纤维基耐高温空气过滤材料研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1195

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高温含尘废气的排放是造成环境污染的主要原因之一，纤维基空气过滤材料具有比表面积大、结构可控等一系列优点，在空气过滤领域备受关注。但普通纤维基空气过滤材料存在耐高温性能差的问题，为便于相关人员更好了解纤维基耐高温空气过滤材料的研究现状，本文对近年来纤维基耐高温非织造空气过滤材料的研究进展进行了综述。重点介绍了纤维基耐高温非织造空气过滤材料所用原料（有机纤维原料、无机纤维原料等），制备工艺（针刺、水刺、熔喷、静电纺、离心纺和气流纺等）及其功能化改性（脱硫、脱硝、脱VOCs等）应用。对耐高温非织造空气过滤材料制备和应用过程中存在的缺点进行了讨论，指出未来发展应以开发新材料、改进制备工艺和功能化改性为重点方向；以期为耐高温非织造空气过滤材料的研究提供一定参考，拓展纤维基耐高温空气过滤材料应用范围。

关键词: 耐高温空气过滤材料, 非织造材料, 制备工艺, 纳米纤维, 功能化改性

Abstract:

The hot flue gas from the industry is one of the main factors that cause air pollution. Therefore, the purification of hot flue gas is important for the environment and humankind. The fiber-based air filters have attracted much attention in the field of air purification due to its larger specific surface area and higher porosity. However, most fiber materials cannot withstand such high temperatures. In view of this, this paper reviewed the development of thermally stable fiber-based air filters in recent years. The main topics were focused on the raw materials (organic fibers, inorganic fibers) which can be used in the preparation of thermally stable air filters, preparation technologies (needle punching, spun lace, melt-blown, electrospinning, centrifugal spinning, air jet spinning, etc.) and multifunctional modification (denitration, desulfuration, and VOCs removal, etc.) of thermally stable fiber-based air filters. The shortcomings of thermally stable fiber-based air filters were discussed from the preparation to application. The development of thermally stable fibers, preparation technologies and multi-functionalization would be the key points for thermally stable fiber-based air filters. It was expected that thermally stable fiber-based air filters would gain more applications in the future.

Key words: thermally stable air filter, nonwovens, preparation technology, nanofiber, functional modification

中图分类号:

TQ34

陈明星, 王新亚, 张威, 肖长发. 纤维基耐高温空气过滤材料研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2439-2453.

CHEN Mingxing, WANG Xinya, ZHANG Wei, XIAO Changfa. Development of thermally stable fiber-based air filter materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(5): 2439-2453.

图/表 6

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纤维种类	热性能	其他特性
间位芳纶（PMIA）	T_d为400～430℃、可在200℃下长时间使用	阻燃、耐化学腐蚀（耐酸、不耐强碱）、耐辐射但不耐紫外光、尺寸稳定、可纺性好
对位芳纶（PPTA）	T_d约为560℃、可在-196～204℃下长时间使用	高抗拉强度和起始弹性模量、热收缩和蠕变性能稳定，高绝缘性和耐化学腐蚀性（除浓硫酸外，耐强酸强碱）、耐紫外性能差
聚酰亚胺（PI）	T_g>280℃、杂环PI的T_g可超450℃、T_d约为560℃，在300℃下可长期使用	高绝缘、耐低温、高强高模、耐酸碱性差、不耐水解、耐辐射、介电性能好、生物相容性好
聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）	T_d约为425℃，可在260℃下长期使用	表面光滑、摩擦系数小、耐化学腐蚀、耐强酸强碱、强度高、耐紫外光、阻燃
聚苯硫醚（PPS）	T_d大于400℃、可在180～200℃下长时间使用	耐化学腐蚀、蠕变量低、吸水率低、尺寸稳定性好、阻燃、耐碱、对强氧化性酸耐受性差、可纺性差、难溶解、耐紫外光性差
聚芳硫醚砜（PASS）	T_g为215～226℃，热变形温度为190℃	尺寸稳定、耐化学腐蚀、阻燃和优良的电性能、可溶于特定溶剂、对浓硫酸耐受性差
聚苯并咪唑（PBI）	T_d大于500℃、可在300～370℃下长时间使用	阻燃、耐化学腐蚀、耐酸碱、高电绝缘，热收缩性能稳定、耐辐射
聚醚醚酮（PEEK）	T_g约为143℃、T_d大于520℃、可在260℃下长期使用	摩擦系数小、耐水解、耐疲劳、耐辐照、高电绝缘、尺寸稳定、热膨胀系数小、耐强酸强碱（浓硫酸除外）

纤维种类	热性能	其他特性
间位芳纶（PMIA）	T_d为400～430℃、可在200℃下长时间使用	阻燃、耐化学腐蚀（耐酸、不耐强碱）、耐辐射但不耐紫外光、尺寸稳定、可纺性好
对位芳纶（PPTA）	T_d约为560℃、可在-196～204℃下长时间使用	高抗拉强度和起始弹性模量、热收缩和蠕变性能稳定，高绝缘性和耐化学腐蚀性（除浓硫酸外，耐强酸强碱）、耐紫外性能差
聚酰亚胺（PI）	T_g>280℃、杂环PI的T_g可超450℃、T_d约为560℃，在300℃下可长期使用	高绝缘、耐低温、高强高模、耐酸碱性差、不耐水解、耐辐射、介电性能好、生物相容性好
聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）	T_d约为425℃，可在260℃下长期使用	表面光滑、摩擦系数小、耐化学腐蚀、耐强酸强碱、强度高、耐紫外光、阻燃
聚苯硫醚（PPS）	T_d大于400℃、可在180～200℃下长时间使用	耐化学腐蚀、蠕变量低、吸水率低、尺寸稳定性好、阻燃、耐碱、对强氧化性酸耐受性差、可纺性差、难溶解、耐紫外光性差
聚芳硫醚砜（PASS）	T_g为215～226℃，热变形温度为190℃	尺寸稳定、耐化学腐蚀、阻燃和优良的电性能、可溶于特定溶剂、对浓硫酸耐受性差
聚苯并咪唑（PBI）	T_d大于500℃、可在300～370℃下长时间使用	阻燃、耐化学腐蚀、耐酸碱、高电绝缘，热收缩性能稳定、耐辐射
聚醚醚酮（PEEK）	T_g约为143℃、T_d大于520℃、可在260℃下长期使用	摩擦系数小、耐水解、耐疲劳、耐辐照、高电绝缘、尺寸稳定、热膨胀系数小、耐强酸强碱（浓硫酸除外）

制备方法	工艺特点	滤材特点
针刺	适用原料广泛、有机无机纤维皆可、可加工滤材面密度范围广，对纤维损伤大	孔径大、孔隙率低、强度好
水刺	适用原料广泛、有机无机纤维皆可、对纤维损伤小，适于加工低面密度滤材	孔径较小、孔隙率降低、透气性能较好，纤维间结合相对差、强度稍差
熔喷	工艺流程短、生产效率高，适用原料少、耗能高	孔径较小、孔隙率较高，强度相对较低
静电纺丝	适用原料广泛、纤维直径细且均匀可控、可制备不同结构的纳米纤维、接收装置多样化、易于功能化、已工业化，需要高压电源、生产效率低	形貌均匀、孔径小、孔隙率高、孔结构均匀，强度差
离心纺丝	适用原料广泛、无需高压电源、生产效率高，纤维直径相比静电纺大、难以制备异形结构纳米纤维	孔径小、孔隙率高，形态单一、强度差
气流纺丝	适用原料广泛、无需高压电源、生产效率高、可与静电纺丝结合，纤维形态可控性较差	孔径小、孔隙率高，孔结构均一性差、强度差

制备方法	工艺特点	滤材特点
针刺	适用原料广泛、有机无机纤维皆可、可加工滤材面密度范围广，对纤维损伤大	孔径大、孔隙率低、强度好
水刺	适用原料广泛、有机无机纤维皆可、对纤维损伤小，适于加工低面密度滤材	孔径较小、孔隙率降低、透气性能较好，纤维间结合相对差、强度稍差
熔喷	工艺流程短、生产效率高，适用原料少、耗能高	孔径较小、孔隙率较高，强度相对较低
静电纺丝	适用原料广泛、纤维直径细且均匀可控、可制备不同结构的纳米纤维、接收装置多样化、易于功能化、已工业化，需要高压电源、生产效率低	形貌均匀、孔径小、孔隙率高、孔结构均匀，强度差
离心纺丝	适用原料广泛、无需高压电源、生产效率高，纤维直径相比静电纺大、难以制备异形结构纳米纤维	孔径小、孔隙率高，形态单一、强度差
气流纺丝	适用原料广泛、无需高压电源、生产效率高、可与静电纺丝结合，纤维形态可控性较差	孔径小、孔隙率高，孔结构均一性差、强度差

基材	功能性物质	功能性	特性	参考文献
PPS针刺纤维毡	MnO₂	脱硝	对4μm以上颗粒物过滤效率接近100%；当NH₃/NO的流速为140mL/min时，在200℃下，对NO的转化率接近85%	[87]
SiO₂纳米纤维膜	Co₃O₄-C	脱硝	在1.1cm/s的流速下，对PM_2.5的过滤效率达99.99%，过滤阻力仅58Pa；当NH₃/NO的流速为200mL/min时，在245℃下，对1224.5mg/m³ NO的转化率为91.7%	[88]
PAN纳米纤维膜	MIL-53	脱硫	在3.98cm/s的流速下，对PM_0.3的过滤效率达99%，过滤阻力仅30.5Pa；当气体流速为700mL/min时，纳米纤维膜对浓度为19.1mg/m³ SiO₂气体的吸附量为2.8mg/g	[89]
PTFE滤膜	UiO-66-NH₂、CNT	脱硫	在3.3cm/s的流速下，对PM_0.3的过滤效率达99.997%，过滤阻力约为160Pa；当气体流速为0.12cm/s，SiO₂浓度为78.4mg/m³时，纳米纤维膜对SiO₂的吸附量为38.4mg/g	[90]
PTFE滤膜	Ag/ZnO	脱VOCs	当气体流速为0.5cm/s，甲醛体积分数为0.2%时，纳米纤维膜对甲醛的去除率约为60%；在动态抗菌实验中，抑菌率达99.5%	[91]
PAN纳米纤维膜	TiO₂	脱VOCs	在5.3cm/s的流速下，对质量中位直径为0.26μm颗粒物过滤效率为89%，过滤阻力为85Pa；对初始浓度为325mg/m³±50mg/m³甲苯的转化率为78.6%	[92]
SiO₂/PTFE纳米纤维膜	ZnO	抗菌	在1.7cm/s的流速下，对平均直径为0.3μm颗粒物的过滤效率达99.99%，过滤阻力约为1530Pa；对大肠杆菌的抑菌率可达99.67%，对枯草芽孢杆菌抑菌率可达99.93%	[93]
PPS纤维滤材	Mn-Ce-Fe-Co-O _x	脱汞	当气体流速为1.7cm/s，Hg⁰初始浓度为45μg/m³±0.1μg/m³时，对Hg⁰的转化率高于93.2%	[94]
Al₂O₃纳米纤维膜	Pt	脱CO	在5cm/s的流速下，对质量中位直径为0.3μm颗粒物过滤效率为99.986%，过滤阻力约为339.4Pa；在242℃和60mL/min流速下，对混合气体中体积分数1% CO的催化转化效率接近100%	[95]