Energy resources，especially the petroleum，become more and more limited，which push our society to develop new continuously renewable energy sources. In this paper，some possible substitute routes and their future in energy and petrochemicals replacing by biomass are described. It shows that the biomass resources can not only be the direct substitute of liquid fuels，such as fuel ethanol and bio-diesel，but also can be the indirect substitute of petroleum，such as basic bio-chemicals and functional polymers. Biochemical technology development will accelerate the progress of petrochemical industry，and make it more sustainable.

The etherification of ethanol with tertiary carbonic olefins in the FCC light gasoline can not only reduce the olefin content in the oils，but also produce excellent octane enhancer，ethyl tert-alkyl ether. The latest research progress in synthesis of tert-amyl ethyl ether（TAEE）via etherification of ethanol with C₅ tertiary olefins is reviewed. Reactions related to the process including etherification，isomerization，olefin polymerization and hydration are introduced. The tendency of each reaction is analyzed thermodynamically. A comprehensive review of achievements in etherification catalysts，reaction mechanisms and kinetics research is presented. And the future research in this field is also prospected.

The commercial C₁-route process for glycolate ester synthesis can be realized by catalytic hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate synthesized from syngas. High performance hydrogenation catalyst development is the key in a C1-route process. Recent progress in catalyst development for hydrogenating dimethyl oxalate to methyl glycolate is outlined in this work，including catalysts for liquid and vapor phase reaction. Catalyst development and its preparation methods are summarized systematically. And their catalytic performances，especially the catalyst stability determined by its compositional and structural factors are also discussed. Furthermore，the reaction mechanism for DMO hydrogenation is proposed. It can be a useful reference for developing catalyst and its related process with self-owned intellectual property right.

The mechanisms for bubble and droplet formation in T-shaped microchannels were reviewed. Control parameters for bubble and droplet formation under three various mechanisms，i.e. squeezing mechanism，shearing rupture mechanism and squeezing-shearing rupture mechanism，were discussed. The results showed that the formation of confined bubble（droplet）is attributed to the squeezing mechanism and the bubble（droplet）size is controlled by gas/liquid flow rate ratio. The production of unconfined bubble（droplet）is attributed to the shearing rupture mechanism and is controlled by capillary number. The generation of bubble（droplet）in squeezing-dripping transition regime is attributed to the squeezing-shearing rupture mechanism and is controlled by both capillary number and gas/liquid flow rate ratio. The physical models for three different mechanisms，as well as the influence of viscosity ratio on bubble and droplet formation were introduced.

The heat exchanger fouling development is considered as five stages，i.e. starting，transporting，sticking，corroding，and ageing. The mechanism in each stage is briefly introduced. The latest research on heat exchanger fouling can be classified by prediction，monitoring，and coutermeasures. Based on the current research status，a new study on steam fouling is presented.

Organic peroxides are hazardous materials. Thermal explosion and runaway accidents of organic peroxides are mainly ascribed to their thermally unstable situations. Hazardous parameters，thermokinetic parameters，self-accelerating decomposition temperature model，decomposition and chemical incompatibility of organic peroxides are reviewed. Regarding chemical incompatibility，the instability of organic peroxides with acid，bases，solvent and metals are introduced. DSC，ARC，VSP2，C80 and TAM are used to obtain the thermokinetic parameters，and then the reaction mechanism is further derived. The results can be used to study hazardous characteristic of these peroxides and give reference for their production，storage and transport.

Considering air-polyether polyols（PPG）as Gas-Liquid systems，the power consumption and gas holdup characteristics with two types of three-lay impellers were investigated in a stirred tank with elliptic bottom and internal diameter of 0.28 m at 20—120 ℃. The Relative Power Demand and gas holdup were correlationed for different multiple impellers. The results showed that gas holdup increases，while Relative Power Demand decreases along with the increase of gas flow rate and rotary speeds in the two impeller combination. As temperature increases，the two impeller combination gas holdup and Relative Power Demand reduce. However，multiple impellersⅠ（a half elliptical disk turbine，6-HEDT，at bottom and two up-pumping wide-blade hydrofoils ，WHu，above 6-HEDT）had better performance than multiple impellers Ⅱ（six inclined unseal turbine，6-XYK，at bottom，six inclined disk turbine，6-XDT，in middle and 6-HEDT at top）for its higher gas holdup and stirring power under the aerated condition and it was more suitable for the operation of gas-polyether polyols dispersion.

The mixing test of two-component particles with different diameters were conducted in a cylindrical rotating drum to simulate rotary drum retorting. The influence of rotating rate on the radial mixing of particles was investigated. The Lacey index was taken as a particle mixing indicator. Mixing index and mixing mechanism were studied at 5 different drum rotating rates. A favorite mixing condition achieved at 1/6 vessel filling，0 degree dip angle and 13.3 r/min rotating rate，where the convective mixing and diffusive mixing dominated. A“double oscillating trend”showed in particle mixing.

Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the preparation process of sodium dichromate with barium salt as conversion intermediates. Based on single factor experiments，Design-Expert was used to design the experiments with 3 factors，including reaction temperature，reaction time and liquid to solid ratio，and 3 parameter levels. The best process parameters were determined as the reaction temperature of 80 ℃，the reaction time of 400 min，and the ratio of liquid to solid of 9∶1 in mL/g. Under this optimized condition，the conversion rate was 95%，very close to the predicted value，indicating that the response surface methodology was effective for process optimization.

In this work，air separation in dividing-wall distillation column was modeled and then optimized in terms of total annual cost（TAC）. By analyzing the concentration profile of the argon ion laser gas，two types of dividing-wall columns were found suitable for the application，and the one with the side rectifying section was chosen for simulation study. Then，the effect of operation and equipment parameters in its upper section on TAC was investigated and the optimal operating condition was obtained without compromising product purity requirements. Compared to the conventional process of air separation，TAC is reduced by 7.69%.

The gas flow field on rotating stream tray was studied by using FLUENT CFD software. By the k-ε gas turbulence model and SIMPLER algorithm，a 3-D gas flow field on rotating stream tray has been obtained by  third-order calculation. The numerical results agree well with experiment data at small inlet flow rates. A negative-velocity zone is found in gas flow field. As height increases，the tangential velocity decreases，and radial velocity decreases more significantly.

Bio-oil is categorized into vegetable oil，pyrolysis oil and biodiesel in terms of raw material type. Research progress of bio-oil is reviewed in production methods and principles，physicochemical properties and industrial applications. Its application in food，chemical and fuel material industries is also summarized. The major problems in the field of bio-oils are listed and the future development of bio-oil applications is also prospected.

In recent years，the way of using stalks to produce ethanol has attracted more and more attention. However，it is extremely difficult to produce ethanol directly from stalks as their components are very complex. Different pretreatment methods for stalk materials are introduced and compared given their components. Meanwhile，some typical cellulases are systematically summarized in terms of their characteristics and progress in  hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation. The crucial techniques of ethanol production from stalks as well as the future research development trend are prospected.

Catalytic oxidation for the removal of trace amount of carbon monoxide in olefins needs less equipments，gives more manipulability and higher removal efficiency. In this paper，the research progress of catalysts in such process is reviewed. The mechanism for the removal of trace amount of carbon monoxide is introduced. The CO oxidation activities of Cu-based catalyst are compared among three oxidation states，i.e. Cu²⁺，Cu¹⁺ and Cu⁰. The impact of active lattice oxygen properties upon catalytic activities in CO oxidation is discussed in detail，and the research perspective is also presented.

The main application of Mo-containing catalysts in chemical processes is reviewed，including that in sulfur-containing conditions，selective oxidation process and methane aromatization under non-oxidative conditions. The unique sulfur-tolerance ability makes Mo unsubstitutable in hydrotreating，CO shift and alcohol synthesis process. Mo-containing oxide can act as an excellent catalyst for selective oxidation of hydrocarbon. Its good complex property makes Mo-containing complex quite useful in selective and asymmetric oxidation of olefins. It can also be used in methane aromatization process. However，its activity and stability need to be further improved.

Cu-doped Mg-Al layered double oxides were obtained through calcination at 400 ℃ from the corresponding Cu-doped Mg-Al hydrotalcite，which was prepared by wetness impregnation. The structural information of Cu/LDO catalysts was characterized by XRD，SEM，TG and nitrogen-adsorption/desorption techniques. Their catalytic activities were studied in the synthesis of propylene carbonate from urea and 1,2-propylene glycol. The influences of Cu doping amount，mole ratio of Mg-Al and different supports were investigated. The regeneration performance of catalysts was also studied. The results indicate that the combination of 1% Cu loading，3∶1 Mg∶Al mole ratio，Cu/Mg-Al LDO（3）gives much higher activity in propylene carbonate synthesis. Under the reaction condition of 1% Cu/ Mg-Al LDO（3），n(1,2-propylene glycol)∶n(urea)= 4∶1，reaction temperature of 170 ℃ and reaction time of 3 h，the yield of propylene carbonate reaches 96.1%. In a set of reuse experiments，there is almost no reduction on the catalytic activity.

Due to its highly ordered array structure，easy industrialization and low cost，TiO₂ nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation has become an important inorganic functional material. By compounding nanomaterials inside and outside TiO₂ nanotube arrays，a special heterojunction structure can be formed，which can improve its performance and extend its application. According to the latest literatures，TiO₂ nanotube array composite materials modified from metals，semiconductors and organics are reviewed，as well as their electrochemical，chemical and physical preparation methods. Their application in the photocatalytic degradation of pollutants，solar cells，biosensor is introduced. The existing problems and development direction are also discussed.

The main types of potassium resources is introduced. The present status of potassium resources in China is described. Technologies for potassium extraction from potassium-bearing minerals are compared.

Mesophase pitch has become excellent precursor of advanced functional carbon materials due to its excellent performances，and has drawn more and more attention in the field of high-tech materials. The development process of mesophase pitch is described. The property，forming mechanism and current research situation of several carbon materials derived from mesophase pitch are introduced. The potential application and development of mesophase pitch are also predicted.

The progress of organic chemicals obtained by coal oxidative depolymerization is reviewed，including methods，mechanisms，products distribution，advantages，disadvantages，and future development trends. It is feasible to produce high value-added chemicals from coal by oxidative depolymerization，and is worth to explore a way for the efficient use of coal.

Previous achievements in ion-imprinted polymers are reviewed. Ion-imprinted polymers have several outstanding advantages，such as predetermined recognition ability，relative easy and low cost preparation，high stability and excellent specific recognition ability for target ions，which can lead to potential applications in ions extraction and senor identification areas. The principle of ion imprinted technology is addressed. The varieties of template ions in imprinted polymer are introduced，including main group metal ions，transition metal ions，rare earth metal ions，actinide metal ions and anion. The preparation，adsorption performance and application of the ion imprinted polymer are then emphasized. The future development of template-ion is also prospected.

Aminotetrazole is an organic substance with the highest nitrogen content，which exhibits high positive formation enthalpy and good thermal stability. It has potential applications in the field of solid propellants，gas generations，high energy insensitivity explosives and non-smoke pyrotechnics. In this paper，the synthesis and properties of 5-aminotetrazolates and 1,5-diaminotetrazolates are reviewed. The development tendency for energetic compounds of aminotetrazole is also prospected.

O,O-Dilauryl-N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan quaternary ammonium（DATMC）was prepared and characterized by FTIR，EA and ¹H NMR. The behaviors of mixed monolayers of DATMC and cholesterol（CH）were studied. The experimental results of monolayers properties show that the collapse pressure（π_c）and the limiting molecular area（A_ex）of mixed monolayers decrease with the increasing of cholestrol content. The results of compatibility indicate that the mixed system is stable as the values of excess molecular area（ΔG_exc）are less than zero at any π_c，and the most stable state of it is observed when molar concentration of cholestol is 0.8. The experimental results show that the properity of DATMC monolayers changes with the content of cholestrol.

A kind of glycol containing imide function was synthesized from trimellitic anhydride，4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether and diethylene glycol. A new type of polyurethane-imide elastic material was synthesized from isocyanate terminated PU prepolymer，glycol containing imide function. The productions are characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR），differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）and thermal gravimetric analysis（TGA）. TGA results show that the thermal property of the samples is obviously improved compared to PU. T_d has an increase of 12%，T_50% has an increase of 45 ℃，and the weight of remained polymer has an increase of 18%. The glass transition temperature（T_g）is found in both obtained PUIs block copolymers，and two steps weight loss in an N₂ atmosphere is observed. The PUIs are soluble in strong polar solvents，and also show certain resistance against dilute inorganic acid corrosion.

Rheological property of konjac oligo-glucomannan（KOGM）with various molecular weights in the presence of alkali（sodium carbonate）was studied by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. Molecular weight and other molecular parameters of KOGM were determined by SEC-MALS. The results show that radius of gyration（R_g）decreases and the relative stiffness parameter（β）increases from 0.38 to 0.80 with the decrease of molecular weight（M_w），which means KOGM chains become short and stiff. The storage shear modulus G' and the loss shear modulus G'' increase and loss factor tand decrease with the increasing of KOGM M_w，KOGM concentration and alkali concentration，which indicates that the gels get more elastic and stable.

D-glucaric acid is a dicarboxylic acid containing polyhydroxy. It can be obtained from many glucose-based substances and be used to prepare products of biodegradable polymers，pharmaceuticals and food. In this review，we try to describe the principles and preparation methods of D-glucaric acid in both chemical（nitric acid oxidation and TEMPO oxidation）and biological fields，and review its applications in both pharmaceuticals（anticancer drugs and imaging agents）and polymers.

As a biodegradable macromolecule，chitosan functions with unique characteristics. However，limited by its solubility and other factors，chemical method is used to improve chitosan’s properties. As chemical modifications can cause environmental pollution，need more reactive steps and suffer from poor specificity，biological modification methods get more attention. As a dual-function biological catalyst，tyrosinase catalyzes two different oxygen-dependent reactions that occur consecutively，o-hydroxylation of monophenols to yield o-diphenols（cresolase activity）and the subsequent oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones（catecholase activity）. Tyrosinase specificly grafts phenolic compounds to chitosan to improve its solubility. Tyrosinase oxides o-diphenols of o-quinone and plays the role of cross-linking agent to reinforce the tensile properties of chitosan membrane. Tyrosinase oxides protein tyrosine residues to form chitosan conjugates. With further research，tyrosinase’s application on chitosan biological modification will be more extensive.

Immobilization of Lipozyme TL 100 L on resin was realized by adsorption，and its application in sucrose-6-acetate（S-6-a）synthesis was then investigated. The results showed that nonpolar macroporous resin of HZ-802 was the best carrier among 7 kinds of resins by comparing both protein adsorptivity and transesterification capacity. The S-6-a yield was attained more than 80% in the condition of immobilization temperature 30 ℃，adsorption capacity between 50.47～58.1 mg/g resin，and immobilized enzyme relative water content under 5%. Disposing Lipozyme TL 100 L with 2-propanol at the volume ratio of 0.5∶1，the S-6-a yield of the immobilized enzyme reached 95.4%. And the yield still remained 34.2% when the immobilized enzyme was repeated 8 times. The transesterification followed Ping-Pong Bi Bi mechanism by the studies of apparent michaelis constant K_m′ at different substrate concentrations. Activation energy of the immobilized enzyme by adsorption on HZ-802 was reduced 6.47 kJ/mol compared with the commercial Lipozyme TLIM.

In an isopropanol（iPA）-H₂O heterogenous system，boron was used as a promoter and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride（CTA）was used as an etherifying agent to achieve the cationic reaction of cellulose（Cel.）. By orthogonal experiments，the factors for degree of substitution（DS）were optimized，and product structure was identified by ¹H NMR. It showed that DS of the product gets 0.54，at mass ratio of m（Cel.）∶m（iPAⅠ）∶m（iPAⅡ）∶m（30%NaOH）∶m（50%CTA）∶m（BC）=100∶1000∶400∶296∶696∶20，25 ℃，60 min for activation，and 50 ℃ for 4 h reaction.

t-butyl carbazate was synthesized by esterification of tert-butatol and hydrazinolysis of hydrazine hydrate with phenyl chloroformate as raw material. Factors in the process of esterification and hydrazinolysis were investigated. The results showed that the yield of t-butyl phenyl carbonate is about 77% when esterification reaction time is 3 h and the reaction temperature is 25～30 ℃；the yield of t-butyl carbazate is up to 93% when the mole ratio of hydrazine hydrate to t-butyl phenyl carbonate is 2∶1，the reaction temperature is 100 ℃. The overall yield is about 71.7%. The product structure was confirmed by MS and IR .

A new synthetic strategy of heterocyclic ring system 4-chlorothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine is described. The dropwise addition of 2-chloroacrylonitrile to a solution of ethyl mercaptoacetate and sodium ethoxide in ethanol at room temperature is applied to obtain 3-aminothiophene-2-barboxylate through a ring-closure reaction. The amine is stabilized and separated as a HCl salt when it is treated with HCl in ethyl acetate. The HCl salt is heated directly in excess formamide at 140 ℃ to give thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4（3H）-one through a second ring-closure reaction. Chlorination of thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4（3H）-one with POCl₃ in toluene in the presence of Et₃N at 100 ℃ gives 4-chlorothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine. Compared with traditional method，the synthetic strategy can avoid the use of excess toxic POCl₃，makes its aftertreatment simple and safe.

Glyoxylic acid has been synthesized from methyl glycolate by oxidation and hydrolysis reactions. The oxidation condition of methyl glycolate is investigated，which includes catalyst，temperature，the ratio of H₂O to methyl glyoxylate，space velocity of methyl glycolate and air. The method for methol removing in the hydrolysis reaction has also been studied. The optimized condition for the oxidation of methyl glycolate using C-3 catalyst is obtained when temperature is 320 ℃，the GHSV of air is 42 h^?1，the LHSV of methyl glyoxylate is 1.8 h^?1. And the condition for hydrolysis is optimal when cyclohexane is used as the water-entrainer，the mol ratio of H₂O to methyl glyoxylate is 5︰1. Under the optimized condition，the selectivity of oxidation is 98.8%. The yield of oxidation and hydrolysis reach 97.7% and 92.6% respectively. The total yield of glyoxylic acid is 90.5%. The quality meets the standard of Q/320902YYH005—2000.

Concentrated landfill leachate rejected by reverse osmosis（RO）was oxidized in H₂O₂/O₃ system. Performances of H₂O₂/O₃ oxidation，H₂O₂oxidation and O₃ oxidation were compared. The effects of initial pH，O₃ dosage and H₂O₂ dosage on the removal of color，humic substances and COD were investigated. And the degradation of humic acid（HA）and fulvic acid（FA）were studied，E₂₅₀/E₃₆₅（E₂/E₃）and E₂₄₀/E₄₂₀（E₂/E₄）were used to evaluate the degree of humification. The results demonstrated that for the removal efficiencies of color，humic substances and COD were achieved 97.72%，88.85% and 74.54% respectively at initial pH 8.0，O₃ dosage 5.02 g/L，H₂O₂ dosage 90 mmol/L，reaction time 30 min. The removal efficiency of HA was obviously higher than that’s of FA，and the degree of humification was reduced.

An anoxic dynamic membrane bioreactor（Anoxic-DMBR）was used to treat aquaculture/mariculture wastewater. The results showed that the COD_Mn removal rates by A-DMBR for treating aquaculture and mariculture wastewater were 89.5% and 75.5%. The TN concentrations of effluent were about 1.42 mg/L and 3.50 mg/L. And the sludge concentrations were 3850mg/L and 3550 mg/L respectively. Because of the inhibition effect of salt on denitrification enzyme，the denitrification efficiency decreased by 16%. The constants of NO₃^－-N reduction rate were 5.02×10^－4 h^－1 and 4.48×10^－4 h^{－1 in freshwater and seawater respectively. The reaction rate of the denitrification process in seawater was lower than that in freshwater.}

A novel magnetic nano-adsorbent was prepared by covalent binding of high-deacetylated-degree carboxymethylated chitosan onto the surface of magnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles，which were fabricated by a chemical coprecipitation method. The adsorbent was characterized by transmission electron microscopy（TEM），Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR），X-ray diffraction patterns（XRD），and vibrating sample magnetometer（VSM）. Moreover，the adsorption property of the magnetic nano-adsorbent for Cu(Ⅱ) ions was also investigated. The results showed that the adsorption capability was significantly affected by pH，and the adsorption capacity was the best at pH=5. The adsorption data obeyed the Langmuir equation with a maximum adsorption capacity of 71.43 mg/g and a Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of 0.0543 L/mg.

Polymerization of aniline on a nanoTiO₂ complex film electrode was achieved by sol-gel method and electrochemical polymerization technique. XRD，SEM and CV were used to characterize the structure and image of the nanoTiO₂-PAn complex film. The nanoTiO₂-PAn complex film electrode was used to process the electrocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. By using the nano TiO₂-PAn composite film as electrode，effects of initial concentrations，different electrodes and other factors on the electrooxidation degradation of methyl orange were investigated. The Ti/nanoTiO₂-PAn complex film electrode shows a high electrocatalytic oxidation activity in dealing with organic wastewater. The electrocatalytic activity of Ti/nanoTiO₂-PAn complex film electrode is better than that of Ti/nanoTiO₂ electrode.

A piece of electroless Ni-W-P composite coating was prepared on copper substrates. X-ray diffraction results show the coating has an amorphous structure. The results of adhesion test and pool boiling experiment all indicate that the scale adhesion speed on the electroless Ni-W-P coating with lower surface free energy is reduced by 52%，the average value of heat transfer coefficient is 1.7 times that of plain copper surface when boiling in calcium sulphate solution. The bubble behavior on boiling surface was captured by a high speed camera. Depending on the heat transfer mechanism，two different types of deposits have been observed. A needle-like structure is the characteristic of scale formed on a plain copper surface，while a granular structure corresponds to the scale formed on the Ni–W–P coating surface.

By an improved design for radiation source protection，the protection weight can be reduced significantly. A novel 360 degree planar radiation mode is employed. A portable gamma ray scanning system has been developed for the on-site measurement in petrochemical plants. A diagnosis and troubleshooting method for equipments in petrochemical process was proposed based on more than ten year industrial application of the gamma ray scanning technique. The structure and fluid flow characteristics inside the equipment can be measured rapidly and directly，then the structural and operating failure of the process equipments can be accurately diagnosed. Examples for troubleshooting on both structural and operating failure are introduced.

A simplified batch process HAZOP（hazard and operability analysis）model is constructed by useing Petri nets and SDG（signed directed graph）with a double-layer structure. Petri nets have a very good description for discrete events，and SDG has a strong ability in deep reasoning. Their advantages are well combined in the proposed model. Risk analysis is conducted on the batch process of D3 extraction and purification. Some common malfunction and unappropriate operation are analyzed，and corresponding improvement measures are proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are summarized.