While the intrinsic conductivity of DNA duplex is still under controversy，DNA metallization becomes a promising way to achieve enhanced conductivity of DNA and thus is the key to its applications in nanoelectronics. This review summarizes recent methodological developments in the metallization of DNA including electrostatic adsorption，electroless deposition，DNA self-assembly and metal evaporation. Some typical applications of metallized DNA in catalysis，sensing，nanodevices and nanoelectronics were introduced. Future challenges and promises of this field are also discussed.

FT synthesis reaction is a highly exothermic reaction，in order to transfer the heat of reaction and control the temperature and state of the reaction system effectively，research and development of FT synthesis reactor is the key to effective implementation of this process. The commercialization and status of the FT synthesis reactor are reviewed，and several new reactors emerging in recent years，such as micro-channel reactor，radial reactor，new type of fluid bed reactor，slurry bed reactor with expanding section and slurry bed reactor with circulation，are introduced. The development and prospects of these new reactors are analyzed.

The development of CO₂ sealing up for safekeeping and CO₂ enhanced CH₄ recovery in adsorption reservoir bed is reviewed. The typical characteristics of adsorption reservoir bed，including coal bed and shale bed are analyzed. The competitive adsorption capabilities  of coal/shale rock between CO₂ and CH₄ are compared. The advantages，simulation method，and evaluation method of this technology are discussed，and its prospect is presented.

This paper reviews the achievement and development of the absorption-compression heat pump（ACHP） during the last 10 years，and four system models and choice of working fluids are introduced. As a new heat pump technology，compared with traditional heat pump systems，the ACHP system has a greater range of heating temperature and a higher coefficient of performance（COP）. Ammonia-water is widely used in the ACHP systems due to its excellent thermodynamic performance. Finally，the existing problems of ACHP systems and working fluid and its development trends are discussed.

Based on Eulerian-Lagrangian coupling model，the performance of fan-shaped air-blast atomizer was simulated. The results showed that along with the increasing of gas-liquid mass flow ratio，Sauter Mean Diameter （SMD）decreased firstly，and after reaching the minimum value （39.5 μm），it began to increase. When the gas-liquid mass flow ratio was 23%，the droplets located at 20 mm from the atomizer were restricted to the field ranging from －20 mm to 20 mm in the fan-shaped direction，and the spatial droplet concentration distribution and velocity distribution were in bimodal distribution，with the maximal value occurring on the edge of  the fan-shaped field（Y=15 mm，Y=－15 mm）. The droplet diameter mostly ranged from 15 μm to 50 μm，the peak value and SMD were 25 μm and 45.2 μm，respectively.

Single-tube membrane reactor has such disadvantages as difficulty in industrial scale-up，and low efficiency of coupling of reaction and separation. Discrete multi-tube membrane reactor has a compact structure with a larger heat transmission area as in tubular heat exchanger and realizes multi-stage separation as in plate column. In a test of sec-butyl alcohol dehydrogenation system at 150～225 ℃，mole fraction of methyl ethyl ketone reached 94%.

A new method for feedstock reconstruction of hydrocarbon fractions is developed by using as input the analytically determined commercial indices. Thirty two real components are selected to describe the pyrolysis reaction performance of naphtha. And a set of equations including 32 equations is established according to the commercial indices，such as specific density，hydrogen content，PONA weight fraction and ASTM boiling points curve. We can solve the set of equations，and find a good correspondence between the simulated result and the analytically one. The model can be used in a simulation package for steam cracking.

Four main kinds of production processes of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic materials：separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation，simultaneous saccharification and fermentation，simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation and consolidated bioprocessing are reviewed. The latter two are focused on constructing genetically engineered microorganism. Furthermore，the research on screening fermentative microorganism from rumen and guts of termite are proposed and commercialization of bioethanol requires co-production of other high added-value products.

Dimethyl ether（DME）is one kind of clean fuels．It is expected to replace traditional fuels for vehicles in order to achieve high performance and low emission．Research shows that adding a certain amount of hydrogen into engine can improve the combustion characteristics of dimethyl ether，so onboard reforming of DME to hydrogen is an urgent technology．This article summarizes and comments on the research progress of dimethyl ether reforming to hydrogen，including the methods of dimethyl ether reforming and reforming catalyst，the possibilities of using various methods in reforming DME board restructuring are analyzed as well．It is pointed out that developing the new catalyst preparation methods and plasma-onboard reforming technology is one of the future directions of the onboard fuel reforming to hydrogen．

Commercial gasoline contains several hundreds mg/L sulfur and diesel contains 1000—2000 mg/L sulfur in China，though the fuels have been treated by hydrodesulfurization. The high level of sulfur content in fuels makes vehicles emission the major pollution source of urban areas. Considering the sulfur compounds are mainly thiophene and its derivatives after hydrodesulfurization，we made a test，in which a characteristic reaction of thiophenic compounds with formaldehyde under catalysis of strong acid occurred in mesoporous adsorbents，and the adsorption of this kind of sulfur compounds was considerably enhanced. Coupled with an oxidation/adsorption treatment，the total sulfur content of commercial fuels dropped to below 15 mg/L.

The advance in catalytic oxidative desulfurization over molecular sieve，including TS molecular sieve catalyst，SBA molecular sieve catalyst，HMS molecular sieve catalyst，MCM molecular sieve catalyst，ZSM-5 molecular sieve catalyst，and aluminophosphate molecular sieve catalyst is summarized. Among these molecular sieve catalysts，SBA，HMS，MCM，aluminophosphate mesoporous molecular sieves catalysts have higher desulfurization rate of macromolecule sulfides and therefore have good prospect. The research of molecular sieve catalyst for oxidative desulfurization should be focused on developing large pore size general molecular sieve，investigating the mechanism and reducing the cost of oxidative desulfurization.

p-Aminophenol is a commercially important chemical and medical intermediate. Among the preparation routes of p-aminophenol，catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol has some remarkable advantages，such as simple synthesis process，high-quality products and friendliness to environment，therefore this process has a good prospect. This paper reviews the recent research progress of the catalysts used in p-nitrophenol hydrogenation. The preparation of p-aminophenol through the process coupling catalysis and membrane separation is highlighted，and its developmental trend is also discussed.

A series of transition metal-doped M₁-M₂ vanadium phosphorus oxide（VPO）（M₁ = Mn，M₂=Al，Mg，Ti）composite catalysts were prepared by the reduction-dipping method，and were employed to catalyze reaction of cyclohexane with nitrosyl sulfuric acid in the presence of fuming sulfuric acid. ε-caprolactam was directly obtained from such one-step catalytic process. Among them，the Mn-Al-VPO gave the best results with 17.1% of conversion and 75.6% of selectivity to ε-caprolactam. A possible mechanism is proposed.

A nickel-based catalyst was prepared by the sol-gel process，and the effect of preparation conditions，including NiO loading and calcination temperature on catalytic activity in hydrogen purification was investigated. The catalysts was characterized by means of SEM，BET. Under specific conditions，CO content could be reduced to 0，selectivity of H₂ on CO was over 99%. The hydrogen requirements of proton exchange membrane fuel cell could be fully met.

A new kind of dendritic-salicylaldehydeimine ligand was synthesized from 1.0G polyamidoamine and salicylaldehyde through the Schiff reaction，and further three kinds of dendritic transition metal catalysts were formed by complexing the dendritic ligand with Cu，Zn and Ni. The structure of the dendritic ligand and the derived catalysts was characterized by elemental analysis，IR，NMR and UV. The catalysis of dendritic catalysts for decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was also studied. The results showed that the structures of dendritic ligand and the derived catalysts were consistent with the theoretical structures，and all the three kinds of dendritic catalysts had high catalytic activity to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

One-dimensional TiO₂ nanomaterials have been paid much attention for their potential applications in various fields，such as photocatalysis，solar cells and gas sensors due to their special physical and chemical properties. The synthesis of one-dimensional TiO₂ nanomaterials by hydrothermal method is simple，cheap，and highly efficient. In this paper，the effect of the conditions of hydrothermal synthesis，such as raw materials，reaction temperature and time，and acid washing，on the morphology and crystal structure of the nanomaterials are reviewed，and the formation mechanism and thermal stability are also discussed in order to provide  reference for controlling the morphology and crystal structure and applications of one-dimensional TiO₂ nanomaterials.

Hydrogen production by hydrolysis of sodium borohydride by means of metal catalyst is a practical，environment-friendly and feasible approach. Especially，using the solid state sodium borohydride or its mixture directly is simpler and safer than using its solution. The present work was focused on the design of a small scale generator suitable for H₂ generation from the mixture powders of sodium borohydride and cobalt acetate as catalyst precursor at a reasonable temperature and at high generation efficiency. The initial temperature，flow rate of water，mixture ratio and product composition were investigated experimentally. It was found that the process temperature measured directly by a thermocouple fluctuated in a small range of 6～8 ℃，which could decrease the peak value of H₂ generation rate and obtain a steady hydrogen flow. A high H₂ generation efficiency > 95% was achieved under the mixture ratio with the catalyst being more than 4%. The catalyst cobalt acetate was formed in-situ and evenly distributed.

Supercritical fluid has been proved to have wide prospects in many fields because of its unique characteristics such as low viscosity，high density and excellent performance of mass transfer. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have remarkably potential applications in many fields such as magnetic fluids，biomedicine，catalysis，electronics and so on. In this paper，the research progresses，research focuses and main problems of preparation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by supercritical fluid technology，including rapid expansion of supercritical solutions（RESS），supercritical anti-solvent processes（SAS），sol-gel supercritical fluid drying and supercritical hydrothermal synthesis are reviewed. The future direction is also suggested.

Hydrogels can respond to the environmental changes by recognizing and then self-working under slight stimulation of physical and chemical environment，such as temperature，pH degree，ionic strength，electric field，magnetic field，light，pressure，etc. Tertiary amine group and double bonds，which exist in DMAEMA，can be protonated in acid medium. Its copolymers and homopolymers can be rendered pH sensitive and temperature sensitive by this property，which can be used in controlled drug release，tissue culture，energy conversion device，artificial muscles，chemical valve and bionic actuator. In this paper，based on pH，temperature and electrical sensitivity，the recent research on DMAEMA sensitive hydrogels is reviewed. At last，the applications in the fields of controlled drug release of such DMAEMA intelligent hydrogels are also presented.

Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors（MIECS）can selectively recognize the target molecules，so it has a good prospect in the fields of environmental monitor，drug detection，pesticide residue detection，etc. In this paper the selection of functional monomers，methods for fabricating sensing films in preparation of MIECS and types of MIECS are reviewed. The problems in the research of MIECS are analyzed，and the prospects of application of MIECS are discussed.

Polydiaminonaphthalene（PDAN），as a conductive polymer，will become a novel functional material owing to its unique properties and potential applications. The electrochemical properties and structure of poly（1,5-diaminonaphthalene）（P1,5-DAN）prepared by electrochemical process are summarized. Combination of P 1,5-DAN with other functional materials can offer new materials with many interesting properties，for example，electrocatalysts，absorbents，chemical and biological sensors，and so on. Among them，poly 1,5-diaminonaphthalene has received increasing interest due to its affinity to some metal ions of the electron donating groups（amine and secondary amino groups）on the polymer chain in electrochemical experiments. The excellent adhesive property and dense structure of its film obtained by electrochemical synthesis are of great advantage to the modi?cation of electrodes. Poly（1,5-diaminonaphthalene）can sensitively respond to specific chemical or biological species. The development of the electrodes modified by poly（1,5-diaminonaphthalene）film is prospected.

The development of polymerization and functionalities of a new type of copolymer containing pyrene is reviewed. The improvement of pyrene for common polymer chain is elaborated. It is pointed out that the copolypyrene is a new multifunctional one with promising application in the fields of electrochromic device，smart window，electronic paper，polymer light-emitting diode，rechargeable battery and high-temperature-resistant materials.

A temperature corrected equation is developed to measure rheological parameters of the crystalline and amorphous polymer in torque rheometer，and rheological results were compared with capillary rheometer results. The results showed that the activity energy and flow index data measured with torque rheometer were in good accordance with those measured with capillary rheometer. When measuring the rheological parameters，the torque values measured should be corrected for the temperature rise due to viscous dissipation. Equivalent radius was a quantity depending only on geometrical dimensions of the mixer but independent of the nature of the fluid and the mixing conditions. Torque rheometer has a narrow range of shear rate.

The perfluorosulfonate ion exchange membrane was modified by carbon aerogel of phenol formaldehyde system. The parameters affecting the modified membrane were studied. The results indicated that the optimum carbon aerogel to be used for modification were particle size of 9.76nm，specific surface area of 590m²/g and carbon aerogel content of 2%. Under such conditions，the modified membrane’s performance was outstanding and could be used in desalination by electrosorb technology.

The monodisperse molecularly imprinted polymer microsphere（MIPMs）for chloramphenicol was prepared by one-step seed swelling and two-step seed swelling  method using linear polystyrene emulsion as seeds，methacrylic acid（MAA）as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate（EDMA）as crosslinker，respectively. The surface features of MIPMs were analyzed with optical microscope and SEM，and the adsorption properties of microspheres were analyzed with static adsorption experiments. The results showed that dispersion coefficient，separation factor of microspheres made by two-step seed swelling were better，the average size was 8.44 μm，dispersion coefficient was 14.2%，separation factor was 3.39.

Waterborne polyurethane（WPU）emulsion was synthesized by a prepolymer process using dimethylol propionic acid（DMPA）and glucose as hydrophilic agent and crosslinking agent，respectively. The structure of the films was confirmed by means of FTIR. The test results indicated that glucose was introduced into the main chain of polyurethane. TG analysis indicated that the thermal stability of WPU films modified with glucose was improved. The effect of glucose content on the mechanical properties of the WPU films was studied. The results showed that the properties of WPU films were improved with increasing weight of PG. When glucose content increased from 0 to 4.68%，elongation at break decreased from 529.9% to 276.4% and tensile strength increased from 10.9 MPa to 24.2 MPa.

Effects of molecular weight（M_w）of chitosan，ratio of chitosan and collagen，content of cross-linker were investigated in order to improve the properties of compound chitosan-collage sponge. Optimum preparation conditions were obtained：M_w of chitosan 1.5×10⁵，ratio of chitosan and collagen 2∶3，amount of glutaricdialdehyde 1.5%. The aperture of compound sponge obtained under optimum conditions was between 100 μm and 150 μm measured by SEM and the physical properties of sponge met the requirements.

(R)-2-chloromandelic acid is one of the most important intermediates and fine chemicals with broad use. It can be used for the synthesis of clopidogrel，an anti-platelet drug that inhibits the ability of platelets to clump together as part of a blood clot. Presently，(R)-2-chloromandelic acid can be prepared by asymmetric synthesis and resolution of racemate. This review introduces various preparation methods of (R)-2-chloromandelic acid，and compares the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. The prospect of (R)-2-chloromandelic acid synthesis methods is also discussed.

This paper is aimed at increasinge the yield of lubricating oil from waste lubricating oil and improving the product by co-solvent assisted furfural purification. The assisting co-solvent，normal butyl alcohol and its addition amount were determined. The effect of refining temperature and solvent to oil ratio on product yield was investigated and the properties of the product were determined. The results showed that near yellow clear lubricating oil could be produced with a yield of 88.5% under the conditions of mixed solvent（15% normal butyl alcohol∶furfural），temperature 85 ℃ and solvent to oil ratio 2∶1. The viscosity index was 128，colority was 1.5，refractive index was 1.4503，solidification point was －19 ℃，flash point was 218 ℃，carbon residue was 0.080%. Because of the high yield and improved quality，this process has good prospect of application.

Four imidazolium-based acidic ionic liquids were synthesized and used as catalysts for the synthesis of diethyl oxalate by esterification of oxalic acid with ethanol. The effects of several operation conditions were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were as follows：[Mim(CH₂)₃SO₃H]HSO₄ as catalyst，reaction temperature 110 ℃，reaction time 90 min，mole ratio of ethanol and oxalic acid 4∶1，under such conditions the yield of diethyl oxalate was over 73%，and the ionic liquid could be recycled at least four times without obvious deactivation. Additionally，the ionic liquid [Mim(CH₂)₃SO₃H]HSO₄ was immobilized on silica by the sol-gel method. The results showed that the supported ionic liquid exhibited higher catalytic performance than the unsupported one，with a yield of diethyl oxalate up to 84.8%.

Combination of pour point depressants（PPDs）is one of the effective means to improve low temperature properties of diesel fuel. In this paper 0^# diesel fuel was used to evaluate the effect of different PPDs，then PPDs with good effects were combined. Digital X-ray diffraction（XRD），micropolariscope and differential scanning calorimeter（DSC）were used to study the influence of PPD on the growth of wax crystal and thermodynamics of crystallization at a low temperature. The results showed that combination of polymethacrylate PPD（KT4）and polyethylene-viny acetate PPD had better effect especially at the ratio of 1︰1. XRD and micropolariscope indicated that adsorption was the mechanism of polymethacrylate PPD（KT4），while co-crystallization was the mechanism of polyethylene-viny acetate PPD（AH-BSFH）. DSC showed that 1︰1 combination of polymethacrylate PPD（KT4）and polyethylene-viny acetate PPD could further lower the liquid-solid phase change.

Ionic liquids（ILs）have attracted increasing interests for SO₂ capture due to their unique physico-chemical properties. In this paper the characteristics and advantages of ILs over traditional absorbents are introduced. The recent progress of ionic liquids for SO₂ removal，including the solubility of SO₂ in guanidinium-based，imidazolium-based，amines-based and other kinds of ionic liquids，the advantages and disadvantages of these ILs as well as the absorption mechanisms are reviewed. There are three kinds of absorption mechanisms，including physical absorption，chemical absorption or both，which depend on the kind of ILs. Molecular dynamics simulation and others kinds of computational methods have become an important means to provide valuable insights into the structure–property quantitative relationship. Other issues such as ionic liquids for SO₂ separation at a high temperature and the absorption mechanism have to be further investigated.

The modification of industrial activated carbon 4^#（AC4）with impregnated KOH and the adsorption capacities of KOH，Na₂CO₃，KI toward carbonyl sulfide（COS）were studied and compared，leading to the result：KOH＞Na₂CO₃＞KI. The effects of reaction conditions were investigated. The fresh activated carbon and modified activated carbon before and after COS adsorption were characterized by SEM-EDS. The results showed that 10%（w%）of KOH was the best impregnation and the optimum condition was at 60 ℃ with 1.0% of oxygen content. Furthermore，SEM-EDS distribution indicated that the result of adsorption became obviously better by the change of pore structure of modified activated carbon and the formation of surface active materials.

The aerobic reactor of A/O process was separated into two segments and each of them was installed with fiber packing to form an A/O₁/O₂ biofilm system. In the A/O₁/O₂ biofilm system，substrates degradation characteristics of nylon wastewater in each reactor were investigated. Furthermore，infrared spectroscopy was used for analyzing substrates decomposition. Good performance of A/O₁/O₂ biofilm system was achieved，and average removal efficiencies of COD，NH₄⁺-N and TN were 92.70%，85.35% and 58.85% respectively. As organic loadings varied from 1.64 kg/(m³·d) to 4.61 kg/(m³·d)，different removal characteristics of COD，NH₄⁺-N and TN were observed in A，O₁ and O₂ reactors. For COD removal，average contribution percentages of A，O₁ and O₂ reactors were 63.08%，29.72% and 4.16% respectively. For NH₄⁺-N removal，average contribution percentages of O₁ and O₂ reactors were 23.80% and 75.99% respectively. For TN removal，average contribution percentages of A，O₁ and O₂ reactors were 74.97%，19.77% and 4.09% respectively. Investigation on the IR of each wastewater samples demonstrated that in the progress of substrates degradation，amino acid，amide and aliphatic compounds decreased，but NH₄⁺，NO₃^－，HCO₃^－ and carbohydrate increased.

Polypropyrene（PP）hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane was used in ammonia/water separation，the effects of velocity，concentration，and temperature of both feed and absorbing liquids on the mass-transfer coefficient and ammonia removal ratio were examined. The results indicated that ammonia/water could be separated effectively with polypropyrene hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane. The circulation velocity and temperature of feed were the important factors. It was found that mass-transfer coefficient increased with feed temperature. However with increasing circulation feed velocity，membrane flux and pressure increased，and ammonia removal ratio decreased. It was also found that the starting ammonia concentration was important. With increasing starting ammonia concentration，membrane flux increased. With an excess of reactant concentration in the absorbing liquid over transfer ammonia concentration，the effect of concentration and velocity of absorbing liquid on the transfer process could be ignored.

The pyrolytic characteristics and the products of bagasse cellulose，hemicellulose and holocellulose at different temperatures were studied with TG and py-GC/MS，and the interaction between cellulose and hemicellulose components were discussed. The result indicated that the interaction between cellulose and hemicellulose components affected differently on different products：It enhanced the formation of some products，such as 2-furancarboxaldehyde，and it enhanced firstly and then inhibited the formation of some products，such as carbon dioxide and levoglucosan，and inhibited firstly and then enhanced the formation of some products，such as acetic acid .

Wastewater from yeast plant is a typical refractory one with deep color and high concentration of organic matter and sulfate. The biodegradation characteristics of organic compounds and the treatment processes of yeast wastewater are presented. The technical characteristics of biological treatment processes are analyzed，and the importance of efficient biological reactor is indicated. A self-designed three-phase biological fluidized bed was used to treat wastewater from two yeast plants separately. When the influent COD loadings were 9.00—9.53 kg/(m³·d) and 7.84—8.67 kg/(m³·d) respectively and the total hydraulic retention time（HRT）was less than 54 h，the average removal rates of COD for both samples were 99.6%. The average removal rates of NH₃-N were 98.4% and 98.3% respectively，while the average removal rates of color were 98.0% and 98.5% respectively. Each effluent met the first grade of Guangdong Province wastewater discharge standard（DB44/26—2001）.The results indicated that the selected process with a short hydraulic retention time，high organic loading and low running costs is efficient and appropriate for yeast wastewater treatment.

Alumina was extracted from coal gangue by hydrochloric acid leaching. The operation parameters of solid-liquid ratio，reaction temperature，concentration of hydrochloric acid，reaction time，activation time and temperature for coal gangue were investigated，and the optimum conditions were obtained byorthogonal experiment. The extraction rate of alumina under optimum conditions could reach 84%. The inhibition of agglomeration of alumina particles by different dispersants were also studied. The raw material and the alumina produced were characterized by means of SEM and XRD，which showed that high purity and highly dispersed superfine alumina was produced. In addition，the effect of the concentration of sodium hydroxide on the modulus of co-produced industrial liquid sodium silicate was also studied.