钢铁冶金技术发展历程与新时期低碳发展路径

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-0104

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

首先对钢铁冶金技术与学科的发展历程进行了梳理，将其发展过程划分为5个主要时期。新时期钢铁冶金工业将从追求效率优先向兼顾节能环保的方向进行转变，文章对钢铁工业的绿色低碳发展路径进行了总结，着重对氢基低碳炼铁技术的发展方向进行了展望。以COURSE50、ULCOS及tkH₂Steel等为代表的富氢高炉技术可作为现阶段高炉工艺改进的首选方向。非高炉工艺方面，本文介绍了MIDREX、HYL/ENERGIRON等氢基竖炉直接还原炼铁工艺的发展，同时也介绍了H-Iron、FIOR、Circored、HyREX等采用流化床的铁矿粉氢基直接还原炼铁工艺。文中指出新时期我国钢铁工业应在发展传统节能减排技术的同时，充分利用焦炉煤气、煤制气、天然气及绿氢等低碳能源，发展并创新DRI直接还原技术，从而降低碳素消耗和CO₂排放。

关键词: 还原, 低碳, 热化学, 炼铁

Abstract:

In this paper, the development process of iron and steel metallurgy technology and discipline is sorted out, and its development process is divided into five main periods. In the new era, the iron and steel metallurgical industry will change from the pursuit of efficiency priority to the direction of energy conservation and environmental protection, this paper summarizes the green and low-carbon development path of the iron and steel industry, and focuses on the development direction of hydrogen-based low-carbon ironmaking technology. Hydrogen-rich blast furnace technology represented by COURSE50, ULCOS, and tkH₂Steel can be used as the preferred direction for blast furnace process improvement at this stage. In terms of non-blast furnace processes, this paper introduces the development of hydrogen-based shaft furnace direct reduction ironmaking processes such as MIDREX and HYL/ENERGIRON, and also introduces the hydrogen-based direct reduction ironmaking processes of iron ore powder using fluidized beds, such as H-Iron, FIOR, Circored and HyREX. In the new era, China's iron and steel industry should make full use of low-carbon energy sources such as coke oven gas, coal-to-gas, natural gas and green hydrogen while developing traditional energy-saving and emission reduction technologies, so as to reduce carbon consumption and CO₂ emissions.

Key words: reduction, low carbon, thermochemistry, ironmaking

中图分类号:

TF01

郭磊, 刘枫, 郭占成. 钢铁冶金技术发展历程与新时期低碳发展路径[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(7): 3567-3577.

GUO Lei, LIU Feng, GUO Zhancheng. Development process of iron and steel metallurgy technology and the low-carbon development path in the new era[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(7): 3567-3577.

图/表 12

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工艺名称	国家或地区	实施企业	技术特点
COURSE50	日本	日本制铁JFE	在12m³高炉完成第一阶段实验，实现碳减排9.4%指标
ULCOS TGR-BF	欧盟	瑞典LKAB	焦比由400kg/tHM降至260kg/tHM左右，碳耗降低24%，炉顶煤气循环率达到90%以上
tkH₂Steel	德国	蒂森克虏伯钢铁	成功将氢气通过风口注入杜伊斯堡钢厂的9号高炉内，验证了高炉喷吹纯氢低碳冶炼技术的可行性和安全性
富氢碳循环氧气高炉HyCROF	中国	宝钢集团新疆八一钢铁有限公司	实现焦比290kg/tHM以下，煤比100kg/tHM以上，风口喷吹煤气量700~750m³/tHM，碳排降低20%以上，最高利用系数达到5.0t/(m³·d)
全氧富氢碳循环还原熔化炉	中国	河钢集团	融合了氢基竖炉与COREX下部熔化气化炉的优点，与高炉炼铁相比降低碳排40%以上
高炉喷吹富氢气体技术	中国	山西晋南钢铁	在两座1860m³高炉上实现了富氢气体喷吹63m³/tHM（标准），燃料比平均降低36kg/tHM，焦炉煤气与固体燃料的平均置换比0.57kg/m³（标准）
纯氢气源喷吹富氢冶炼技术	中国	上海大学兴国铸业公司	纯氢气喷吹量为250m³/tHM，实现焦比降低10%以上，CO₂排放减少10%以上和铁产量增加13%以上

工艺名称	国家或地区	实施企业	技术特点
COURSE50	日本	日本制铁JFE	在12m³高炉完成第一阶段实验，实现碳减排9.4%指标
ULCOS TGR-BF	欧盟	瑞典LKAB	焦比由400kg/tHM降至260kg/tHM左右，碳耗降低24%，炉顶煤气循环率达到90%以上
tkH₂Steel	德国	蒂森克虏伯钢铁	成功将氢气通过风口注入杜伊斯堡钢厂的9号高炉内，验证了高炉喷吹纯氢低碳冶炼技术的可行性和安全性
富氢碳循环氧气高炉HyCROF	中国	宝钢集团新疆八一钢铁有限公司	实现焦比290kg/tHM以下，煤比100kg/tHM以上，风口喷吹煤气量700~750m³/tHM，碳排降低20%以上，最高利用系数达到5.0t/(m³·d)
全氧富氢碳循环还原熔化炉	中国	河钢集团	融合了氢基竖炉与COREX下部熔化气化炉的优点，与高炉炼铁相比降低碳排40%以上
高炉喷吹富氢气体技术	中国	山西晋南钢铁	在两座1860m³高炉上实现了富氢气体喷吹63m³/tHM（标准），燃料比平均降低36kg/tHM，焦炉煤气与固体燃料的平均置换比0.57kg/m³（标准）
纯氢气源喷吹富氢冶炼技术	中国	上海大学兴国铸业公司	纯氢气喷吹量为250m³/tHM，实现焦比降低10%以上，CO₂排放减少10%以上和铁产量增加13%以上

主要技术指标	工艺
主要技术指标	MIDREX	HYL/ENERGIRON	PERED	CSDRI	HYBRIT
市场份额/%	60.5%	13.2	2.1	—	—
供气温度/℃	750~900	960~1080	约850	820~880	1000
压力/MPa	0.2~0.3	0.6~0.8	0.2	0.5~0.7	0.6~0.8
供气H₂/CO	＜2	4~8	1.5~2.5	1.5~2.5	纯氢
供气强度（标准）/m³·t^-1矿	约1400	＞1400	1600	700~900	＞1400

主要技术指标	工艺
主要技术指标	MIDREX	HYL/ENERGIRON	PERED	CSDRI	HYBRIT
市场份额/%	60.5%	13.2	2.1	—	—
供气温度/℃	750~900	960~1080	约850	820~880	1000
压力/MPa	0.2~0.3	0.6~0.8	0.2	0.5~0.7	0.6~0.8
供气H₂/CO	＜2	4~8	1.5~2.5	1.5~2.5	纯氢
供气强度（标准）/m³·t^-1矿	约1400	＞1400	1600	700~900	＞1400

年份	工艺名称	企业	预还原设备	气源	原料	温度/K	压力
1950	H-Iron	Hydrocarbon Research Inc. and Bethlehem Steel Co.	三段流化床	96% H₂，其余N₂	—	813	27bar
1962	FIOR	Exxon	三段流化床	天然气或煤的燃烧气	脉石相<5%，d_p<4.7mm，<0.043mm颗粒低于20%	973~1073	10bar
1968	NOVALFER	—	二段流化床	天然气气化重整	—	853~973	—
1976	ELRED	Asea and Stora Kopparberg	循环流化床	非焦煤	磁选精矿	1223~1273	5bar
1979	UN-IRON or HIB	US-Steel Co.	二段流化床	水蒸气催化裂化	<1.65mm	973~1023	2bar
1985	Circofer	Lurgi	循环流化床	天然气或煤的燃烧气	0.3mm<d_p<1mm	<1233	—
1993	DIOS	Japan Steel Federation	快速鼓泡流化床	非焦煤或煤气	<8mm	873~1073	—
1996	Circored	Lurgi	循环鼓泡流化床	天然气热解	—	903~923	4bar
2001	Finmet	BHP and VAI	四段鼓泡流化床	天然气热解	<12mm	923~1123	10bar
2003	Finex	Posco and VAI	三或四段鼓泡流化床	非焦煤	<8mm	673~1073	4bar
2003	HIsmelt	Rio Tinto，Nucor，Mitsubishi and China Shougang Group	一段循环流化床	非焦煤	<6mm	<1123	环境压力
2004	FROLTS	Central Iron and Steel Research Institute of China	快速循环鼓泡流化床	煤燃烧气	<1mm	973~1023	—