Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress

Chiral separation with affinity membrane technology and chiral selective solid membrane

ZHANG Guojun，RUAN Zhengang，GAO Xue，JI Shulan，LIU Zhongzhou

2008, 27(6): 797.

Abstract ( 2215 )

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The applications of affinity membrane processes，such as affinity ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, electrodialysis, dialysis and pervaporation in the chiral separation are discussed in this paper. The recent progress of chiral resolution membrane based on the affinity difference between selector and enantiomer and the molecularly imprinted membranes based on “shape recognition” is reviewed. Some suggestions about the future direction for the development of chiral separation with affinity membrane technology are proposed.

Applications of membrane technology in biotransformation

WANG Longyao，WANG Lan

2008, 27(6): 804.

Abstract ( 1775 )

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Biotransformation processes have extensive applications in such fields as chemical industry，medicine，energy and environmental protection. The combination of membrane separation technology and biotransformation process not only expands the scope of research，but also provides strong technical support for saving energy and reducing consumption in industrial processes. In this paper，the applications of membrane technology in the processes of biotransformation such as fermentation，enzymatic catalysis，waste water treatment and fuel ethanol production are reviewed. The research progress and the existing problems in technology are also discussed，and the development prospect in the future is pointed out.

Research progress of cyclopentanone synthesis

SUI Chao，LI Xinyong，QU Zhenping

2008, 27(6): 809.

Abstract ( 2076 )

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The research progress of cyclopentanone synthesis is summarized，including pyrolysis of adipic acid and its derivatives，N2O direct oxidation without catalyst at high temperature and pressure，cyclopentene hydration with subsequent dehydrogenation，oxidation of cyclopentene catalyzed by Waker-type catalyst and so on. Emphasis is given to the reaction mechanisms and catalytic activities of the catalysts. Through the discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods，their industrial application is prospected.

Progress of safety research of ionic liquids

WU Bo，ZHANG Yumei，WANG Huaping

2008, 27(6): 814.

Abstract ( 2056 )

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There has been a dramatic growth in ionic liquids research over the past decade and a large number of novel ionic liquids with a wide range of application have been discovered. Since ionic liquids are recognized as green solvents，the research is focused on their synthesis，physicochemical properties and application，and not on their degradation，toxicity and corrosivity，which are directly related to environmental protection. This review addresses these key issues and highlights the research directions and outlook of ionic liquids.

Research progress of preparation and application of cyclodextrin immobilized chitosan and its derivatives

CHENG Deshu，LI Mingchun，XIN Meihua

2008, 27(6): 819.

Abstract ( 1598 )

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Cyclodextrin immobilized chitosan is a kind of novel functional macromolecule that possesses the cumulative effects of inclusion，size specificity，controlled release ability and transport properties of cyclodextrin as well as the biocompatibility，non-toxicity，and biodegradatibility of chitosan. It can be used in many types of applications，such as delivering drugs，treatment of waste water and chromatographic support. This paper reviewes the recent study on different methods of cyclodextrin grafting onto chitosan or its derivatives and discusses its applications.

Application and synthesis of poly(diaminonaphthalene) nanomaterial

ZHANG Jiali，HUANG Meirong，LI Xingui

2008, 27(6): 825.

Abstract ( 1994 )

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The preparation of poly(diaminonaphthalene)(PDAN) by chemical oxidation polymerization and electrochemical polymerization is summarized. Their properties and applications are mainly introduced in the paper. Such factors as acidic medium and concentration，type of oxidant and monomer concentration，play a key role in the synthesis of poly(diaminonaphalene). The future trend of the poly(diaminonaphthalene) nanomaterial is prospected.

Advance in producing broad/ bimodal molecular weight distribution PE with single reactor

NING Yingnan，ZHANG Guangyuan，JIANG Tao，WANG Deqiu

2008, 27(6): 831.

Abstract ( 1840 )

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The catalysts used to produce broad/bimodal molecular weight distribution PE at home and abroad in a single reactor are introduced in this paper. They are mainly hybrid catalysts, bimetallic/ multimetallic catalysts, double supported catalysts and others. The advantages and disadvantages of the catalyst systems are reviewed. The industrial applications of such catalysts are prospected.

Progress in preparation and application of zirconia-supported copper catalysts

WANG Song，MAO Dongsen，WU Guisheng，GUO Xiaoming，LU Guanzhong

2008, 27(6): 837.

Abstract ( 2064 )

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The preparation methods of the Cu/ZrO2 catalyst are introduced. The effects of promoters on the physiochemical and catalytic properties of the Cu/ZrO2 catalyst are presented. The applications of the Cu/ZrO2 catalyst in the synthesis of methanol from hydrogenation of CO and/or CO2，production of hydrogen from steam reforming of alcohols，dehydrogenation of diethanolamine to diglycolamidic salt，dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone，and reductive amination of cyclohexanol to cyclohexylamine are summarized.

Research progress of hydrogenation technology of dinitrotoluene

MA Jianjun，SI Haijuan，YANG Lei，LI Guixian，DONG Yuhang，WANG Xiaoning

2008, 27(6): 844.

Abstract ( 2349 )

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The liquid phase hydrogenation technology of dinitrotoluene to diaminotoluene is introduced. The latest research achievements of the reactor，catalyst and temperature control are reviewed. The prospect of hydrogenation technology is also presented.

Process monitoring and measurement of chemical vapor deposition

LI Hui，ZUO Ran

2008, 27(6): 849.

Abstract ( 1593 )

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Based on the characteristics of CVD process and the requirements for film growth，temperature，chemical species and fluid flow are considered as the most important process parameters to be monitored and measured. Various CVD process monitoring methods used at present are summarized. These methods are summarized in tables together with a brief description of their principles，and the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Emphases are given to currently prevalent methods. The progress on in-situ monitoring and measurement of the CVD process is introduced.

Fundamental investigation and application prospect of cool storage of nanofluids

ZHU Dongsheng，WU Shuying，LI Xinfang，YANG Shuo

2008, 27(6): 857.

Abstract ( 2173 )

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The latest development of nanoparticles used in nanofluids is reviewed. The effects of nanoparticles and base fluids on enhanced thermal conductivity are analyzed in detail. Experimental results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles truly influences the thermal conductivity of fluids. Furthermore，cool storage technology and the industrial application of phase change nanofluids are discussed.

Characteristics of membrane contactors used in waste gas/liquid separation

SUN Haimin，LIU Feini，ZHANG Guoliang，MENG Qin，XU Lusheng

2008, 27(6): 861.

Abstract ( 1651 )

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Compared with conventional separation facilities，novel membrane contactors will play a more and more important role in waste treatment in the near future. The advantages in separation include wider operation range，high separation efficiency，independent flow between liquid and gas，linear scale-up and compact structure，etc. Typical gas/liquid separation processes，such as membrane adsorption，membrane distillation and membrane structured packing in waste treatment and solvent purification are discussed in detail. The performance of different membrane contactors and characteristics of their materials and module structures are also studied with mass transfer analysis.

Commercialization and economic analysis of cellulose ethanol

DUAN Liping

2008, 27(6): 867.

Abstract ( 1813 )

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With decreasing global crude oil reserves and increasing green house gas emission，the commercialized production of fuel ethanol from grain，sugar cane has become popular in many countries， resulting in higher global grain price. The production of cellulose ethanol produced from wood chip and stover has been successful in laboratory，and cellulose ethanol commercial plants are being constructed now. Raw material price，processing technology，enzyme，yeasts，capital investment and supporting policy are the factors that affect the cost of commercial cellulose ethanol. In this paper，the commercial projects of cellulose ethanol plants are introduced and the effects of different factors are analyzed.

Adjusting effect of wood powder to urea permeation capability of membranes for slow-release fertilizers

YING Zongrong，LI Jing，OUYANG Zhao，WANG Bin，LI Wenbo，DONG Huijuan

2008, 27(6): 872.

Abstract ( 2043 )

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Polystyrene composite membranes were prepared by using wood powder of 48µm or 150µm as filler. The effects of wood powder content, thickness of composite membrane and particle size of wood powder on the urea permeation capability of composite membranes were discussed. The result showed that the addition of wood powder could effectively adjust the urea permeation rate of polystyrene membranes and the urea permeation rate of polystyrene/wood powder composite membranes are obviously higher than that of polystyrene membrane. The urea permeation rate of composite membranes increased with increasing wood powder content gradually. Optics microphotographs showed that microfibril structure within wood powder was obvious, wood powder in composite membrane swelled and became the fast permeation channels for urea when the composite membrane was immersed in water.

As study on lophophora Cu(Ⅱ) complexes of Schiff base derived from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-aminobenzoic acid

CAI Yanhua，PENG Rufang，MA Dongmei，ZHU Genhua，CHU Shijin，ZUO Jin

2008, 27(6): 878.

Abstract ( 1600 )

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Schiff base derived from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and p-aminobenzoic acid was prepared by solid-state reaction at supersonic speed airflow and low-heating. Lophophora shape Cu(Ⅱ) complexes was prepared from the Schiff base and copper acetate and through adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The structural composition of complexes was confirmed by FTIR and elemental analysis. SEM results showed that the complexes were lophophora shape，and the average size of the product particles was 2.5 μm. The formation mechanism of lophophora shape complexes was studied. Molar ratio，temperature and reaction time affecting the yield of complexes was investigated. The optimized reaction conditions with a yield of 83.48% of the complexes were：molar ratio 1∶1，reaction time 2 h，temperature 50 ℃.

Preliminary study on fermentation conditions of taxol-producing endophytic fungus

DAI Wenliang，TAO Wenyi

2008, 27(6): 883.

Abstract ( 1885 )

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The fermentation conditions of endophytic fungus Fusarium mairei UH23 were investigated for taxol production. The results showed that an inoculation volume of 5% into the 60 mL/250 mL Erlenmeyer flask at 26 ℃ and initial pH 7.0 could reach the maximum taxol production after 12 days of incubation. Glucose and ammonium nitrate were selected as the best carbon and nitrogen sources in the further study. The taxol yield under the optimized conditions reached (286.4±20.3) μg/L，an increase by 10.2%.

Preparation and flocculating performance of inverse emulsion of cationic polyacrylamide

HUI Quan，LIU Fusheng，YU Shitao

2008, 27(6): 887.

Abstract ( 1639 )

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Cationic polyacrylamide was prepared by inverse emulsion copolymerization using acrylamide (AM) and methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) as monomers. The influences of the factors, such as emulsifier concentration, initiator concentration, monomer concentration and cationic degree, on the molecular weight and particle size of polymer were investigated. The effects of pH and temperature of waste water and polymer dosage on flocculating results were studied in flocculating experiment. The obtained optimum conditions were emulsifier weight fraction 7.3%, initiator weight fraction 0.02%, monomer weight fraction 45% and cationic degree 25%. Under the above conditions，the molecular weight and particle size of polymer were 339.2 104 and smaller than 70 nm respectively. And the flocculating rate and dewatering rate were 62.2% and 82% respectively under the conditions of wastewater pH 5—6 and polymer dosage 0.057%.

Luminescence properties of LiEu(SiO₂)_1/6W₂O₈ phosphor doped with alkali metals and rare earths

JING Yanjun，SHEN Jingfei，WANG Haibo，ZHU Yuehua

2008, 27(6): 892.

Abstract ( 1806 )

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Red phosphor (Li1-aAa)Eu(SiO2)1/6W2O8 and Li (Eu1-bLnb)(SiO2)1/6W2O8(A=Na，K; Ln=La，Y，Gd) particles were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The luminescence characteristics of the particles were investigated with SEM，X-ray diffraction，excitation spectra and emission spectra. The particles were spherical shape，around 1 µm in diameter with narrow size distribution. Aggregation between particles was not observed. The phosphor particles had very high emission intensity. The main excitation peak of the particles was a characteristic intra-configurational 4f-4f emissive transition of Eu3+(7F0→5L6) transition at 396nm. The main peak for the emission spectra was a transition 5D0→7F 2 of Eu3+ at 615nm. Emission intensity of (Li1-aAa)Eu(SiO2)1/6W2O8(A=Na，K) phosphor showed a decreasing trend with increasing radius of ions (Li+

Experimental investigation of electrodialysis desalination of α–capric betaine zwitterionic surfactant

MA Na，QI Liyun，WANG Zeyun，FANG Yun

2008, 27(6): 896.

Abstract ( 1725 )

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The electrodialysis desalination of a crude fatty-based zwitterionic surfactant α-capric betaine was investigated. The effect of operation voltage，flow rate and pH of the solution on the electrodialysis desalination of the zwitterionic surfactant was also studied. The experiment results showed that the inorganic salts existing in the zwitterionic surfactant solution could be removed effectively. It was found that under an optimum operating condition，pH value 7.50 (at the isoelectric point of α-capric betaine)，operation voltage 10 V，and flow rate 20 L/h，the desalination efficiency was 92% and the recovery of α-capric betaine was 92.3%.

Experimental study on phase change performance of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate

SHENG Qingqing，ZHANG Xuelai，GE Yiqun

2008, 27(6): 900.

Abstract ( 1539 )

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The overcooling phenomena are very common in inorganic thermal storage materials. This paper mainly studied the overcooling phenomena of dibasic sodium phosphate. Adding an appropriate amount of anti-overcooling agent could reduce its overcooling. The experimental result indicated that，adding aluminum oxide had very good effect to reduce the overcooling of dibasic sodium phosphate，with the phase transformation temperature kept at 35—36℃，and the phase change process could also be maintained for a long time. At the same time，adding some carboxymethylcellulose sodium as thickener not only could improve the stability of thermal storage system，but also could reduce the overcooling.

Extraction of galanthamine and lycorine from Lycoris Herb.with one-step method

LI Xia，XIONG Yuanfu，JIANG Lihua，ZHU Hongfu，WEN Zhuyou

2008, 27(6): 904.

Abstract ( 1710 )

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The optimum extraction process for simultaneous extraction of galanthamine and lycorine from Lycoris Herb. was studied with orthogonal design，and the influences of ethanol volume fraction，temperature，ratio of extracted material to solvent and time were investigated. Optimum extraction conditions were determined as follows: 75% ethanol at 65 ℃ in 4 hours and the solid to liquid ratio 1∶6 (g/mL)，extracting for three times. The extraction rates of total galanthamine and lycorine were 0.04793% and 0.03643% respectively .

Preparation of dextrin nanosphere with inverse microemulsion

ZHOU De，SUN Qingyuan

2008, 27(6): 908.

Abstract ( 1925 )

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An inverse microemulsion was prepared with distilled water as water phase，n-hexane as organic phase，and Span 60 mixed with Tween 60 as emulsifying agent and n-pentanol as co-emulsifying agent. The dextrin nanosphere was then prepared with the inverse microemulsion by using Na3P3O9 as cross-linking agent and dextrin as raw material. The results showed that the emulsifying agent was in positive correlation to water solubility, whereas n-pentanol co-emulsifying agent was in negative correlation to water solubility in the system of inverse microemulsion. The cross linking reaction taking place successfully was confirmed by infra-red spectrum analysis. A uniform dextrin nanosphere with a diameter of 500—600 nm was measured with scanning electronic microscope.

Molecular design and study on relationship between structures and properties of polycarboxylate-type water-reducer

ZHANG Xinmin，FENG Enjuan，XU Zhenghua，YAN Sheng

2008, 27(6): 913.

Abstract ( 1605 )

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Based on the molecular design mechanism of high performance water-reducer，a kind of polycarboxylate-type water-reducer with both polyoxethylene oxide chains and anionic groups was prepared from methacrylic acid，sodium methacryl-sulfute and methoxy-polyethylene glycol monoester acrylate. The results showed that the properties of water-reducer were effected by the density of graft chains and length of side chains，but appropriate side chain，monomers proportion and molecular weight of polymer could improve dispersion and retention of dispersion ability of water-reducer. The products were characterized and analyzed with FTIR. The results showed that the water-reducer with proleptic structure was obtained.

Preparation and characterization of ethanol- and thermo-sensitive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide- co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate) polymers

ZHU Xiaoli，XIE Rui，YANG Mei，CHU Liangyin

2008, 27(6): 917.

Abstract ( 2462 )

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Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide)(PND) and poly(N-isopropyl- acrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate) (PNB) were prepared by copolymerizing hydrophilic monomer N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) or hydrophobic monomer butyl methacrylate (BMA) with the monomer N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). Both the volume phase transition temperature in water and ethanol-sensitive characteristics at different temperatures below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymers were investigated systematically for the first time. The results showed that temperature- and ethanol-sensitive characteristics of the polymers could be controlled by properly introducing hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups into the copolymers.

Study on air flow aided volatilization-condensation process for separation of cyclohexane-ethanol

MU Yujun，HUANG Chongshun，SONG Shuang，BAI Peng

2008, 27(6): 922.

Abstract ( 1687 )

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A new method, i.e.，air flow aided volatilization-condensation process, to separate azeotropic mixtures was proposed. The separation of azeotrope cyclohexane-ethanol was studied to investigate the separation effect of the new method. The experimental results showed that a breakdown of azeotropic composition was achieved for two different feed compositions. Compared with extraction using water as extracting agent, the method of air flow aided volatilization-condensation process has the advantage of not forming a new azeotrope.

Kinetic analysis of catalytic thermal decomposition of rubber

HU Lifen，ZHONG Yajun

2008, 27(6): 925.

Abstract ( 1684 )

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The catalytic thermal decomposition of rubber was studied with TG-DTG. The thermal kinetic data were analyzed according to the single and multiple scan methods. The decomposition process of rubber was a 3/2 order reaction, whose kinetic equation was as follows： , and whose activation energy and pre-exponential factor were 148—162 kJ/mol and 28—32 respectively.

Effect of doping Bi promoter on performance of vanadium-phosphorous oxide catalysts

GAO Haohua，LI Chunfu，LIU Xianming，XI Zongjing，KANG Xiaoping

2008, 27(6): 928.

Abstract ( 1820 )

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Vanadium phosphorous oxide catalyst precursors were prepared in organic medium and with added Bi promoter. The catalytic performance of catalysts with different n(Bi)/n(V) were investigated. Experimental results showed that，when n(Bi)/n(V) was 0.01，the yield of this catalyst (Bi0.01-VPO) reached the highest 42.6%，its conversion was enhanced from 31% to 71% compared to non Bi-doped catalyst. By using BET，XRD，SEM and XPS techniques，comparative analysis was carried out between (Bi0.01-VPO) and (VPO). Specific surface area of catalyst（Bi0.01-VPO）was slightly increased，and the composition and microscopic appearance of catalyst phases changed by introducing the Bi promoter. Moreover，the oxidation state of catalyst surface vanadium species state and surface n(P)/n(V) were also higher.

PA separation from solvent in the production of low alcohol-degree PVA

LIU Changcai，WANG Weiwen，WANG Lixin，CHEN Guanghui，LI Jianlong

2008, 27(6): 932.

Abstract ( 1734 )

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An analysis of the vapor-liquid equilibrium of solvent mixture in the production of low alcohol-degree PVA showed that any two components of the solvent mixture formed an azeotrope. A separation process of extraction using water as extracting solvent was designed．The distribution coefficient of each component in the water and solvent mixture were determined．It was found that the distribution coefficient of PA was far smaller than methyl acetate and methanol，simulation results indicated that with a mass ratio of water to solvent mixture 1.75 PA in the organic phase reached a maximum．A low temperature was favorable to the extraction separation process．

Preparation of calcium carbonate by carbonation of calcium ion and CO₂ in weak-acid medium

XIONG Hui，MO Wanling，HU Jianglin，MEI Fuming，LI Guangxing

2008, 27(6): 937.

Abstract ( 1604 )

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The preparation process of calcium carbonate by carbonation of CO2 and calcium ion in weak-acid medium was studied. The affecting factors such as concentration of calcium acetate，pressure of CO2，reaction temperature，time of aging and reaction time on the preparation of precipitated calcium carbonate were discussed. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows：concentration of calcium acetate 17%，carbon dioxide pressure 2.5 MPa，reaction temperature 95 ℃，reaction time 30 minutes，and ageing time 5 hours. The yield of calcium carbonate was about 20.6%. The calcium carbonate particles had good dispersivity and the volumetric mean size was about 1.4 μm. This process provides the basic experimental data for comprehensive treatment of CO2 and calcium containing slag to produce calcium carbonate.

New method for acetic acid extraction of Ca²⁺ from wollastonite assisted by ultrasonic vibration

MEI Fuming，BAO Jie，Li Guangxing

2008, 27(6): 940.

Abstract ( 2101 )

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The use of ultrasonic vibration in acetic acid extraction of Ca2+ from wollastonite increased obviously the extraction ratio of Ca2+ ion. When acetic acid extraction was carried out with 200—300 mesh wollastonite，weight fraction of acetic acid 25%，the frequency of ultrasonic 32 kHz，60 oC，3 h，the extraction rate of Ca2+ was 43.0 %. Under the same conditions it was 27.9 % without ultrasonic vibration，the relative efficiency increased by 54 %. When the wollastonite particle was larger in size，the extraction rate of Ca2+ with ultrasonic vibration was much higher than that without ultrasonic vibration. A higher extraction rate of Ca2+ was also obtained when the extraction reaction was carried out at a lower temperature. Therefore，energy consumption was reduced markedly when ultrasonic vibration was used.

Synthesis of copper-containing mesoporous MSU-s by precursor impregnation procedure

SUN Xiaojun，LIU Nan，ZHANG Milin，LIU Xiaohui，LIU Hui

2008, 27(6): 944.

Abstract ( 2201 )

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By using the precursor impregnation procedure，copper ion was loaded in the mesopores in MSU-s which shows higher hydrothermal stability and stronger acidity. Copper-containing mesoporous was synthesized. At the mean time，copper-containing MSU-s were prepared by the impregnation and direct-insertion methods respectively. TG-DTA，XRD and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms were employed to characterize the mesoporous materials. The results indicated when using the precursor impregnation procedure to prepare the Cu/MSU-s，the calcination temperature could be lower，so it had ordered hexagonal structure. In addition，the precursor impregnation procedure was easily operated，and this method also can be used to load other metal ions.

Separation process of dimethyl ether synthesized by one-step method from syngas

HAN Yuanyuan，ZHANG Haitao，YING Weiyong，FANG Dingye

2008, 27(6): 949.

Abstract ( 1769 )

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Based on the experiment of absorption and distillation of dimethyl ether (DME)，the separation process for high purity DME was proposed for the one-step synthesis of DME from syngas. The gas mixture of condensed one-step reaction resultants was absorbed by deionized water，and the mixture stream of liquid from absorber and liquid stream of condensed one-step reaction resultants was fed into the DME rectifyer. DME was drawn from the side stream of the DME rectifier. The bottom stream containing water and methanol was then fed into the methanol rectifyer. With the experimental data，simulation calculation of the separation process was made for reference.

Energy-saving distillation for separation of LNG

LÜ Xianghong

2008, 27(6): 954.

Abstract ( 1987 )

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The processes for liquefied natural gas separation，including conventional distillation，thermally coupled distillation，side-stripper，double-effect distillation and heat-integrated distillation were simulated by using rigorous models and their energy consumptions were compared. The simulated results showed that the complex distillation processes consume much less energy and operation cost than conventional distillation. The thermally coupled distillation saves energy by 21.4%，side-stripper by 13.3%，double-effect distillation by 34.7% while heat-integrated distillation by 37.6%，against the conventional process. All the complex distillation processes have good prospects of application and double-effect distillation and thermally coupled distillation arrangements are superior.

Research and application of wastewater treatment technology and material recovery in organic plant

CHANG Qiulian，ZHOU Wei，WANG Baohua，LI Qunsheng1

2008, 27(6): 958.

Abstract ( 1919 )

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An ammonium wastewater treatment technology in the production of hydrazine hydrate is introduced. The BH-type high efficiency packing was used in revamping an existing ammonium wastewater treatment system. The results indicated that organic material could be stripped from waste water at the stripping section and concentrated at the rectification section to meet the recovery requirement. The mass concentration of ammonia in the overhead reached 4%—8% and could be recovered. At the same time; the waste water could be recycled since the mass concentration of ammonia in the bottom was reduced to 20—50 mg/L，much lower than discharge standard.