铋系半导体光催化剂研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2347

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

铋系半导体材料具有特殊的层状结构以及合适的带隙，具有良好的可见光响应能力以及稳定的光化学特性，作为一类新型的环境友好型光催化剂在环境修复与解决能源危机等领域受到广泛关注，已成为近年来的研究热点。然而，铋系半导体光催化剂距离实际大规模应用仍存在一些亟需解决的问题，如光生载流子复合率高、对可见光谱的响应范围有限、光催化活性较差、还原能力较弱等。本文首先介绍了铋系半导体材料的典型特征、制备方法与反应机理，在此基础上着重阐述了铋系半导体光催化在形貌调控、构建异质结、离子掺杂、碳质材料掺杂、贵金属沉积、染料敏化等改性手段的研究进展以及在降解水体污染物、杀菌消毒、空气净化、制氢、还原CO₂、有机合成等领域的应用成果。最后对铋系半导体光催化剂的未来前景做出展望，指出其未来的研究方向应致力于从多手段耦合改性、拓展其应用领域以及深入探究反应机理等方面开展。

关键词: 催化剂, 光化学, 制备, 改性, 环境, 能源

Abstract:

Due to the unique layered structure and appropriate band gap, bismuth-based semiconductor materials have favorable visible light response-ability and stable photochemical characteristics. As a new group of environment-friendly photocatalysts, bismuth-based semiconductor materials have attracted extensive attentions in the fields of environmental remediation and energy crisis resolution and hence have become a research hotspot in recent years. However, there are still some urgent yet unsolved problems in the practical large-scale application of bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts, such as high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers, limited response range to the visible spectrum, poor photocatalytic activity, weak reduction ability. Firstly, this paper outlines the typical properties, preparation methods, and reaction mechanism of bismuth-based semiconductor materials with the focuses on their research progress in photocatalysis, including morphology regulation, heterojunction of construction, ion doping, carbonaceous material doping, noble metal deposition, dye-sensitized, and other modification methods. It also introduces the applications of bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts in the degradation of water pollutants, sterilization, disinfection, air purification, hydrogen evolution, CO₂ reduction, and organic synthesis. Finally, the prospects for the development of bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts are also discussed, and it is pointed out that the future research directions should be focused on multi-means coupling modification, expanding the application fields and profoundly exploring the reaction mechanism.

Key words: catalyst, photochemistry, preparation, modification, environment, energy

中图分类号:

TQ135.3⁺2

孙凌波, 胡明忠, 梁明明, 吴永娟, 刘立影. 铋系半导体光催化剂研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(9): 4813-4830.

SUN Lingbo, HU Mingzhong, LIANG Mingming, WU Yongjuan, LIU Liying. Research progress of bismuth-based semiconductor photocatalysts[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(9): 4813-4830.

图/表 14

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123	ZHAO Chen, WANG Jiasheng, CHEN Xi, et al. Bifunctional Bi₁₂O₁₇Cl₂/MIL-100(Fe) composites toward photocatalytic Cr(Ⅵ) sequestration and activation of persulfate for bisphenol A degradation[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 752: 141901.
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125	SHI Huanxian, ZHAO Yanyan, FAN Jun, et al. Construction of novel Z-scheme flower-like Bi₂S₃/SnIn₄S₈ heterojunctions with enhanced visible light photodegradation and bactericidal activity[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2019, 465: 212-222.
126	REGMI C, KSHETRI Y K, KIM T H, et al. Fabrication of Ni-doped BiVO₄ semiconductors with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performances for wastewater treatment[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2017, 413: 253-265.
127	BORUAH B, GUPTA R, MODAK J M, et al. Novel insights into the properties of AgBiO₃ photocatalyst and its application in immobilized state for 4-nitrophenol degradation and bacteria inactivation[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2019, 373: 105-115.
128	XIANG Zhenbo, WANG Yi, YANG Zhiqing, et al. Heterojunctions of β-AgVO₃/BiVO₄ composites for enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic antibacterial activity[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 776: 266-275.
129	GUAN Yu, LIU Yinhe, Qiang LYU, et al. Bismuth-based photocatalyst for photocatalytic oxidation of flue gas mercury removal: a review[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 418: 126280.
130	DONG Fan, LI Qiuyan, SUN Yanjuan, et al. Noble metal-like behavior of plasmonic Bi particles as a cocatalyst deposited on (BiO)₂CO₃ microspheres for efficient visible light photocatalysis[J]. ACS Catalysis, 2014, 4(12): 4341-4350.
131	CHENG Haoqiang, HUANG Yaji, WU Jiang, et al. Controllable design of bismuth oxyiodides by in-situ self-template phase transformation and heterostructure construction for photocatalytic removal of gas-phase mercury[J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 2020, 131: 110968.
132	PHAM M T, HUSSAIN A, BUI D P, et al. Surface plasmon resonance enhanced photocatalysis of Ag nanoparticles-decorated Bi₂S₃ nanorods for NO degradation[J]. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2021, 23: 101755.
133	FENG Xin, LI Xinwei, CUI Wen, et al. An ion-exchange strategy for I-doped BiOCOOH nanoplates with enhanced visible light photocatalytic NO _x removal[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2018, 90(2): 353-361.
134	SUN Xiaoming, WU Jiang, TIAN Fengguo, et al. Synergistic effect of surface defect and interface heterostructure on TiO₂/BiOIO₃ photocatalytic oxide gas-phase mercury[J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 2018, 103: 247-258.
135	WU Jiang, LIANG Pankun, LI Qingwei, et al. Fabrication of CdS/BiOI heterostructure with enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible-light irradiation[J]. Materials Letters, 2018, 218: 5-9.
136	HE Wenjie, SUN Yanjun, JIANG Guangming, et al. Activation of amorphous Bi₂WO₆ with synchronous Bi metal and Bi₂O₃ coupling: photocatalysis mechanism and reaction pathway[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2018, 232: 340-347.
137	LIU Yiqiu, ZHOU Yi, TANG Qijun, et al. A direct Z-scheme Bi₂WO₆/NH₂-UiO-66 nanocomposite as an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for NO removal[J]. RSC Advances, 2020, 10(3): 1757-1768.
138	QIANG Zhuomin, LIU Ximeng, LI Feng, et al. Iodine doped Z-scheme Bi₂O₂CO₃/Bi₂WO₆ photocatalysts: facile synthesis, efficient visible light photocatalysis, and photocatalytic mechanism[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 403: 126327.
139	LI Juan, YIN Yunchao, LIU Enzhou, et al. In situ growing Bi₂MoO₆ on g-C₃N₄ nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and disinfection of bacteria under visible light irradiation[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017, 321: 183-192.
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制备方法	特点
固相合成法^［19-21］	可分为高温煅烧法和低温机械研磨法，操作简单，反应时间较短，无须消耗有机溶剂，降低反应成本，不会产生二次污染，可制备具有缺陷的材料，能够实现工业大规模应用；难以调节光催化剂的微观结构或形态，产品易发生团聚
水热法/溶剂热法^［22-25］	设备简单，成本低廉，产物形貌、粒径与化学计量比易控制，具有较高的结晶度和纯度，分散性好。反应时间较长、需要高温高压条件、生产率低且具有批次特性、对反应设备要求较高
超声合成法^［26］	利用超声波发生器的高频振动，反应简单快速、绿色高效、条件温和，产物纯度高、粒径易于调控且分布均匀
溶胶凝胶法^［27］	产物纯度高、粒度分散均匀、尺寸形貌可实现灵活控制；反应周期较长，反应原料需要使用有机物，成本较高，可能产生有毒物质造成污染，产物易发生团聚
沉淀法^［28-29］	反应条件温和，在常温或水浴条件下即可进行，产物纯度高，可实现大规模制备，但形貌较难控制且团聚现象较严重
燃烧法^［30-31］	工艺简单，反应迅速，反应的进行依赖自身放热反应，无须外界能量供应，产物形貌可控且粒度均匀，能实现大规模批量制备
微乳液法^［32］	可分为水包油和油包水两种类型，产物分散性好，能够有效避免团聚，粒度均匀、形貌及粒径可控，适用于纳米颗粒的制备；反应过程需要大量有机溶剂和表面活性剂参与，成本较高，同时产物易携带有机残留物，规模化生产难度大
微波辅助法^［33-34］	加热迅速，显著缩短反应时间，降低能量成本、绿色无污染，能够形成结晶度较高的均质产物；无法实现工业化的规模制备

制备方法	特点
固相合成法^［19-21］	可分为高温煅烧法和低温机械研磨法，操作简单，反应时间较短，无须消耗有机溶剂，降低反应成本，不会产生二次污染，可制备具有缺陷的材料，能够实现工业大规模应用；难以调节光催化剂的微观结构或形态，产品易发生团聚
水热法/溶剂热法^［22-25］	设备简单，成本低廉，产物形貌、粒径与化学计量比易控制，具有较高的结晶度和纯度，分散性好。反应时间较长、需要高温高压条件、生产率低且具有批次特性、对反应设备要求较高
超声合成法^［26］	利用超声波发生器的高频振动，反应简单快速、绿色高效、条件温和，产物纯度高、粒径易于调控且分布均匀
溶胶凝胶法^［27］	产物纯度高、粒度分散均匀、尺寸形貌可实现灵活控制；反应周期较长，反应原料需要使用有机物，成本较高，可能产生有毒物质造成污染，产物易发生团聚
沉淀法^［28-29］	反应条件温和，在常温或水浴条件下即可进行，产物纯度高，可实现大规模制备，但形貌较难控制且团聚现象较严重
燃烧法^［30-31］	工艺简单，反应迅速，反应的进行依赖自身放热反应，无须外界能量供应，产物形貌可控且粒度均匀，能实现大规模批量制备
微乳液法^［32］	可分为水包油和油包水两种类型，产物分散性好，能够有效避免团聚，粒度均匀、形貌及粒径可控，适用于纳米颗粒的制备；反应过程需要大量有机溶剂和表面活性剂参与，成本较高，同时产物易携带有机残留物，规模化生产难度大
微波辅助法^［33-34］	加热迅速，显著缩短反应时间，降低能量成本、绿色无污染，能够形成结晶度较高的均质产物；无法实现工业化的规模制备

光催化材料	制备方法	形貌	光催化活性	主要机理	文献
BiVO₄	水热法	飞镖状	光催化降解罗丹明B活性是棒状BiVO₄的2.3倍	高度暴露的｛010｝晶面	［48］
Bi₂WO₆	水热法	线团状、花状、盘状	盘状Bi₂WO₆表现出最强的罗丹明B光降解能力	较大的比表面积和光生载流子的低重组率	［49］
BiOCl	水热法	十八面体	光催化产H₂和·OH性能分别为四方状BiOCl的2.1倍和17.67倍	｛001｝/｛102｝/｛112｝形成三元晶面结，促进电荷高效传递	［50］
Bi₂O₂(OH)(NO₃)	水热法	花状	光催化降解罗丹明B和结晶紫性能远高于球状、片状材料以及TiO₂	分层结构、固有极性、高比表面积、对染料的强吸附性以及高可见光利用率	［51］
Bi₂WO₆	溶剂热法	三维中空结构	CO₂光催化还原活性比块状Bi₂WO₆高约11倍	量子尺寸效应以及对CO₂吸附能力的提高	［52］
BiOIO₃	固相合成法	多孔结构	C-200具有最高的光催化烟气脱汞效率，强于Bi₅O₇I和Bi₂O₃	高浓度的氧空位有利于电子-空穴对的分离	［53］
BiOCl	水热法	正方形	紫外光催化降解甲基橙速率比TiO₂提高34.5倍	高度暴露的｛001｝晶面	［54］
Bi₂MoO₆	溶剂热法	纳米片	环丙沙星光降解速率是原始Bi₂MoO₆的8.4倍	氧空位赋予更宽的光谱响应范围、更快的光生载流子迁移速率以及更多的表面氧吸收位点	［55］

光催化材料	制备方法	形貌	光催化活性	主要机理	文献
BiVO₄	水热法	飞镖状	光催化降解罗丹明B活性是棒状BiVO₄的2.3倍	高度暴露的｛010｝晶面	［48］
Bi₂WO₆	水热法	线团状、花状、盘状	盘状Bi₂WO₆表现出最强的罗丹明B光降解能力	较大的比表面积和光生载流子的低重组率	［49］
BiOCl	水热法	十八面体	光催化产H₂和·OH性能分别为四方状BiOCl的2.1倍和17.67倍	｛001｝/｛102｝/｛112｝形成三元晶面结，促进电荷高效传递	［50］
Bi₂O₂(OH)(NO₃)	水热法	花状	光催化降解罗丹明B和结晶紫性能远高于球状、片状材料以及TiO₂	分层结构、固有极性、高比表面积、对染料的强吸附性以及高可见光利用率	［51］
Bi₂WO₆	溶剂热法	三维中空结构	CO₂光催化还原活性比块状Bi₂WO₆高约11倍	量子尺寸效应以及对CO₂吸附能力的提高	［52］
BiOIO₃	固相合成法	多孔结构	C-200具有最高的光催化烟气脱汞效率，强于Bi₅O₇I和Bi₂O₃	高浓度的氧空位有利于电子-空穴对的分离	［53］
BiOCl	水热法	正方形	紫外光催化降解甲基橙速率比TiO₂提高34.5倍	高度暴露的｛001｝晶面	［54］
Bi₂MoO₆	溶剂热法	纳米片	环丙沙星光降解速率是原始Bi₂MoO₆的8.4倍	氧空位赋予更宽的光谱响应范围、更快的光生载流子迁移速率以及更多的表面氧吸收位点	［55］

光催化材料	制备方法	光催化活性	主要机理	文献
BiO(HCOO)_0.57I_0.43	固相合成法	光催化降解罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝和双酚A能力远高于BiOHCOO	更窄的带隙、最佳能级结构和更高的表面积	［78］
Mn-Bi₂O₃/Nb-Bi₂O₃	回流+煅烧法	光催化降解罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝性能显著提升	禁带变窄，可见光区吸收强度提升，光生载流子寿命延长	［79］
Yb-Er-Tm/BiVO₄	水热法	在红外光和可见光照射下降解亚甲基蓝效率分别是BiVO₄的9.2倍和1.44倍	上转换过程促进光生载流子迁移，中空结构提高了光利用率	［80］
I-Bi₂O₂CO₃	水热法	光催化降解罗丹明B以及光催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）能力大幅提升	带隙缩小，光生载流子的分离和迁移效率提升	［81］
Cr-Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂	溶胶凝胶+水热法	光催化析氢速率是Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂纳米片的2.85倍	可见光的强吸收，纳米片的小尺寸，暴露的｛001｝面以及光生电子-空穴对的低复合率和高分离效率	［82］
I‑Bi₂WO₆	水热法	光催化降解罗丹明B和一氧化氮性能与Bi₂WO₆相比提升显著	可见光吸收明显增强，光生电子-空穴对分离速率提升	［83］
Bi₄O₅Br_0.6I_1.4	沉淀法	光催化降解酚类污染物性能分别比Bi₄O₅Br₂和Bi₄O₅I₂高约2.77倍和1.80倍	强烈的可见光吸收，高光生电荷分离效率和适当的能带电位	［84］
Ni-Bi₂WO₆	水热法	吸附性能和光催化性能与Bi₂WO₆相比均有所提高	引入电子陷阱抑制光生载流子复合，比表面积和表面电学性能增强	［85］
Sm-BiFeO₃	溶胶凝胶法	光催化降解甲基橙效率是BiFeO₃的1.5倍	带隙减小，可见光区吸收增强；产生晶格缺陷	［86］