厌氧消化流场可视化技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0132

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

厌氧消化是一种可持续的有机废弃物处理处置技术，在降解有机废弃物的同时可以产生可再生能源沼气，是一种环境友好型处理技术。然而，厌氧消化系统内基质具有复杂的流变特性，其黏度高、流动性差，阻碍了反应的顺利进行。因此，研究厌氧消化的流场特性有助于了解厌氧消化系统内部流态，强化运行效果与过程稳定性。本文分析了厌氧消化基质的特性与适用的流变模型，总结了计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟过程中的模型选取以及粒子图像测速法（PIV）和正电子发射粒子跟踪（PEPT）技术的应用现状。获得可靠的流场可视化结果，需要在考量厌氧消化基质剪切稀化特性的同时关注黏弹性、触变性等其他流变特性。在今后的研究中，应综合运用多种流场可视化技术对厌氧消化水力学特性进行优化。

关键词: 厌氧消化, 流体动力学, 计算流体力学, 流场可视化, 有机废物处理

Abstract:

Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable technology for organic waste treatment and disposal, which can produce renewable energy biogas while degrading organic waste. It is an environmentally friendly treatment technology. However, the substrate in anaerobic digestion system has complex rheological characteristics, and its high viscosity and poor flowability hinder the stable operation of the reaction. Therefore, research on flow field characteristics of anaerobic digestion can contribute to the understanding in internal flow pattern of anaerobic digestion system and improve the operating results and process stability. The characteristics of the substrate in anaerobic digestion and applicable rheological models are analyzed, and current status of the rheological model selection in numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation process as well as application of particle image velocimetry (PIV) and positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) techniques are summarized. To obtain reliable flow field visualization results, it is necessary to pay attention to other rheological properties such as viscoelasticity and thixotropy while considering the shear-thinning properties of anaerobic digestion matrices. In future research, multiple flow field visualization techniques should be used in combination to optimize the hydrodynamic properties of anaerobic digestion.

Key words: anaerobic digestion, hydrodynamics, computational fluid dynamics, flow field visualization, organic waste treatment

中图分类号:

胡玉瑛, 王鑫, 张世豪, 胡锋平, 汪楚乔, 吴静, 许莉, 许高平. 厌氧消化流场可视化技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(12): 6535-6543.

HU Yuying, WANG Xin, ZHANG Shihao, HU Fengping, WANG Chuqiao, WU Jing, XU Li, XU Gaoping. Research progress on the visualization of flow field of anaerobic digestion[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(12): 6535-6543.

图/表 3

表1 不同流变模型在厌氧消化基质中的应用

流变模型	基质	温度/℃	含固率/%	流变参数				参考文献
流变模型	基质	温度/℃	含固率/%	K/Pa·s ⁿ	n	$τ 0$ /Pa	$μ B$ /Pa·s	参考文献
Power law	猪粪	35	20.02	4.80235	0.39060	—	—	[5]
	猪粪	17~24	20	41.1	0.34	—	—	[25]
			15	3.4	0.42	—	—	[25]
			10	1.0	0.55	—	—	[25]
	猪粪	17~24	15	2.4	0.38	—	—	[26]
	猪粪	17~24	20	56.8	0.35	—	—	[26]
	奶牛粪便	17~24	15	22.9	0.41	—	—	[25]
	奶牛粪便	17~24	10	2.6	0.42	—	—	[25]
	奶牛粪便	35	12.1	5.885	0.367	—	—	[26]
	奶牛粪便	17~24	15	31.3	0.3	—	—	[26]
	家禽粪便	17~24	20	0.9	0.43	—	—	[25]
			15	1.7	0.41	—	—	[25]
			10	1.2	0.37	—	—	[25]
	家禽粪便	17~24	15	2.4	0.38	—	—	[26]
	家禽粪便	17~24	20	35.4	0.29	—	—	[26]
H-B	猪粪	35	20.02	4.68951	0.39362	0.28068	—	[5]
	污泥	25	4	3.6251	0.2722	1.0059	—	[27]
	污泥	—	0.85	6.8873	1.3602	0.1722	—	[15]
Bingham	猪粪	35	20.02	—	—	22.12129	0.06662	[5]
	污泥	25	4	—	—	11.0712	0.0022	[27]
	污泥	—	0.85	—	—	-0.5705	0.0085	[15]
	污泥	20	6.01	—	—	62.9400	0.1635	[22]
	污泥	20	4.48	—	—	28.2200	0.0662	[28]

表1 不同流变模型在厌氧消化基质中的应用

流变模型	基质	温度/℃	含固率/%	流变参数				参考文献
流变模型	基质	温度/℃	含固率/%	K/Pa·s ⁿ	n	$τ 0$ /Pa	$μ B$ /Pa·s	参考文献
Power law	猪粪	35	20.02	4.80235	0.39060	—	—	[5]
	猪粪	17~24	20	41.1	0.34	—	—	[25]
			15	3.4	0.42	—	—	[25]
			10	1.0	0.55	—	—	[25]
	猪粪	17~24	15	2.4	0.38	—	—	[26]
	猪粪	17~24	20	56.8	0.35	—	—	[26]
	奶牛粪便	17~24	15	22.9	0.41	—	—	[25]
	奶牛粪便	17~24	10	2.6	0.42	—	—	[25]
	奶牛粪便	35	12.1	5.885	0.367	—	—	[26]
	奶牛粪便	17~24	15	31.3	0.3	—	—	[26]
	家禽粪便	17~24	20	0.9	0.43	—	—	[25]
			15	1.7	0.41	—	—	[25]
			10	1.2	0.37	—	—	[25]
	家禽粪便	17~24	15	2.4	0.38	—	—	[26]
	家禽粪便	17~24	20	35.4	0.29	—	—	[26]
H-B	猪粪	35	20.02	4.68951	0.39362	0.28068	—	[5]
	污泥	25	4	3.6251	0.2722	1.0059	—	[27]
	污泥	—	0.85	6.8873	1.3602	0.1722	—	[15]
Bingham	猪粪	35	20.02	—	—	22.12129	0.06662	[5]
	污泥	25	4	—	—	11.0712	0.0022	[27]
	污泥	—	0.85	—	—	-0.5705	0.0085	[15]
	污泥	20	6.01	—	—	62.9400	0.1635	[22]
	污泥	20	4.48	—	—	28.2200	0.0662	[28]

图1 CFD数值模拟流程图

表2 CFD在厌氧消化系统中流场可视化的应用

多相流模型	研究内容	流变模型	湍流模型	表征物理量	主要发现	参考文献
单相流	开发考虑流变特性的CFD模型、研究底物均质化时间	Power-Law	—	均匀度指数	定义了新的用来确定底物完全混合时间的参数——均匀度指数	[31]
	基于CFD评价污泥厌氧消化反应器搅拌性能	Power-Law	Standard k- $ω$	流场、剪切速率、流量准数	反应器内靠近底部、顶部和壁面区域以及搅拌轴附近容易形成死区	[32]
	基于CFD研究活性炭投加的混合模式	—	—	流场	确定了120s/h的间歇式混合方式	[33]
	分析比较消化器的泵送方式、反应器形状	Power-Law	realizable k-ɛ	流场、死区	研究表明机械导流管混合比外部泵循环更有效，并且蛋形消化器比圆柱形混合更有效	[34]
液固两相流	优化污泥厌氧消化搅拌条件	—	RNG k- $ε$	速度场、固相浓度场	通过功率和能耗分析确定了180r/min是该反应器的最佳混合转速	[35]
气液两相流	研究厌氧单消化和共消化的混合模式和能耗	Power-Law	Standard k- $ε$	流场、功率准数	共消化比单一消化有更低的能耗和更高的净能量产出	[3]
	研究污泥流变特性对厌氧消化反应器性能的影响	H-B	—	流场、剪切速率	H-B模型可以用于模拟非牛顿流体污泥，在高剪切速率下考虑使用Bingham模型	[36]
	分析不同多相流模型、相间作用力对液相速度的影响	Power-Law	k- $ε$ RNG k- $ε$ realizable k-ɛ	速度场	欧拉双流体模型模拟的液相速度更接近于实际，相间作用力考虑升力和曳力组合时，模拟结果更可信	[37]
	研究剪切力和叶轮设计对沼气产量的影响	Power-Law	—	速度场、混合时间	相比于传统涡轮状叶轮，使用双螺带状叶轮可以提高50%的甲烷产率	[38]
三相流	定量评估工业规模下沼气混合厌氧反应器的混合质量	Power-LawH-B	—	死区、均匀度指数	首次提出浓度区间相对比例来定量评估混合质量	[30]

表2 CFD在厌氧消化系统中流场可视化的应用

多相流模型	研究内容	流变模型	湍流模型	表征物理量	主要发现	参考文献
单相流	开发考虑流变特性的CFD模型、研究底物均质化时间	Power-Law	—	均匀度指数	定义了新的用来确定底物完全混合时间的参数——均匀度指数	[31]
	基于CFD评价污泥厌氧消化反应器搅拌性能	Power-Law	Standard k- $ω$	流场、剪切速率、流量准数	反应器内靠近底部、顶部和壁面区域以及搅拌轴附近容易形成死区	[32]
	基于CFD研究活性炭投加的混合模式	—	—	流场	确定了120s/h的间歇式混合方式	[33]
	分析比较消化器的泵送方式、反应器形状	Power-Law	realizable k-ɛ	流场、死区	研究表明机械导流管混合比外部泵循环更有效，并且蛋形消化器比圆柱形混合更有效	[34]
液固两相流	优化污泥厌氧消化搅拌条件	—	RNG k- $ε$	速度场、固相浓度场	通过功率和能耗分析确定了180r/min是该反应器的最佳混合转速	[35]
气液两相流	研究厌氧单消化和共消化的混合模式和能耗	Power-Law	Standard k- $ε$	流场、功率准数	共消化比单一消化有更低的能耗和更高的净能量产出	[3]
	研究污泥流变特性对厌氧消化反应器性能的影响	H-B	—	流场、剪切速率	H-B模型可以用于模拟非牛顿流体污泥，在高剪切速率下考虑使用Bingham模型	[36]
	分析不同多相流模型、相间作用力对液相速度的影响	Power-Law	k- $ε$ RNG k- $ε$ realizable k-ɛ	速度场	欧拉双流体模型模拟的液相速度更接近于实际，相间作用力考虑升力和曳力组合时，模拟结果更可信	[37]
	研究剪切力和叶轮设计对沼气产量的影响	Power-Law	—	速度场、混合时间	相比于传统涡轮状叶轮，使用双螺带状叶轮可以提高50%的甲烷产率	[38]
三相流	定量评估工业规模下沼气混合厌氧反应器的混合质量	Power-LawH-B	—	死区、均匀度指数	首次提出浓度区间相对比例来定量评估混合质量	[30]

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