钨冶炼渣中有价金属回收利用研究现状

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0380

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

钨矿的冶炼势必伴随产生大量钨冶炼渣，作为危险固废的冶炼渣含有丰富的有价金属，直接堆积于尾矿库不仅会污染环境、占用土地，还会造成金属资源的浪费。因此，很有必要采用合适的选别工艺技术处理回收钨冶炼渣中Sn、W、Sc、Fe、Mn、Ta和Nb等有价金属，一方面能从源头减少钨冶炼渣排放量，另一方面增加有价金属循环利用率。文章详细阐述钨冶炼渣中不同有价金属选别回收的工艺方法，并对比了不同方法各自存在的优势和弊端，同时也指出了钨冶炼渣被用于生产不同特殊材料的现状。在此基础上，展望了未来钨冶炼渣处理技术的发展方向，为更好综合利用钨冶炼渣提供借鉴。

关键词: 钨冶炼渣, 有价金属, 浸出, 焙烧, 回收

Abstract:

The smelting of tungsten ore is bound to produce a large amount of tungsten residue. As a dangerous solid waste, the residue is rich in valuable metals. Direct accumulation in the tailings pond will not only pollute the environment and occupy land, but also cause waste of metal resources. Therefore, it is necessary to use suitable sorting technology to treat and recover valuable metals such as Sn, W, Sc, Fe, Mn, Ta and Nb in tungsten residue. On the one hand, it can reduce the discharge of tungsten residue from the source, and on the other hand, it can increase the recycling rate of valuable metals. The article elaborated on the separation and recovery of different valuable metals in tungsten residue, and compared the advantages and disadvantages of different methods. At the same time, it also pointed out the current situation that tungsten residue is used to produce different special materials. On this basis, the future development direction of tungsten residue treatment technology is prospected, which provide reference for better comprehensive utilization of tungsten residue.

Key words: tungsten residue, valuable metal, leaching, roasting, recovery

中图分类号:

彭伟, 黄健, 王振杰, 刘安荣. 钨冶炼渣中有价金属回收利用研究现状[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(12): 6656-6663.

PENG Wei, HUANG Jian, WANG Zhenjie, LIU Anrong. Research status of recycling and utilization of valuable metals in tungsten residue[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6656-6663.

图/表 1

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有价金属	工艺方法	主要原理	优势	劣势
锡	重选	锡石相对密度高于其他物质	绿色环保，试剂消耗少	对微细粒锡石选别效果差
锡	浮选	浮选药剂与锡石表面活性位点结合，改变疏水性	微细粒锡石回收效果较好	易受残留表面的试剂影响，降低浮选回收率
钨	湿法酸浸	强酸溶解至浸出液，再选择性回收钨	回收率高，反应条件温和，能耗低	除渣工艺复杂，流程较长，成本高
	火法焙烧	杂质成分优先被反应，提高钨的暴露率	操作流程短，效率高，杂质量少	能耗高，易产生废气
	重选+浮选	金属钨与其他物质表面性质差异	试剂消耗少，流程短	粒径对回收效果影响明显
钪	湿法酸浸	强酸溶解钪氧化物，溶剂萃取法选择性回收	针对性强，分离系数高	杂质含量高、除杂难度大、试剂消耗量大
钪	火法焙烧	转变钪氧化物形式，提高溶解度	回收率高，杂质含量少	能耗高，存在二次污染风险
铁和锰	湿法酸浸	无机强酸溶解含铁锰的物质，除杂后选择性回收	针对性强，回收率高	试剂消耗量大，产品较廉价
铁和锰	还原焙烧+磁选	将铁转化成带磁性物质，磁选选择性分离	铁回收率高，杂质少	产生大量温室气体，影响锰的回收
钽和铌	湿法酸浸	无机强酸溶解钽铌物质，溶解后提取分离	回收率高，能耗低	试剂消耗大，氢氟酸溶解存在安全隐患
钽和铌	高温碱溶	富集钽铌物质，转化赋存形式	避免氢氟酸应用，降低了杂质含量	能耗成本高

有价金属	工艺方法	主要原理	优势	劣势
锡	重选	锡石相对密度高于其他物质	绿色环保，试剂消耗少	对微细粒锡石选别效果差
锡	浮选	浮选药剂与锡石表面活性位点结合，改变疏水性	微细粒锡石回收效果较好	易受残留表面的试剂影响，降低浮选回收率
钨	湿法酸浸	强酸溶解至浸出液，再选择性回收钨	回收率高，反应条件温和，能耗低	除渣工艺复杂，流程较长，成本高
	火法焙烧	杂质成分优先被反应，提高钨的暴露率	操作流程短，效率高，杂质量少	能耗高，易产生废气
	重选+浮选	金属钨与其他物质表面性质差异	试剂消耗少，流程短	粒径对回收效果影响明显
钪	湿法酸浸	强酸溶解钪氧化物，溶剂萃取法选择性回收	针对性强，分离系数高	杂质含量高、除杂难度大、试剂消耗量大
钪	火法焙烧	转变钪氧化物形式，提高溶解度	回收率高，杂质含量少	能耗高，存在二次污染风险
铁和锰	湿法酸浸	无机强酸溶解含铁锰的物质，除杂后选择性回收	针对性强，回收率高	试剂消耗量大，产品较廉价
铁和锰	还原焙烧+磁选	将铁转化成带磁性物质，磁选选择性分离	铁回收率高，杂质少	产生大量温室气体，影响锰的回收
钽和铌	湿法酸浸	无机强酸溶解钽铌物质，溶解后提取分离	回收率高，能耗低	试剂消耗大，氢氟酸溶解存在安全隐患
钽和铌	高温碱溶	富集钽铌物质，转化赋存形式	避免氢氟酸应用，降低了杂质含量	能耗成本高

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