正渗透处理垃圾渗滤液的研究及工程实践进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1871

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

正渗透（FO）是一种“复活”的膜分离技术。FO过程中水的过膜自发传递及水压低的特点使其具备了低能耗、污染小的独特优势。本文在对FO的分离基本原理、膜材料、汲取液的研究前沿以及产业发展现状进行简要介绍的基础上，汇总了全球有关FO处理垃圾渗滤液的研发现状，包括组合工艺的开发、膜污染的防治、汲取液的选择和回收、有价物的回收、工艺技术经济分析以及工程实践等。通过分析指出，FO+生物电化学系统（BES）在水回收的能耗、物耗方面优势显著，有良好的发展前景。间歇性渗透弛豫（IOR）反冲洗能有效去除膜污染，且过程不需要额外能量和化学试剂，易于操作，值得进一步的探讨。FO的技术经济特性对其在垃圾渗滤液处理中的应用非常关键，需要更加详细地了解。此外，现有商业FO膜的选择性普遍不高，导致汲取液的污染和垃圾渗滤液处理过程效率的下降，关于如何有效控制膜的选择性问题仍然需要关注。期待随着研究的不断深入，最大程度发挥出FO的优势，为垃圾渗滤液处理行业可持续发展提供有效途径。

关键词: 正渗透, 垃圾渗滤液, 工程实践

Abstract:

Forward osmosis (FO) is a "resurgent" separation technology. For FO process, the spontaneous transport of water across the membrane and the low hydraulic pressure together renders its unique advantages in terms of low energy consumption and low fouling. This review first summarized the fundamentals of FO separation, the research frontiers of FO membrane materials and draw solutions, and industry development status. Thereafter, we introduced global R&D progress for landfill leachate treatment by FO, covering development of combined processes, fouling control, selection/recovery of draw solutions, recycle of valuables, techno-economic analysis, and engineering practice. The review indicated that FO+Bio-electrochemical system (BES) has great prospects due to the low energy and mass consumption in water recycling. Intermittent osmotic relaxation (IOR) backwash can efficiently remove foulant, consumes no energy and chemicals, and is easy to operate, hence deserving further investigation. Techno-economic characteristics of FO is critical for its application in treating landfill leachate and needs more detailed understanding. Additionally, a problem with currently commercialized FO membranes is the low selectivity, which led to contamination of draw solution and deterioration of landfill leachate treatment process efficiency, and therefore sound control of membrane selectivity cannot be neglected. It is expected that with the deepening of research, the advantages of FO will be exerted to the greatest extent, providing effective solutions for the sustainable development of landfill leachate treatment industry.

Key words: forward osmosis, landfill leachate, engineering practice

中图分类号:

蒋兰英, 李振, 陈聪. 正渗透处理垃圾渗滤液的研究及工程实践进展[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(11): 6443-6457.

JIANG Lanying, LI Zhen, CHEN Cong. Research and application progress of landfill leachate treatment by forward osmosis[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(11): 6443-6457.

图/表 14

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97	LAMPI Keith, SHETHJI Jayrai. Forward osmosis industrial wastewater treatment: Landfill leachate and oil and gas produced waters[A]. International Forward Osmosis Association At: Lisbon, Portuga, 2014.
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企业（地区）	膜（组件）产品				主要工艺
企业（地区）	商品名（其他信息）	水通量 /L·m^-2·h^-1	截盐率 /%	发展现状	商品名或主要技术组成	适用范围
吾净科技（中国深圳）^[47]	（两性复合TFC）	1~100	—	研发阶段	—	—
杭州水管家环保科技（中国）^[48]	（TFC、PA）	15.0	99.4	研发阶段	—	—
苏州普希环保（中国）^[49]	（TFC、PA）	15.0	99.4	研发阶段	—	—
富优特新材料（中国山东）^[50]	（TFC、PA）	—	—	研发阶段	—	—
久吾高科（中国）	BW系列（SW、TFC、CTA/PA）	—	—	研发阶段	—	污水处理、海水淡化
HTI（美国）^{[14-19, 51]}	OsMem™（准对称/TFC、FS、CTA）	3.67	92.68	—	FO-RO	垃圾渗滤液处理
Oasys Water（美国）^{[14-19, 51]}	（TFC、PA）	12.43	94.25	已商业化量产	MBC™	海水淡化、废水处理
Fluid Technology Solutions（美国）^[51]	OsmoF₂O™（FS、SW、CTA）	3.85	99.9	已商业化量产	OsmoBC™	食品和饮料加工、工业废水处理
Koch Membrane Systems （美国）^[52]	KSS Tidall^TM（HF、PA）	—	—	已商业化量产	—	厌氧废水处理、食品饮料加工
Aquaporin A/S（丹麦）^{[51, 53]}	Aquaporin Inside^®HFFO（HF）	11±1.5	99.3~99.6	已商业化量产	—	海水淡化、废水处理
Toyobo（日本）^[53]	HOLLOSEP^® （HF、CTA）	—	—	已商业化量产	—	—
Porifera（美国）^[53]	PFO-9S（PF）	7.78~9.68	93.2~97.7	已商业化量产	DprShield	海水淡化和废水处理
BLUE-tec（荷兰）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-BWRO/SWRO/HBRO/MD	海水淡化
Ederna（法国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	evapEOs^®	咖啡、食品和饮料加工
Trevi systems（美国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	RO-FO-heater-UF	海水淡化、城市废水处理
Modern Water（英国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-RO	海水淡化、工业废水处理
Benit M（韩国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-MD	工业废水处理、海水淡化
GreenPebble Technologies（印度）	—	—	—	—	FO-RO/NF/MD	工业废水处理、海水淡化
Goldfinch Engineering Systems（印度）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-RO	废水预浓缩、食品饮料加工
Tritech（新加坡）^[54]	（TFC、PA）	15.23	99.87	研发阶段	—	—
De.mem （新加坡）	（HF）	—	—	研发阶段	—	工业废水处理、饮料加工
Osmotic Engineering（英国）	—	—	—	—	FO-汲取液再生	垃圾渗滤液处理、海水淡化

企业（地区）	膜（组件）产品				主要工艺
企业（地区）	商品名（其他信息）	水通量 /L·m^-2·h^-1	截盐率 /%	发展现状	商品名或主要技术组成	适用范围
吾净科技（中国深圳）^[47]	（两性复合TFC）	1~100	—	研发阶段	—	—
杭州水管家环保科技（中国）^[48]	（TFC、PA）	15.0	99.4	研发阶段	—	—
苏州普希环保（中国）^[49]	（TFC、PA）	15.0	99.4	研发阶段	—	—
富优特新材料（中国山东）^[50]	（TFC、PA）	—	—	研发阶段	—	—
久吾高科（中国）	BW系列（SW、TFC、CTA/PA）	—	—	研发阶段	—	污水处理、海水淡化
HTI（美国）^{[14-19, 51]}	OsMem™（准对称/TFC、FS、CTA）	3.67	92.68	—	FO-RO	垃圾渗滤液处理
Oasys Water（美国）^{[14-19, 51]}	（TFC、PA）	12.43	94.25	已商业化量产	MBC™	海水淡化、废水处理
Fluid Technology Solutions（美国）^[51]	OsmoF₂O™（FS、SW、CTA）	3.85	99.9	已商业化量产	OsmoBC™	食品和饮料加工、工业废水处理
Koch Membrane Systems （美国）^[52]	KSS Tidall^TM（HF、PA）	—	—	已商业化量产	—	厌氧废水处理、食品饮料加工
Aquaporin A/S（丹麦）^{[51, 53]}	Aquaporin Inside^®HFFO（HF）	11±1.5	99.3~99.6	已商业化量产	—	海水淡化、废水处理
Toyobo（日本）^[53]	HOLLOSEP^® （HF、CTA）	—	—	已商业化量产	—	—
Porifera（美国）^[53]	PFO-9S（PF）	7.78~9.68	93.2~97.7	已商业化量产	DprShield	海水淡化和废水处理
BLUE-tec（荷兰）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-BWRO/SWRO/HBRO/MD	海水淡化
Ederna（法国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	evapEOs^®	咖啡、食品和饮料加工
Trevi systems（美国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	RO-FO-heater-UF	海水淡化、城市废水处理
Modern Water（英国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-RO	海水淡化、工业废水处理
Benit M（韩国）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-MD	工业废水处理、海水淡化
GreenPebble Technologies（印度）	—	—	—	—	FO-RO/NF/MD	工业废水处理、海水淡化
Goldfinch Engineering Systems（印度）^[53]	—	—	—	—	FO-RO	废水预浓缩、食品饮料加工
Tritech（新加坡）^[54]	（TFC、PA）	15.23	99.87	研发阶段	—	—
De.mem （新加坡）	（HF）	—	—	研发阶段	—	工业废水处理、饮料加工
Osmotic Engineering（英国）	—	—	—	—	FO-汲取液再生	垃圾渗滤液处理、海水淡化

膜系统	价格	运营成本/USD·m^-3
FO膜组件	1100USD/个，3年寿命	1.60
盐酸	300USD/t	0.05
FO电力	0.1USD/kWh	1.00
NaCl	60USD/t	0.05
RO膜组件	800UDS/个，3年寿命	0.40
RO电力	0.1USD/kWh	0.90
总计		4.00

膜系统	价格	运营成本/USD·m^-3
FO膜组件	1100USD/个，3年寿命	1.60
盐酸	300USD/t	0.05
FO电力	0.1USD/kWh	1.00
NaCl	60USD/t	0.05
RO膜组件	800UDS/个，3年寿命	0.40
RO电力	0.1USD/kWh	0.90
总计		4.00

处置方式	运营成本/EUR·m^-3
脱氮好氧工艺	15.00
两级RO	7.50
生物处理+活性炭+沉淀	18.75~26.25
生物处理+RO+蒸发浓缩	26.25~30.00
太阳能蒸发+FO	4.75