超吸水材料的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0085

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

超吸水材料具有吸水倍数高、保水能力强、外观柔软、内部呈多孔网状结构等优点，但存在对含电解质水溶液吸收能力有限的问题。本文首先分析了超吸水材料的吸附机理，在此基础上着重介绍了超吸水树脂、超吸水纤维、超吸水膜、超吸水织物基气凝胶吸水材料的制备原理与特点，其次概述了不同形式吸水材料对去离子水、盐水、合成尿、尿素的吸附机理差异，指出增加吸水材料的比表面积、亲水基团数量、分子量，适当的交联度和中和度，并结合高的渗透压、静电排斥力、额外添加无机粒子可提高吸液能力，随后简述了高分子气凝胶与纺织品相结合构筑超吸水织物在安全防护领域的应用情况，最后对超吸水材料的可增长点进行了展望，以期为提高超吸水材料对含电解质水溶液的吸收能力提供理论参考和技术支持。

关键词: 超吸水树脂, 超吸水纤维, 超吸水薄膜, 超吸水织物, 吸附机理

Abstract:

Superabsorbent materials have the advantages of high water absorption ratio, strong water retention capacity, soft appearance and porous network structure, but their absorption capacity to aqueous solutions containing electrolytes is limited. In this paper, the adsorption mechanism of superabsorbent materials was firstly analyzed. On this basis, the principle and characteristics of several common superabsorbent materials, such as superabsorbent resin, superabsorbent fiber, superabsorbent film and superabsorbent fabric-based aerogels were emphatically introduced. Then, the adsorption mechanism differences of these superabsorbent materials for deionized water, saline, synthetic urine and urea were summarized. It was pointed out that the liquid absorption capacity can be improved by increasing the specific surface area, the number of hydrophilic groups, molecular weight, appropriate degree of cross-linking and neutralization in combination with high osmotic pressure, electrostatic repulsion force and additional inorganic particles. Secondly, the application of superabsorbent fabric constructed by aerogels and textiles in the field of safety protection was briefly described. Finally, the growth point of superabsorbent materials was prospected. It was expected to provide theoretical reference and technical support for improving the absorption ability to aqueous solutions containing electrolytes of superabsorbent materials.

Key words: superabsorbent resin, superabsorbent fiber, superabsorbent film, superabsorbent fabric, adsorption mechanism

中图分类号:

TS102.6

陈静, 沈艳琴, 姚一军, 胡成蒙, 武海良. 超吸水材料的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(11): 5925-5935.

CHEN Jing, SHEN Yanqin, YAO Yijun, HU Chengmeng, WU Hailiang. Research progress of superabsorbent polymer materials[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(11): 5925-5935.

图/表 7

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种类	原料	引发方式	引发剂	交联剂	添加物	吸液倍率/g·g^-1	参考文献
合成类聚合物	AA	辐射引发（γ射线）	APS	MBA	—	1815（水）	［20］
	AA、AM	氧化-还原引发	APS-NaHSO₃	MBA	—	1617（水），189（生理盐水）	［21］
		热引发（70℃）	APS		蒙脱石	1024（水），56（生理盐水）	［22］
		热引发（70℃）	APS		蛭石	1232（水），89 （生理盐水）	［23］
	AA-AM	热引发（56℃）	H₂O₂	MBA	Al₂(SO₄)₃	60（生理盐水）	［24］
	AM	氧化-还原引发	KPS-NaHSO₃	MBA	—	70（水）	［25］
	AM	辐射引发	—	MBA	—	700（水）	［26］
	AMPS	热引发（75℃）	APS	MBA	氧化石墨烯	768（水），115（生理盐水）	［27］
	AA、AMPS	辐射引发（γ射线）	APS	MBA	—	4310（水），269（人造血） 288（合成尿）	［28］
天然高分子接枝-交联聚合物	SA、AA	辐射引发（⁶⁰Co射线）	—	MBA	—	579（水）	［4］
	SS、AA	热引发	APS	MBA	—	91~181（水），19（0.5%生理盐水）	［29］
	SS、AA	热引发	APS	MBA	高岭土/蒙脱石	245（水），83（生理盐水）	［5］
	AA、AM、HA	热引发（70℃）	KPS	MBA	—	1002（水），183（生理盐水）	［6］
	AA、AM、CMC	辐射引发（微波辐射）	KPS-NaHSO₃	MBA	—	1520（水），165（生理盐水）	［7］
天然高分子交联聚合物	CMC、甲壳素	—	—	ECH	—	1300（水），950（尿素溶液），350（生理盐水），355（合成尿）	［17］
	CMCNa、HEC	—	—	DVS	—	420（水），80.00（人工尿）	［18］
	CMCNa、HEC	—	—	WSC	—	90（水）	［16］
	CMCNa、HEC	—	—	CA	—	900（水）	［19］

种类	原料	引发方式	引发剂	交联剂	添加物	吸液倍率/g·g^-1	参考文献
合成类聚合物	AA	辐射引发（γ射线）	APS	MBA	—	1815（水）	［20］
	AA、AM	氧化-还原引发	APS-NaHSO₃	MBA	—	1617（水），189（生理盐水）	［21］
		热引发（70℃）	APS		蒙脱石	1024（水），56（生理盐水）	［22］
		热引发（70℃）	APS		蛭石	1232（水），89 （生理盐水）	［23］
	AA-AM	热引发（56℃）	H₂O₂	MBA	Al₂(SO₄)₃	60（生理盐水）	［24］
	AM	氧化-还原引发	KPS-NaHSO₃	MBA	—	70（水）	［25］
	AM	辐射引发	—	MBA	—	700（水）	［26］
	AMPS	热引发（75℃）	APS	MBA	氧化石墨烯	768（水），115（生理盐水）	［27］
	AA、AMPS	辐射引发（γ射线）	APS	MBA	—	4310（水），269（人造血） 288（合成尿）	［28］
天然高分子接枝-交联聚合物	SA、AA	辐射引发（⁶⁰Co射线）	—	MBA	—	579（水）	［4］
	SS、AA	热引发	APS	MBA	—	91~181（水），19（0.5%生理盐水）	［29］
	SS、AA	热引发	APS	MBA	高岭土/蒙脱石	245（水），83（生理盐水）	［5］
	AA、AM、HA	热引发（70℃）	KPS	MBA	—	1002（水），183（生理盐水）	［6］
	AA、AM、CMC	辐射引发（微波辐射）	KPS-NaHSO₃	MBA	—	1520（水），165（生理盐水）	［7］
天然高分子交联聚合物	CMC、甲壳素	—	—	ECH	—	1300（水），950（尿素溶液），350（生理盐水），355（合成尿）	［17］
	CMCNa、HEC	—	—	DVS	—	420（水），80.00（人工尿）	［18］
	CMCNa、HEC	—	—	WSC	—	90（水）	［16］
	CMCNa、HEC	—	—	CA	—	900（水）	［19］

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