密度/g·cm^-³	力学性能/MPa	热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	线烧蚀率/mm·s^-1	参考文献
PICA	真空/高温	0.22~0.37	1.1029	0.40~1.70	—	[2,6-7,9-10]
PICA-flex	真空/高温	0.15~0.35	0.24~0.69	0.12	—	[8]
CBCF-Si-RF	真空/低温	0.309~0.375	0.759~2.940	0.085~0.136	—	[13]
PICA	常压/低温	0.27~0.47	2.2~16.5	0.056~0.062	—	[15]
PICA	常压/低温	0.27~0.43	0.45~3.12	0.08	—	[16]
PAC	真空/低温	0.27~0.40	2.2~30.5	0.056~0.068	0.0147	[17]
碳纤维/有机硅-酚醛气凝胶（CFSP）	常压/低温	0.25~0.28	0.8~1.8	0.054~0.056	0.227	[19]
SiCF/PR	真空/高温	0.30~0.35	4.57~5.83	0.068	0.0109~0.0282	[47]
NCF-PR	真空/高温	0.270~0.370	0.83~11.02	0.093~0.230	0.029	[49]
CF-Si-PR	真空/高温	0.402~0.463	0.33~2.44	0.089~0.116	0.117	[51]
PSZ-PR/CF	真空/低温	0.485~0.686	23.35~124.75	约0.126	0.018	[53]
CF-Si-PR	真空/高温	0.30	2.45~4.18	0.063~0.091	—	[57]
CF/PFA/SiA	真空/高温	0.323~0.381	2.1~4.1	0.081	—	[58]
ZrC-C/Ph	真空/高温	0.322~0.437	—	0.129~0.150	0.015~0.075	[61]
SiC-C/Ph	真空/高温	0.322~0.409	5~57	0.129~0.164	0.032~0.075	[62]
C-QF/PSi	真空/高温	0.460~0.515	5.96~17.01	约0.112	0.017	[69]
C_f/TS-PR	真空/高温	0.30	1.20	0.0756	0.003	[70]
YS-CFs/PR	真空/高温	0.474~0.540	1.00~1.29	0.142~0.146	0.00500~0.00844	[71]
3D TPS	真空/高温	0.30~0.70	2~57	0.078~0.120	0.011	[72]
CPA	真空/高温	0.34	—	0.057	0.012	[74]
PCS薄层（PL/PR/Cf）	真空/高温	0.264~0.307	0.96~12.89	0.121~0.178	0.089	[75]
C-Ph/Si/GO	常压/低温	0.32~0.35	45.63	0.1	0.215	[76]
LIMC	真空/低温	0.74~1.13	1.24~212	0.136~0.385	0.0132~0.0176	[77]
TiCF/PR	真空/高温	0.30~0.32	0.6~2.4	0.034	0.0262	[78]

材料	浸渍-固化工艺	密度/g·cm^-³	力学性能/MPa	热导率/W·m^-1·K^-1	线烧蚀率/mm·s^-1	参考文献
PICA	真空/高温	0.22~0.37	1.1029	0.40~1.70	—	[2,6-7,9-10]
PICA-flex	真空/高温	0.15~0.35	0.24~0.69	0.12	—	[8]
CBCF-Si-RF	真空/低温	0.309~0.375	0.759~2.940	0.085~0.136	—	[13]
PICA	常压/低温	0.27~0.47	2.2~16.5	0.056~0.062	—	[15]
PICA	常压/低温	0.27~0.43	0.45~3.12	0.08	—	[16]
PAC	真空/低温	0.27~0.40	2.2~30.5	0.056~0.068	0.0147	[17]
碳纤维/有机硅-酚醛气凝胶（CFSP）	常压/低温	0.25~0.28	0.8~1.8	0.054~0.056	0.227	[19]
SiCF/PR	真空/高温	0.30~0.35	4.57~5.83	0.068	0.0109~0.0282	[47]
NCF-PR	真空/高温	0.270~0.370	0.83~11.02	0.093~0.230	0.029	[49]
CF-Si-PR	真空/高温	0.402~0.463	0.33~2.44	0.089~0.116	0.117	[51]
PSZ-PR/CF	真空/低温	0.485~0.686	23.35~124.75	约0.126	0.018	[53]
CF-Si-PR	真空/高温	0.30	2.45~4.18	0.063~0.091	—	[57]
CF/PFA/SiA	真空/高温	0.323~0.381	2.1~4.1	0.081	—	[58]
ZrC-C/Ph	真空/高温	0.322~0.437	—	0.129~0.150	0.015~0.075	[61]
SiC-C/Ph	真空/高温	0.322~0.409	5~57	0.129~0.164	0.032~0.075	[62]
C-QF/PSi	真空/高温	0.460~0.515	5.96~17.01	约0.112	0.017	[69]
C_f/TS-PR	真空/高温	0.30	1.20	0.0756	0.003	[70]
YS-CFs/PR	真空/高温	0.474~0.540	1.00~1.29	0.142~0.146	0.00500~0.00844	[71]
3D TPS	真空/高温	0.30~0.70	2~57	0.078~0.120	0.011	[72]
CPA	真空/高温	0.34	—	0.057	0.012	[74]
PCS薄层（PL/PR/Cf）	真空/高温	0.264~0.307	0.96~12.89	0.121~0.178	0.089	[75]
C-Ph/Si/GO	常压/低温	0.32~0.35	45.63	0.1	0.215	[76]
LIMC	真空/低温	0.74~1.13	1.24~212	0.136~0.385	0.0132~0.0176	[77]
TiCF/PR	真空/高温	0.30~0.32	0.6~2.4	0.034	0.0262	[78]