硫掺杂石墨烯电催化降解有机染料甲基橙

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0545

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电极作为影响污染物电催化氧化效率与路径的最主要因素，是电催化效率提升的重要突破口。本研究以氧化石墨烯（GO）为碳源，以二苯二硫醚作为硫源，合成硫掺杂石墨烯（SGN）电极，用于电催化降解甲基橙染料。利用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、红外光谱、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱等对材料进行表征。考察电解质、外加电流、初始pH等因素对降解过程的影响。研究结果表明，硫掺杂能有效提升石墨烯材料的电催化性能。在初始pH=3、甲基橙浓度为10mg/L、电解质为NaCl、外加电流为30mA且实验温度为20℃的最佳条件下，反应35min可以达到98.39%的甲基橙降解率。材料性能稳定，可重复使用，在降解有机污染物方面具有良好的应用前景。

关键词: 电催化氧化, 硫掺杂石墨烯, 降解, 偶氮染料, 自由基, 催化剂

Abstract:

Anode material is critical factor for electro-catalytic efficiency breakthroughs. In this research, the sulfur-doped graphene materials were prepared by carbon precursor of graphene oxide (GO) and sulfur precursor of diphenyl disulfide to degrade organic orange methyl orange. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of electrolyte, applied current, initial pH and other factors on the degradation process was investigated. The results indicated that the sulfur doping can improve the catalytic performance of graphene materials. Under the optimal conditions of initial pH=3, methyl orange concentration of 10mg/L, electrolyte of NaCl, applied current of 30mA and experimental temperature of 20℃, 98.39% of methyl orange can be achieved in 35min. In addition, the stable and reusable properties of the material showed the prospect for practical applications.

Key words: electrocatalytic oxidation, sulfur-doped graphene, degradation, azo dye, radical, catalyst

中图分类号:

陈思, 胡腾飞, 于永波, 王冰鑫, 洪俊明, 张倩. 硫掺杂石墨烯电催化降解有机染料甲基橙[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(1): 550-558.

Si CHEN, Tengfei HU, Yongbo YU, Bingxin WANG, Junming HONG, Qian ZHANG. Electrocatalytic degradation of organic dye methyl orange by sulfur-doped graphene[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(1): 550-558.

图/表 13

图1

图2

图3

表1

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

图12

参考文献 41

1	孙大鹏. 电催化氧化处理染料工业废水的研究现状与发展前景浅析[J]. 绿色科技, 2015(4): 188-190.
	SUN Dapeng. Research status and development prospect of electrocatalytic oxidation treatment of dyestuff wastewater[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2015(4): 188-190.
2	丁绍兰, 李郑坤, 王睿. 染料废水处理技术综述[J]. 水资源保护, 2010, 26(3): 73-78.
	DING Shaolan, LI Zhengkun, WANG Rui. Summary of treatment of dyestuff wastewater[J]. Water Resources Protection, 2010, 26(3): 73-78.
3	麻晓越, 孙治荣. 电催化技术在有机化工废水处理中的研究进展[J]. 现代化工, 2018, 38(3): 42-46.
	MA Xiaoyue, SUN Zhirong. Progress of electrocatalytic technology in treating organic chemical wastewater[J]. Modern Chemical Industry, 2018, 38(3): 42-46.
4	赵媛媛, 王德军, 赵朝成. 电催化氧化处理难降解废水用电极材料的研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2019, 33(7): 1125-1132.
	ZHAO Yuanyuan, WANG Dejun, ZHAO Chaocheng. Progress in electrode materials treatment by electro-catalytic for refractory wastewater oxidation[J]. Materials Reports, 2019, 33(7): 1125-1132.
5	孟雅雯. 掺杂石墨烯电极材料的制备及其电化学性能研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2019.
	MENG Yawen. Synthesis and electrochemical performance of graphene and doped graphene electrode materials[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University of Technology, 2019.
6	杨文耀, 张海洋, 朱如志, 等. pH值对硫掺三维石墨烯电化学性能影响的探究[J]. 电子元件与材料, 2018, 37(10): 42-48.
	YANG Wenyao, ZHANG Haiyang, ZHU Ruzhi, et al. Effect of pH value on electrochemical properties of three-dimensional sulfur-doped graphene[J]. Electronic Components and Materials, 2018, 37(10): 42-48.
7	DUAN Jingjing, CHEN Sheng, JARONIEC M, et al. Heteroatom-doped graphene-based materials for energy-relevant electrocatalytic processes[J]. ACS Catalysis, 2015, 5: 5207-5234.
8	FENG Leiyu, QIN Leiyu, HUANG Yujun, et al. Boron-, sulfur-, and phosphorus-doped graphene for environmental applications[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 698: 134239.
9	JEON In-Yup, ZHANG Sheng, ZHANG Lipeng, et al. Edge-selectively sulfurized graphene nanoplatelets as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: the electron spin effect[J]. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25(42): 6138-6145.
10	周金浩. 掺杂石墨烯的可控制备及性能研究[D]. 成都: 电子科技大学, 2018.
	ZHOU Jinhao. Controllable synthesis and properties of heteroatom-doped graphene materials[D]. Chengdu: University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2018.
11	GAO Hui, LIU Zheng, SONG Li, et al. Synthesis of S-doped graphene by liquid precursor[J]. Nanotechnology, 2012, 23(27): 275605.
12	张欢欢. 氮/硫共掺杂石墨烯的制备及其氧还原催化性能研究[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2016.
	ZHANG Huanhuan. Synthesis of nitrogen/sulfur co-doped graphene for efficient ORR electrocatalysis[D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2016.
13	YANG Zhi, YAO Zhen, LI Guifa, et al. Sulfur-doped graphene as an efficient metal-free cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction[J]. ACS Nano, 2012, 6(1): 205-211.
14	洪菲, 周立群, 黄莹, 等. 改进Hummers法化学合成石墨烯及其表征[J]. 化学与生物工程, 2012, 29(5): 31-33.
	HONG Fei, ZHOU Liquan, HUANG Ying, et al. Synthesis and characterization of graphene by improved hummers method[J]. Chemistry & Bioengineering, 2012, 29(5): 31-33.
15	ZHANG Qian, WANG Bingxin, YU Yongbo, et al. Sulfur doped-graphene for enhanced acetaminophen degradation via electro-catalytic activation: efficiency and mechanism[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 715: 136710.
16	BEGUM H, AHMED M S, JEON Seungwon. δ-MnO₂ nanoflowers on sulfonated graphene sheets for stable oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2019, 296: 235-242.
17	MORALES-ACOSTA D, FLORES-OVERVIDES J D, RODRIGUEZ-GONZALEZ J A, et al. Comparative methods for reduction and sulfonation of graphene oxide for fuel cell electrode applications[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44: 12356-12364.
18	ALI A, KHAN Z S, JAMIL M, et al. Simultaneous reduction and sulfonation of graphene oxide for efficient hole selectivity in polymer solar cells[J]. Current Applied Physics, 2018, 18: 599-610.
19	FERRARI A C. Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: disorder, electron-phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects[J]. Solid State Communications, 2007, 143(1/2): 47-57.
20	DRESSELHAUS M S, JORIO A, HOFMANN M, et al. Perspectives on carbon nanotubes and graphene Raman spectroscopy[J]. Nano Letters, 2010, 10(3): 751-758.
21	WEI Maoping, CHAI Hui, CAO Yali, et al. Sulfonated graphene oxide as an adsorbent for removal of Pb²⁺ and methylene blue[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2018, 524: 297-305.
22	KANNAN A G, ZHAO Jinxing, Sung Geun JO, et al. Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene counter electrodes with synergistically enhanced performance for dye-sensitized solar cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014, 2: 12232-12239.
23	廖佳珍. g-C₃N₄/TiO₂复合光催化剂的制备及可见光催化性能的研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆工商大学, 2014.
	LIAO Jiazhen. Preparation of g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ composite photocatalyst and study on its photocatalytic activity under visible light[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing Technology and Business University, 2014.
24	ZHANG Zhibin, HUANG Jian, DONG Zhimin, et al. Ultralight sulfonated graphene aerogel for efficient adsorption of uranium from aqueous solutions[J]. Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2019, 321: 1045-1055.
25	LI Jiajie, ZHANG Yumin, ZHANG Xinghong, et al. S,N dual-doped graphene like carbon nanosheets as efficient oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts[J]. ASC Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017, 9: 398-405.
26	LI Mingjie, LIU Chenming, ZHAO He, et al. Tuning sulfur doping in graphene for highly sensitive dopamine biosensors[J]. Carbon, 2015, 86: 197-206.
27	周玉莲, 于永波, 黄湾, 等. 氧化石墨烯电催化高效降解有机染料RBk5[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019, 39(11): 4653-4659.
	ZHOU Yulian, YU Yongbo, HUANG Wan, et al. Electrocatalytic degradation of organic dye RBk5 by oxide graphene[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019, 39(11): 4653-4659.
28	王冰鑫, 于永波, 黄湾, 等. 硫掺杂石墨烯电催化降解偶氮染料RBK5[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(12): 5471-5477.
	WANG Bingxin, YU Yongbo, HUANG Wan, et al. Electrocatalytic degradation of azo dye RBK5 by sulfur-doped graphene[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38(12): 5471-5477.
29	黄湾. 硫、氮掺杂石墨烯电极电催化降解扑热息痛的研究[D]. 厦门: 华侨大学, 2019.
	HUANG Wan. Electrocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen by sulfur and nitrogen doped graphene electrodes[D]. Xiamen: Huaqiao University, 2019.
30	郑志功, 张志刚, 陈杨青, 等. Co-La改性Ti基板阳极电催化降解废水甲基橙[J]. 福建工程学院学报, 2019, 17(1): 23-28.
	ZHENG Zhigong, ZHANG Zhigang, CHEN Yangqing, et al. Electrocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in wastewater by Co-La/Ti electrode[J]. Journal of Fujian University of Technology, 2019, 17(1): 23-28.
31	刘咏, 邹文慧, 廖洋, 等. Ce³⁺电催化降解甲基橙模拟废水的研究[J]. 中国稀土学报, 2010, 29(1): 105-111.
	LIU Yong, ZOU Wenhui, LIAO Yang, et al. Treatment on methyl orange containing simulation wastewater by Ce³⁺ ion homogenous electro-catalytic degradation process[J]. Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society, 2010, 29(1): 105-111.
32	陈汉林, 敖日其冷, 陈梓烽, 等. 利用碳氮共掺杂的二氧化钛纳米管阵列实现同时降解甲基橙和产氢[J]. 环境科学学报, 2015, 35(9): 2790-2797.
	CHEN Hanlin, Aoriqileng, CHEN Zifeng, et al. Concurrent photoelectrochemical reduction of H₂O and oxidation of methyl orange (MO) using carbon and nitrogen codoped TiO₂ nanotube arrays (C,N-TNAs)[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2015, 35(9): 2790-2797.
33	WU Dongling, WANG Tao, WANG Luxiang, et al. Hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen, sulfur co-doped graphene and its high performance in supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 2019, 7: 109556.
34	ZHANG Qian, HUANG Wan, HONG Junming, et al. Deciphering acetaminophen electrical catalytic degradation using single-form S doped graphene/Pt/TiO₂[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018, 343: 662-675.
35	DENIS P A, FACCIO R, MOMBRU A W. Is it possible to dope single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene with sulfur?[J]. ChemPhysChem, 2009, 10(4): 715-722.
36	马新龙. 掺杂多孔碳材料的制备及其电化学性能研究[D]. 北京: 中国石油大学, 2016.
	MA Xinlong. The synthesis of heteroatom-doped porous carbon materials and its application in the aspect of electrochemical performance[D]. Beijing: China University of Petroleum, 2016.
37	ZHANG Lipeng, NIU Jianbing, LI Mingtao, et al. Catalytic mechanisms of sulfur-doped graphene as efficient oxygen reduction reaction catalysts for fuel cells[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2014. 118(7): 3545-3553.
38	张惠灵, 徐亮, 农佳莹, 等. Ti/MnO₂/PbO₂电极的制备及电催化降解罗丹明B[J]. 化工环保, 2008, 28(4): 300-303.
	ZHANG Huiling, XU Liang, NONG Jiaying, et al. Preparation of Ti/MnO₂/PbO₂ electrode and its use in electrocatalytic oxidation degradation of Rhodamine B[J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry, 2008, 28(4): 300-303.
39	王苏. 电催化氧化法处理阳离子染料废水试验研究[D]. 广东: 广东工业大学, 2012.
	WANG Su. Experimental study on treating the cationic dye wastewater by electro-catalytic oxidation[D]. Guangdong: Guangdong University of Technology, 2012.
40	李春辉, 董永春. 氢氧自由基体系中偶氮染料氧化降解反应历程的探究[J]. 染料与染色, 2010, 47(5): 51-54.
	LI Chunhui, DONG Yongchun. A study on mechanism of oxidative degradation of azo dyes caused by the hydroxyl radical[J]. Dyestuffs and Coloration, 2010, 47(5): 51-54.
41	李海英, 石宝龙, 柳荣展. 染料废水内电解效率与染料结构的关系[J]. 青岛大学学报, 1999, 14(1): 21-25.
	LI Haiying, SHI Baolong, LIU Rongzhan. Relationship between the decoloration of the wastewater containing dye by internal electrolysis and the dye chemical constitutions[J]. Journal of Qingdao University, 1999, 14(1): 21-25.

材料	C/%	S/%	O/%
GO	45.8	—	46.5
RGN	65.2	—	27.9
SGN	55.8	11.2	28.6

[1]	汪嘉欣, 潘勇, 熊欣怡, 万晓月, 王建超. 甲苯一步催化硝化制备二硝基甲苯反应过程及危险性[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3420-3430.
[2]	韩恒文, 韩伟, 李明丰. 烯烃水合反应工艺与催化剂研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3489-3500.
[3]	冯江涵, 宋钫. 阴离子交换膜电解池的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3501-3509.
[4]	徐伟, 李凯军, 宋林烨, 张兴惠, 姚舜华. 光催化及其协同电化学降解VOCs的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3520-3531.
[5]	王蕴青, 杨国锐, 延卫. 过渡金属磷化物的改性方法及其在电化学析氢中的应用[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3532-3549.
[6]	于志庆, 黄文斌, 王晓晗, 邓开鑫, 魏强, 周亚松, 姜鹏. B掺杂Al₂O₃@C负载CoMo型加氢脱硫催化剂性能[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3550-3560.
[7]	龚鹏程, 严群, 陈锦富, 温俊宇, 苏晓洁. 铁酸钴复合碳纳米管活化过硫酸盐降解铬黑T的性能及机理[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3572-3581.
[8]	王达锐, 孙洪敏, 薛明伟, 王一棪, 刘威, 杨为民. 微波法高效合成全结晶ZSM-5分子筛催化剂及其催化性能[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3582-3588.
[9]	储甜甜, 刘润竹, 杜高华, 马嘉浩, 张孝阿, 王成忠, 张军营. 有机胍催化脱氢型RTV硅橡胶的制备和可降解性能[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3664-3673.
[10]	徐沛瑶, 陈标奇, KANKALA Ranjith Kumar, 王士斌, 陈爱政. 纳米材料用于铁死亡联合治疗的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3684-3694.
[11]	李佳, 樊星, 陈莉, 李坚. 硝酸生产尾气中NO _x 和N₂O联合脱除技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3770-3779.
[12]	于姗, 段元刚, 张怡欣, 唐春, 付梦瑶, 黄靖元, 周莹. 分步法分解硫化氢制氢和硫黄催化剂研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3780-3790.
[13]	蒋博龙, 崔艳艳, 史顺杰, 常嘉城, 姜楠, 谭伟强. 过渡金属Co₃O₄/ZnO-ZIF氧还原催化剂Co/Zn-ZIF模板法制备及其产电性能[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(6): 3066-3076.
[14]	吴锋振, 刘志炜, 谢文杰, 游雅婷, 赖柔琼, 陈燕丹, 林冠烽, 卢贝丽. 生物质基铁/氮共掺杂多孔炭的制备及其活化过一硫酸盐催化降解罗丹明B[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(6): 3292-3301.
[15]	杨红梅, 高涛, 鱼涛, 屈撑囤, 高家朋. 高铁酸盐处理难降解有机物磺化酚醛树脂[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(6): 3302-3308.