Chemical process intensification can significantly improve the rates of transfer processes and reaction processes by using new equipment and method,and thus is an emerging technology. Compared with the conventional equipment and technology,the chemical process intensification,which can significantly improve manufacturing and processing process,greatly increase equipment capacity and reduce energy consumption or waste,is a cheaper and more sustainable development technology. The principle,method and technical characteristic of chemical process intensification are introduced. The internal relations between chemical industry development and chemical process intensification are clarified. The status and function of chemical process intensification are analyzed in the context of eco-chemical orientation in this paper. Based on the chemical process intensification technology for promoting transformation of development idea,technical innovation of process equipment,energy-saving,emission and consumption-reduction,and support of the sustainable development of chemical industry,the importance of chemical process intensification technology for both promoting the transformation upgrading and boosting the social reputation of chemical industry are discussed.

As the most important research field of the modern chemical industry development in our country,distillation process intensification technology is a successful example of the application of process reinforcement in the chemical industry field. With the development of recent years,the study of distillation process intensification technology has formed a relatively complete system,but there are also a series of new difficult problems and challenges. Therefore,aiming at two important essential questions of relative volatility intensification and mass transfer process intensification,this paper will focus on the basic theory innovation,the key technology breakthrough and the key equipment research to comprehensively introduce the following three aspects:the introduction of mass separating agent to strengthen distillation process,the introduction of energy separating agent to strengthen distillation process and advanced equipment to strengthen distillation process. Azeotropic distillation,extractive distillation and reactive distillation are the typical strengthen distillation process of mass separating agent. The typical energy separating agents are the plus fields such as microwave field,high gravity field,magnetic field,electric field and ultrasonic field. Those were introduced in detail in the first and second part of this paper. In the last part,new type of packing,new type of tray and divided wall distillation column were systematic introduced.

Micro chemical technology has received extensive attention in many fields,such as fluid flow,process intensification,mass transfer and bio/chemical reaction processes. In this paper,hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer performance for three types of micro-absorbers i.e.,falling film micro-absorber,mini/microchannels and microstructured mesh absorber were systematically reviewed and summarized. In particular,the hydrodynamic characteristics of Taylor flow absorber were summarized in detail,including the bubble formation mechanism,the length of bubbles and liquid slug,bubble transport properties and bubble velocity,the cross-sectional shape of bubble and the thickness of liquid film,and pressure drop for gas-liquid two-phase flow. Mass transfer process mechanism for Taylor flow absorption process was also presented,mainly focusing on the prediction model of mass transfer coefficient. Furthermore,the effects of various factors,such as the channel geometric parameters,main channel and inlet port structures,gas and liquid composition,flow rate,absorbents and operating pressure on the CO₂ absorption efficiency and mass transfer coefficient were also elaborated in this work.

Process intensification technique of gas-liquid plasma has been a newly developed interdisciplinary field since 1980s,which shows significant values in the applications of advanced oxidation processes,liquid phase chemosynthesis,nano-materials synthesis and so on. From the point of view of chemical engineering,it is a multi-phase transport and reaction process with special external field combining both physical and chemical effects of high-energy electronic collision,chemically active component oxidation,ultraviolet light and shock waves,etc. Because of the complexity and multidisciplinary feature of the gas-liquid plasma itself,the involved physical and chemical mechanism has not been fully understood. At the same time,the lack of systematic study on the gas-liquid plasma reactors has significantly restricted the further application and development of the process intensification technique of gas-liquid plasma. The aims of this paper are to review the recent advances of gas-liquid plasma,involving the diagnosis technique,process mechanism,reactor design and the applications in advanced oxidation processes. Finally,the future research direction on the gas-liquid plasma assisted processes is given.

Jet reactors are important equipment for process intensification and they have been applied in many industries in recent years. They can significantly enhance the mass and heat transfer,speed up the reaction rate and promote reaction yield. In this work,two structural styles of jet reactors and the hydrodynamic characteristics of gas-liquid two phase flow in these reactors were reviewed. Firstly,configurations and working principles of these two kinds of jet reactors were described. Secondly,influences of operating and structural parameters on the gas induction rate and bubble diameter were analyzed,respectively. It was pointed out that more studies should be conducted on the mechanisms of gas entrainment and bubble breakage. Finally,reviews on the modeling of gas-liquid flow using the computational fluid dynamics in the jet reactors were presented. It was noteworthy that although Mixture multiphase model can reproduce gas entrainment rate accurately,it cannot be employed to predict the processes of bubble motion and breakage,which were very important for the hydrodynamic characteristics. It was recommended that these two processes can be well described by combining Euler-Euler model with Population Balance Model. When the Population Balance Model was employed,an appropriate bubble breakage frequency model should be set up at first. Additionally,catalyst particle phase should also be taken into account since it existed in various multiphase catalytic reactions in industrial application,which can influence flow patterns. Gas-liquid-solid three phase flow simulation can produce more realistic results and it would play an important role in guiding the industrial applications of the jet reactors.

The implementation of enhanced heat transfer technology in heat exchangers can solve the bottleneck problem in the existing heat exchanger network(HEN) retrofit. Without excessive structural transformation in the heat recovery system,the use of heat transfer enhancement technology can achieve significant energy savings and reduce costs. At the same time,in the design of HEN,the application of heat transfer enhancement technology in heat exchangers can reduce the investment of equipment and achieve better economic effect. Firstly,through the literature retrieval data,the research on heat transfer enhancement in heat transfer network retrofit and design has been paid attention by researchers in the last 5 years. Then,the basic principles and main methods of heat transfer enhancement of shell and tube heat exchangers(STHE) were summarized. The effect of heat transfer enhancement technology on heat transfer performance of heat exchanger was analyzed. The classification of heat transfer enhancement technology and the enhancement effect of STHE were summarized. From the two aspects of design and retrofit,the application research of heat transfer enhancement of STHE considering in the optimization of HEN was summarized. The effect and advantage of heat transfer enhancement on HEN design and retrofit were presented. Finally,the future research,the simultaneous optimization of heat transfer enhancement device geometry of STHE and HEN,as well as simultaneous optimization of heat transfer enhancement and detailed design of heat exchanger was prospected.

As the most widely used heat exchangers in engineering,shell-and-tube heat exchangers have the advantages of strong structure,high adaptability,ability to utilize and recover heat energy and so on. Under the background of pursuing high-energy efficiency,the heat transfer enhancement of heat exchangers has attracted wide attention. This article mainly focuses on the research progress of heat transfer enhancement of shell and tube heat exchanger,including the optimization of geometry of the heat exchanger,the improvement of thermal properties of the flowing fluid and the combination of multiple heat transfer enhancement techniques. Among them,the geometry optimization mainly includes changing the surface of the heat transfer tubes,adding inserts into tubes,and optimizing the baffles in the shell side. The optimization of the physical properties of flowing fluid mainly focus on the improvement of thermal conductivity of nanofluids,and improvement of heat capacity of latent heat fluid and so on. Integrated enhanced heat transfer technique combined different enhancement methods to fill the gap and achieve higher heat transfer rate. Finally,it is pointed out that the research direction of the heat transfer enhancement of shell and tube heat exchanger in the future lies in developing enhanced tubes and steady nanofluids and latent heat fluid,and the combination of a variety of ways to strengthen the heat transfer effect.

The foam-/fiber-structures,with irregular 3D open network,exhibits great advantages over the traditional micro-channels/honeycombs with regular 2D voidage patterns,including free radial diffusion,vortex-driven heat/mass transfer,large area-to-volume ratio,high contacting efficiency and high flexibility in geometry design. However,highly efficient and cost-effective catalytic functionalization of such foam/fiber matrixes still remains significantly challenging. In past few years,significant efforts have been made on the nano-to macro-engineering of nanocomposites onto the foam-/fiber-structures. This review discusses the newly-developed non-dip-coating methods for the catalytic functionalization of the foam/fiber matrixes,and their applications in the strongly exo-/endo-thermic and/or high-throughput catalytic reaction processes,aiming to providing technical supports for the areas of C1 chemical,environmental catalysis and "module" chemical plants.

The development of purification materials has become a research focus towards air purification. Nanofiber membrane has showed great potentials in air purification due to its interconnected nanoscale pore structures. The filtration performance of nanofibrous air filter is usually characterized by both the filtration efficiency and the filtration resistance. The research progress of nanofiber membrane with different structure,such as bead-on-string,nanofiber/nets and composite is introduced,and the application status of electret nanofiber membrane used in efficient dust removal is reviewed. The feasibility on the application of silver nanoparticles or semiconductor metal oxide modified nanofiber membrane in multi-functional air purification,such as antibacterial and degradation of VOCs,is analyzed. High efficiency,low resistance and functionalization will be the key points for nanofiber membrane in air purification. It is expected that nanofibrous air purification membrane with multifunction will gain more and more applications in the future.

Process intensification technology for polymerization is an effective technical means to maximization of the efficiency of polymerization process,controllability of polymer product structures,and green polymerization process and polymer product. Development of process intensification technology for polymerization was reviewed. The features of different process intensification methods were analyzed with emphasis in terms of flow and mixing,heat and mass transfer,reactive coupling,supercritical fluid,external field,etc. Also,the existent problems were discussed. It is revealed that process intensification technologies for polymerization should focus on the effective coupling between polymerization kinetics and polymerization equipment. Process intensification methods based on polymerization characteristics are the future directions of development.

As a novel type of green solvents,ionic liquids(ILs) gradually attracted wide attention in industry due to their wide electrochemical property,high thermal stability,low vapor pressure,devisable structures and good cycle performance. For industrial scale-up,it is significant to know the hydrodynamics in ILs,such as the bubble behavior,mixed behavior and so on. The gas-liquid two-phase flow,liquid-liquid two-phase flow and three-phase flow are discussed in the aspects of experiment and numerical simulation,respectively. The results show that the hydrodynamics of ILs system is still in the developing stage. The study of three-phase flow of ILs is temporarily suspended in the experimental stage,and the research of liquid-solid two-phase flow is almost blank and needs to be investigated. In the future,more advanced detection methods will be used in the experimental research of hydrodynamics in ILs while numerical simulation will get deep insight into the analysis of the flow behavior in different systems from microscopic to macroscopic based on the special properties of ILs.

High gravity(Higee) technology is one of the novel technologies for process intensification and it is usually carried out in a rotating packed bed(RPB),which can tremendously intensify mass transfer and micromixing processes. After decades of predecessors' efforts,the fundamental research and industrial applications of RPBs have been made great progress. In this paper,the various types of packing used in the RPB,the visualization of fluid flow,and mass transfer and micromixing performance with different packings were summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of different packings were analyzed for various applications. The merits and limitations of different visualization techniques were also pointed out. Some suggestions were proposed to further enhancement of mass transfer and micromixing processes. Industrial applications of RPBs in recent years,including advanced chemicals,marine natural gas purification,preparation of nanomaterials,and environmental protection,were summarized and the potential industrial applications of RPBs were also forecasted.

As one of the important methods of hydrate research, experimental study using hydrate flow loops has attracted many researchers both at home and abroad for its simulation of hydrate formation, flow and blockage in pipeline transportation system. The main design parameters and experimental process of 11 hydrate experimental flow loops were introduced, including Archimede flow loop and IFP-Lyre flow loop in France, ExxonMobil flow loop and FAL flow loop of University of Tulsa in America, Hytra flow loop in Australia, NTNU flow loop, SINTEF flow loop and Petreco A/S high-pressure wheel loop in Norway and hydrate experimental flow loop of Guangzhou Energy Institute, CUPB experimental flow loop of Chemical Engineering and CUPB experimental flow loop of Petroleum Storage and Transportation Engineering in China. The research progress and main achievements based on these 11 hydrate experimental flow loops were summarized from four aspects including researches of hydrate formation in flowing system, hydrate slurry flow characteristics, hydrate plugging mechanism & risk control,and hydrate particle agglomeration & particle size distribution, respectively. The design ideas and references were provided for design of experimental flow loops with special functions. The future hydrate research using experimental flow loops should combine the macroscopic experimental data analysis with the microscopic methods,optimize experimental scheme and clarify the experimental objective to obtain the intrinsic mechanism of the relative fundamental research about hydrate.

As a kind of special liquid-solid mixture consisting of nanoparticles and base fuel,liquid nanofuel has many advantages such as high heat transport capability,good catalytic combustion performance and low pollutant emission. However,the small size characteristic of nanoparticle makes the heat and mass transport mechanism,spray and evaporation performance,and combustion chemical reaction of liquid nanofuel very complex,leading to imperfection of the theories and application of liquid nanofuel for combustion enhancement. In this paper,the approaches of preparation and stability treatment for liquid nanofuel are introduced firstly. Then,the effects of nanoparticles on thermophysical parameters,atomization,evaporation and combustion characteristics of base fuel are analyzed in detail. In addition,the potential application values of liquid nanofuel in power plants for improving performance and reducing emission are reviewed emphatically. On this basis,this paper envisions the future research trends of liquid nanofuel for combustion enhancement. It is indicated that the efficient and controllable preparation approach,characteristics and mathematical description of thermophysical parameters,mechanisms of catalytic combustion and emission reduction are the important problems to be solved in the field of liquid nanofuel.

Due to high viscosity and high density of heavy oil, the viscosity reduction had firstly to be done to ensure heavy oil extraction, gathering, and processing. The hydrogen donated visbreaking process, which the hydrogen donor was added into the conventional visbreaking process to solve the problem of low processing depth,coking,and poor stability,was an efficient thermal viscosity reduction technology. This review first introduced the basic types of heavy oil pipeline transportations. Then the hydrogen donating mechanism,the effect of hydrogen donor,the species of hydrogen donor,determination of donatable hydrogen concentration and application of hydrogen donor were summarized. The selection of hydrogen donors should be determined according to process conditions and the properties of hydrogen donor. The key issue of affecting the coking and inhibiting coking is whether the active hydrogen can be timely closed the asphaltic free radicals.

This paper reviewed the main technologies for PHB depolymerization,including pyrolysis,hydrolysis,solvent treatment,and enzymolysis. The effect of process parameters,product distribution, and reaction mechanism on PHB depolymerization were discussed. The main factors affecting the PHB thermal stability were summarized. The required temperatures for a routine reaction are in the following order of:pyrolysis > hydrolysis ≥ solvent treatment > enzymolysis. Crotonic acid and its oligomers are usually the main products of pyrolysis at mild temperatures. However,a high pyrolysis temperature (e.g., > 500℃) would lead to a high yield of CO₂ and propylene. Both hydrolysis and solvent treatment are mainly used to obtain targeted chemicals(e.g.,3-hydroxybutyric acid,crotonic acid,methyl crotonate),by selectively opening the ester bond in PHB. Compared with the other three technologies,new technical breakthrough is needed for enzymolysis due to its multiple limitations and high cost. Two potential research areas were proposed for further work:①catalyzed reforming of PHB for high-quality oil production,and ②direct conversion of PHB rich-in microbial biomass for valuable chemicals.

In order to study the effect of MgO content on the ash fusibility of high sodium coal,high sodium synthetic coal ash samples with different MgO content were prepared and the ash fusion temperatures were measured. A multicomponent system including SiO₂-Al₂O₃-Fe₂O₃-CaO-MgO-Na₂O was established by the thermodynamic database FactSage 7.0 to simulate the ash melting process. X-ray diffraction(XRD) and scanning morphology microscope(SEM) were applied to investigate the mineral composition and surface morphology of synthetic coal ash samples. The results show that the ash fusion temperatures dropped first and rose later with the increase of MgO content. When the MgO content increase from 0 to 5%,a large quantity of diopside with low melting point was generated in ash at high temperature. Diopside could form eutectics with minerals such as nepheline,and thus reducing the ash fusion temperatures. When the MgO content was further increased,minerals with high melting point such as akermanite,forsterite and merwinite were generated in ash at high temperature,and thus improving the ash fusion temperatures. The results of binary phase diagram and analogous ternary phase diagram indicated that the variation of liquid temperature was consistent with the ash fusion temperatures with the increase of MgO content. For the coal ash samples in this study,the ash fusion temperatures could be improved efficiently and the formation of molten slag could be suppressed significantly when the MgO content reached to 30%.

Steam gasification of bio-char had been studied in an updraft fixed bed reactor for hydrogen-rich syngas. The effect of different feedstocks,particle sizes and catalysts on steam gasification was investigated. The results showed that there were big diversity between different char gasifications. The results of wood chip char gasification were the best,followed by the corn cob char and rice husk char;and the worst results were strew char gasification. The maximum hydrogen yield of wood chip char was 222.8g/kg char. Particle sizes mainly affected the char conversion rate,which increased with the increase of particle size. The method of char adsorbing catalysts was efficient,and the catalytic ability of KOH was better than K₂CO₃ at the same potassium salts mass fraction. The gasification rate with catalyst were twice of that without catalyst. Moreover,the char conversion rate increased with the rising of alkali concentrations,but higher concentration was not favoable for the hydrogen yield due to the increase of ash content. The maximum hydrogen yield of corn cob char gasification was 197.8g/kg char with alkali concentration of 6%.

Using ricehusk as raw materials,CaO as a capture agent,the change of combustible gases in different temperature and different proportion of capture agent in-situ CO₂ capture was investigated. The results showed that the pyrolysis gas production was significantly affected by temperatures,and there was maximum gas production of 340mL/g at 800℃. CaO sorbents promoted the reaction towards forming more hydrogen by in-situ CO₂ capture. At 600℃,with CO₂ concentration at 22%,the CO₂ capture had nothing to do with CaO proportion. At CaO:biomass=1:4 in 700℃,the higher H₂ yield 41% and the lower CO₂ yield 16% were abtained. And the CO₂ capture efficency was 64%. The GC-MS analysis showed that CaO played the role of catalytic cracking instead of temperature.

The paper proposed to adopt coal-water slurry(CWS) gasification technology to solve the powder lignite-and wastewater-based constraints in the coal chemical industry. From the fixed-bed gasification unit of some coal-to-synthetic natural gas(SNG) plant, 5 sets lignite and 8 groups wastewater(W1-W8) were sampled and analyzed. Then each lignite was made directly or pretreated via hydrothermal process(HTP) into CWS in the presence of wastewater or using deionized water as a control group(W0). The results showed that the wastewater mostly contained high amount of organics and salts, especially for W8 with its solid content reaching 35.1%. For CWS prepared directly, the concentration ranged from 46% to 53% with W1-W7,equivalent to that of W0,while the concentration was less than 45% with W8. However, after pretreatment via HTP, the concentration of CWS with W0 and W4 exceeded to 58% and 56%,respectively, with an overall increase of 5.5%-11.7%(absolute value) in contrast to that of CWS prepared directly,and thus meeting the need of CWS gasification. Moreover,the research method would favor coupling the utilization of lignite and wastewater to broaden powder lignite application and promote waste water recycling and reduction.

The lignite coal particles from the Inner Mongolia Huolinhe were heated by microwave to remove inner water and were coated with anionic paraffin emulsion and cationic paraffin emulsion. The specific surface areas, pore volumes and average pore sizes of raw coal particles(YM),coal particles treated by microwave(WB),coal particles coated with anionic paraffin emulsion(NPE) and coal particles coated with cationic paraffin emulsion(APE) were examined. The results showed that the cationic paraffin emulsion sealed the holes better than the anionic paraffin emulsion did. The contact angles and water suction rates of the fore coal particles were tested, and the results illustrated that APE had the best hydrophobicity. The adsorption film thicknesses of a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant(NSF) on the three coal particles were determined. It was found that the adsorption film thicknesses of NSF on YM,WB,NPE and APE were 0.61nm,1.13nm,2.19nm and 2.89nm, respectvely. The coal water slurries(CWSs) were prepared from the fore tested coal particles and their pulp properties were investigated. The results suggested that the CWS from APE had the highest pulp concentration and the best stability.

CaSO₄-CaO combined oxygen carrier was prepared by mixing mechanically. The CaSO₄ was modified with different types of acid. The characterizations and evaluation of modified CaSO₄-CaO oxygen carrier were studied using XRD,H₂-TPR,and a small tube furnace reactor. The effect of acid types on CaSO₄ reductive reactivity,CO₂ generation,SO₂ and COS releases were studied. It was founded that the reactivity of acid-modified CaSO₄-CaO oxygen carrier was obviously higher than that without preparation; the use of acid mainly increased the selectivity of side competitive reactions of CaSO₄ reductions,which resulted in the emission of SO₂ increased remarkably,and the release of COS dropped somewhat. CaSO₄-CaO combined oxygen carrier,which CaO was from the CaCO₃ calcination and CaSO₄ was modified with HNO₃,had good reactivity. So its cycle performance was studied. However,the reactivity decreased after 6th reduction-oxidation cycle. During the cycle test,SO₂ was the main gas sulfides which was released during reduction phase.

Due to its simple separation,easy recycling and excellent catalytic performance, the immobilized Rh-based catalyst on solid supports attracts much attention. However,there are some problems such as poor reactivity,large amount of metal loss and high cost on catalyst preparation. In this paper,the recent progress of these catalysts in recent years is summarized from the perspective of different supported materials. The effects of the surface properties of the supported catalysts, their preparation methods and the phosphine ligands on the catalytic performance are discussed. Finally,the breakthroughs in the new single-atom catalysts are introduced. The results show that the catalytic activity of porous organic polymers is very good,while the stability of hyperbranched polymer functionalized magnetic nano-catalysts is better. Future research should be committed to understanding the chemical structure of porous organic polymers in order to better characterize them,and the effect of the carrier structure on the catalytic performance of single-atom catalysts with the assistance of some advanced characterization techniques such as high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory calculations.

A series of Ag/BiOI visible-light-driven photocatalysts were successfully synthesized by the precipitation-photoreduction method. The physical-chemical structures of the composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), N₂ adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope(SEM), transmission electron microscope(TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy(DRS), photocurrent test and electron spin resonance (ESR). The effects of Ag content, fluorescent lamp (FSL) irradiation, SO₂ and NO on the removal of gaseous elemental mercury(Hg⁰) were investigated in a wet bubbling reactor. The results showed that in comparison to BiOI, the mercury removal efficiency of Ag/BiOI was greatly improved when silver microparticles were added. In particular, with Ag content of 2% in Ag/BiOI, the mercury removal efficiency reached as high as 98%. The presence of FSL irradiation was very essential for keeping high Hg⁰ removal efficiency. Compared to NO, SO₂ showed a dramatic inhibition on Hg⁰ removal. The characterization results showed that some Ag microparticles were highly dispersed onto the surface of BiOI. The content of chemisorbed oxygen and absorption ability in visible light range were significantlyenhanced when Ag microparticles were doped onto the surface of BiOI, which could be beneficial for its high activity of mercury removal. The mechanism analysis indicated that superoxide radicals(^•O₂^-) and photoinduced holes(h⁺) were the primary active substances in the photocatalytic removal of Hg⁰.

Five kinds of Ni-based catalysts were prepared using HZSM-5(Si/Al=25),HZSM-5(Si/Al=50),HZSM-5(Si/Al=200),USY and Al₂O₃ as the carriers and Ni(NO₃) ₂·6H₂O as the nickel resource. All the catalysts were characterized by XRD,H₂-TPR,BET and NH₃-TPD. Then the performance of catalysts for cracking coal tar model compounds of toluene and pyrene were investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. The experimental results showed that the species of light aromatics in the liquid product increased obviously with catalysts compared to that with silica sand. Though the three kinds of Ni/HZSM-5 had similar specific surface area and average pore diameter,Ni/HZSM-5 (Si/Al=25) showed the highest gas yield and carbon deposition of 16.73% and 67.32%,respectively and the lowest liquid product yield of 15.95% due to the highest acidity. For Ni/HZSM-5(Si/Al=200) and Ni/Al₂O₃ samples,the liquid product yields were almost the same,owing to their similar acidity,however,the latter had a higher pyrene cracking efficiency of 41.47%,about 1.64 times higher than the Ni/HZSM-5(Si/Al=200),indicating that the larger pore size was beneficial to the pyrene cracking. Through comprehensive consideration of the pyrene cracking efficiency and the yield of liquid,gas and carbon deposition,we think Ni/Al₂O₃ is more suitable for the cracking of toluene and pyrene.

Nanoscale magnesium oxide(MgO) antibacterial materials have attached much attention due to their low toxicity,high thermal stability,environmentally-friendly,permanent and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. MgO can not only overcome some disadvantages of silver antimicrobial materials such as high cost,color change,poor stability,biological toxicity,but also increase the efficiency and UV dependent deficiency of catalytic antibacterial materials. In this paper,the research progress on the antibacterial mechanism,structure regulation and preparation of the composites of MgO antimicrobial materials was introduced. The generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) on MgO and the mechanical damage by adsorption were analyzed. The effects of particle size,morphologies and different doping metal ions on the antibacterial properties of MgO were discussed. Moreover,the development prospects of MgO-based composites containing various components were also introduced. The key to prepare magnesium oxides with high antibacterial activity is controlling their morphology,particle size,surface defects,enhancing the generation of ROS and improving their adsorption capacity.

One-dimensional photonic crystals with structural colors are highly ordered structures formed by alternating assembly of two kinds of materials with high and low refractive indexes. They can effectively modulate the propagation of light within the visible range,and show characteristics of wide material selection,simple structure,good stability,and high application value. This review first introduced the structures,properties and fabrication materials of one-dimension photonic crystals and then summarized the achievements in scientific studies. Focus was on the developments of the sensors with naked-eye detection,including sensors for temperature,relative humidity,external force,solvent,acid,alkalinity or pH,electricity and ion. Meanwhile the mechanism for detection was discussed. The developments of applications in the areas of solar cell,anti-counterfeiting label,patterning and structural colors fibers were also introduced. Finally,the researches on one-dimensional structural colors were summarized,the advantages and limitations were analyzed,and the prospect of the future works were proposed.

Graphenes possess high charge mobility. More and more attentions have been paid to their application in the field of conductive ink in recent years. Graphene conductive inks have excellent electrical conductivity,corrosion resistance and weatherability. This paper briefly introduced the preparation methods of conductive phase graphene and the conductive mechanism of conductive ink,emphatically introduced the preparation process of graphene conductive ink,including oxidation reduction method,mechanical exoliation method,liquid phase stripping method and so on. The applications of graphene conductive inks in the field of energy,electronic devices and functional sensors were reviewed. The key issues of future graphene conductive ink research were summarized,such as,the stability of graphene conductive ink,environment-friendly of the ink compositions,the reduction methods of the graphene oxide(GO) in conductive ink,and so on. The development of future graphene conductive ink should be focus on low cost,green and industrialization.

Modification of conductive polymer by doping nano-particles is an effective way to improve its performance. This paper introduced the preparation methods of polypyrrole nanocomposites at present which include electrochemical polymerization,chemical oxidation,template method,sol-gel method while the electrospinning method is commonly used to prepare nanofibers. According to its excellent conductivity and chemical properties,the applications of polypyrrole nanocomposites in sensors,biomedicine,electronic devices,cotton fabrics,adsorption,impurity removal,and corrosion protection are described. In addition,improving the accuracy of characterization of composite material and the dispersibility during blending are demanded to clarify the mechanism of liquid phase transformation into solid phase. At the same time,the key to improve the performance of nanocomposites is to control the relevant parameters of the interface and to improve their testing methods. The establishment of related models and the integration of microcosmic and macroscopic aspects are also important directions for future research.

Monodisperse and magnetic manganese ferrite nanoparticles with average diameter of 15nm were synthesized by a thermal decomposition method. The obtained magnetic nanoparticles were anchored onto the surface of SBA-15 through ligand exchange reaction of oleic acid and tetraethylorthosilicate. Meanwhile,sulfydryl functionalized magnetic SBA-15 was prepared by combining the anchoring process and surface modification of SBA-15. The influence of drying methods used during the synthesis of SBA-15 on its structure and properties was investigated. Effect of execution sequence of the anchoring and modification process on the structure and properties of sulfydryl functionalized magnetic SBA-15 was discussed. The result showed that SBA-15 prepared by spray drying showed thinner pore wall,higher specific surface area,pore volume and larger pore diameter,and could support more magnetic nanoparticles and thus exhibited stronger saturation magnetization. When the anchoring of the magnetic nanoparticles occurred on surface of the modified SBA-15,more nanoparticles were anchored on the surface of the SBA-15 due to a compatible hydrophobic chemical environment. Magnetic nanoparticles were mainly anchored onto the outside surface of SBA-15 because the pore diameters of the SBA-15 were smaller,which conserved the mesopores of SBA-15 unblocked. The obtained sulfydryl functionalized magnetic SBA-15 had pore volumes between 0.56cm³/g and 0.6cm³/g,specific surface area between 353m²/g and 432m²/g,and saturation magnetization of 0.91emu/g,which make it a high-capacity adsorbent for separation and drug release.

The flow and viscoelastic properties of lithium lubricating grease were investigated by using rotational rheometer under different temperatures. The effect of temperature on the rheological properties was studied and the wall slip with the variation of thermal-rheological properties was discussed as well. Furthermore,the relationship between the thermal-rheological properties and the fibrous structure was investigated based on the microstructure of lithium lubricating grease. Finally,the structural evolution of lithium lubricating grease colloidal dispersion system was analyzed,and the variation mechanism of both the colloidal dispersion system and the wall slip under thermal-rheological condition was discussed.

The nanocrystalline silicon multilayers(nc-SiO_x/a-SiO_x) were deposited at low temperature by single-double target alternating sputtering technology. The thickness and the chemical composition of the a-SiO_x barrier layers were regulated to control the multilayers' microstructure. Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) analysis showed that the periodic structure was disrupted during the later deposition process because the a-SiO_x layer was too thin to effectively block the growth of nc-Si. The multilayer structure was successfully prepared by increasing the thickness of the a-SiO_x layer,however,there were still a part of nc-Si particles penetrating the barrier layer. Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectra showed that the oxidation reaction in the film and the active hydrogen atom effected on the growth of nc-Si. Therefore,the oxygen content of the a-SiO_x layer was increased which further blocked the growth of the nc-Si. Then,the film optical bandgap was adjusted and nc-Si particles size was controlled by regulating the thickness of nc-SiO_x layer. The absorption spectra showed that the optical bandgap of the film decreased with the increase of the nc-SiO_x layer thickness. The photoluminescence(PL) spectra showed that the multilayer structure was regulated by controlling nc-SiO_x layer thickness,and the resultant nc-Si with several nanometer produced a strong luminescence,which was attributed to a complex quantum confinement effect and the defect state luminescence mechanism.

With bamboo pulp as the raw material and sodium periodate as the oxidant,dialdehyde microfibrillated cellulose(D-MFC) was prepared via a one-step reaction under mechanochemical conditions,and then crosslinked with gelatin to construct D-MFC/gelatin composite film based on the bond of Schiff base. The functional group,structural,morphological,thermo and mechanical properties of D-MFC and the composite film were studied using transmission electron microscopy(TEM),Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),thermal gravimetric analyzer(TGA) and texture analyzer. The results indicated that the diameters of the obtained D-MFC ranged from 10nm to 50nm and the length was in micro level. In addition,the aldehyde content of D-MFC was determined to be 0.237mmol/g. The D-MFC particles could be well-dispersed in a composite film. The aldehyde group of the D-MFC could react with the amino group of gelatin to form a Schiff base which improved the thermal stability,water resistance and mechanical properties of the composite film. The tensile strength and the temperature corresponding to maximum weight loss of composite film with 2.0g D-MFC addition was determined to be 189.1MPa and 338℃,respectively,and the moisture content of composite film was reduced to 11.14%. This work provided a simple and environmentally benign approach to prepare dialdehyde microfibrillated cellulose and the D-MFC/gelatin composite film showed a great potential applications in the field of biomedical materials.

The iron-cobalt(Fe-Co) metallic matrix diamond sawblade bits with low cobalt were successfully fabricated through microwave sintering. The microwave-absorbing characteristic of the designed recipe compacts were estimated on an electromagnetic characteristic test system by applying the cylindrical resonant cavity perturbation method. The microwave sintering procedure was designed according to the heating characteristics of the material in the microwave field. The microstructure information and mechanical properties were investigated and compared by using scanning electron microscope(SEM),relative density and hardness tests in case of the microwave and conventional sintering method. The result showed the relative density and hardness reached 96.63% and 99.4HRB respectively for the low cobalt samples sintered at 850℃. In addition,the microstructure was still uniform when the samples was under microwave sintered at the temperature rate of 32.5℃/min. Compared with the conventional sintering method,on the premise of comparative mechanical properties,microwave strengthening sintering can significantly shorten the total sintering time and decrease the sintering temperature below 900℃ to achieve similar mechanical properties of the product. The microwave heating technology shows an excellent application prospect in the field of the strengthen sintering for the metallic matrix diamond tool bits.

Hydrothermal method was applied in the preparation of the calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers using dihydrate gypsum as the raw material. The optimum conditions were reaction temperature 120℃,the slurry mass fraction 2%,the reaction time 2h,and the stirring rate 200r/min by the single factor experiment. Then,the whiskers with needle-like,high spersivity,the average diameter of 2.4μm and the aspect ratio of 103.9 were obtained. Simultaneously,the effect of some metal ions such as K⁺,Mg²⁺,Cu²⁺,Fe³⁺,Al³⁺ on the crystal morphology and size of the whiskers prepared under the optimum conditions was investigated. The results showed that the crystal morphology and size of the whiskersw as affected significantly by metal ions. It was found that Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions with low concentration facilitated the preparation of the whiskers with small average diameter and high aspect ratio. The Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions had a strong inhibition effect on the growth of the whiskers. Especially,the Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions with low concentration obviously changed the crystal morphology and decreased the aspect ratio of the whiskers. Except in the case of K⁺ ion,with increasing the metal ion concentration,the average diameter increased; the aspect ratio decreased,and the morphology of the whiskers transformed from needle-like to rod-like shape with some of the particles agglomerate phenomena together. Finally,the mechanism of action by metal ions was discussed.

The GH11 xylanase gene,xyn11,from Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum JW/SL-YS485 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein(AFK85913.1) consists of 636bp fragment encoding 211 amino acids. The activity of recombinant xylanase was 13.8U/mL in LB medium after IPTG induction. The recombinant xylanase was purified by heat treatment followed by Ni-NTA affinity,and the protein's molecular weight was approximately 20000. The optimal activity occurred at pH 4.5 and 65℃. The enzyme was stable over the pH range of 3.5 to 6.0 and had a 1-h half-life at 60℃. The activity of recombinant xylanase was significantly enhanced by Cu²⁺. The V_max and K_m for beechwood xylan were 9809U/mg and 5.9mg/mL,respectively. When 25g/L beechwood xylan was treated with 20U/g xylanase for hydrolysis 12h,the xylooligosaccharides ranging from xylobiose(X₂) to xylohexaose(X₆) yield was 27.8% without the production of xylose. All these favorable enzymatic properties make xyn11 attractive for potential applications in the xylooligosaccharide production.

A design space of the reflux extraction process of Sophora Flavescentis Radix-Glycyrrhizauralensis was established and verified following the concept of "quality by design (QbD)". The extraction ratios of total alkaloids of Sophora flavescens(TASF),matrine(MT),and oxymatrine(OMT) were set as the critical quality attributes(CQAs). Based on the single factor experiment,the high and low levels of different parameters used in Plackeet-Burmann design were identified. The amount of Glycyrrhizauralensis and ethanol concentration and extraction temperature were identified as critical parameters(CPPs) using Plackeet-Burmann design. The central composite design was used for experimental arrangements,and the design space of ethanol extraction process was established based on the quadratic polynomial regression model. According to the verification results,the robustness of the reflux extraction process of the active ingredients of Sophora Flavescentis Radix can be guaranteed by operating within the design space parameters. The recommended operation space of parameters were:Glycyrrhizauralensis mass of 10.00g-10.50g,ethanol concentration of 65%-68% and extraction temperature of 94.5-95.0℃.

The emulsion liquid membrane(ELM) system was prepared by combining agitation with ultrasonic to extract ASA(acetylsalicylic acid) from wastewater produced by ASA crystallization mother liquor.The ELM system is made up of the cyclohexane as diluent,Span80 as the surfactant,liquid wax as the stabilizer,and the sodium hydroxide as the inneraqueous solution. The effect of the experimental conditions that affect the extraction of ASA,such as surfactant concentration,internal phase concentration,type of internal phase,pH of external phase,volume ratio of oil phase to internal phase,treatment ratio(ratio of emulsion phase to external phase),stirring speed,diluent type,salt concentration,and ASA initial concentration was investigated. The experimental results showed that under the optimum operating conditions[diluent (cyclohexane) 90% (mass ratio);surfactant (Span80) 6% (mass ratio);stabilizer (liquid wax) 4%;C(NaOH)=0.1mol/L;V(oil phase):V(internal phase)=1:1;V(emulsion phase):V(external phase)=1:4;stirring speed=200r/min;ASA initial concentration,500mg/L] about 97.4% ASA was removed in less than 15min of contacting time. Meanwhile,the demulsification rate of emulsion was 72.9% after about 20min,and the extraction rate of ASA was still about 76% after demulsification while oil phase was used for 5 times.

The viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid is a type of clean fracturing fluid with viscoelastic surfactant as its main agent. Its characterization includes no residue after gel breaking,good performances of sand-carrying,well control of filter loss and so on. However,with the increase of drilling depth and the increasing emphasis on environmental protection,it is time to expand viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid systems. In this paper,based on the review of literature,the developmental status and application of viscoelastic surfactant fracturing were introduced. According to the difference of the fracturing fluid formulations,it was divided into the conventional and non-conventional viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluids. The properties and application of different kinds of viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluids are summarized. It showed that the lower cost,simple preparation process were the main trend of conventional viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid. Practical applications and the better system are the main development of non-conventional viscoelastic surfactant fracturing fluid to provide reference for the related researches.

Microwave radiation,as the new energy for reaction activations,has become an advanced and commonly used technology in the organic chemistry. The mechanism of microwave organic synthesis is elaborated from the aspects of overheating,hot spots selective heating,and the non-thermal effect under highly polarizing field. This paper analyzed the effect of microwave irradiation on the quality of concrete water-reducing agent from the perspective of reaction kinetics,and summarized the recent research progress of microwave-assisted synthetic water-reducing agent,which aimed to promote the practical application of microwave technology in the field of cement concrete admixture. Finally,it was proposed that the microwave radiation was realized by the rapid vibration of the polar molecules under the action of the electromagnetic field. The thermal effect of the microwave radiation is the deep heating to the system. The non-thermal effect alters the reaction kinetics,but it is "selective" to the reaction system. Microwave-assisted synthetic water-reducing agent has a significant advantage,can increase the reaction rate constant,and has non-thermal effect,which should be further studied and promoted.

The polyurethane acrylate(PUA) was used to reinforce the starch/cellulose film(RSC),and to improve the properties of composite film. Specifically,the RSC film was prepared firstly by solution-casting method,which dissolved corn starch and cellulose in zinc chloride aqueous solution and casted the film by alcohol/water solution. After that,the RSC film was soaked in PUA/acetone solution for 24 hours to prepare RSC-PUA film. For the RSC-PUA composite film,the effects of PUA concentration and light curing time on the mechanical properties and the water absorption properties of composite films were investigated. The scanning electron microscopy(SEM),the X-ray diffraction(XRD),and the thermogravimetric analysis(TG-DTA) were used to detect the morphology and structure. The results showed that the optimal resin concentration was 30% and the light curing time was 120s. Under these conditions,the tensile strength and the elongation of the RSC-PUA composite film were 2.4 times and 6 times higher than those of the RSC film,respectively. Moreover,the water absorption rate of RSC-PUA film decreased by 53.6%,and the thermal degradation temperature increased to 113℃. These results showed that,when RSC film was reinforced by PUA,the mechanical properties,moisture resistance and thermal stability of the composite films were improved.

Underground coal gasification technology is a situ mining technology,leaving the produced pollutants in the ground. The grid-based sampling of gasification zone under different process conditions was carried out by oxygen-water gasification model test. The residue of content of zinc,arsenic,lead,chromium,nickel and mercury was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Finally,the migration and enrichment coefficients were used to evaluate the migration and enrichment characteristics of trace elements. Results showed that the total amount of trace element residues decreases with the increase of oxygen concentration of the process conditions. In the oxidation zone,the residual amount of chromium and nickel was very high. The residual amount of copper and lead in the three regions was very low. The residual amount of zinc in the three regions was the highest,and the residual amount decreases with the increase of oxygen concentration in the three regions,and is easy to remain in the reducing area. Arsenic is enriched in three regions,and its residuals increase with the incresase of oxygen concentration in three regions. Due to the higer temperature at the outlet,the residual amount of mercury in the three areas was the least,and there was no obvious regularity. The average content of trace elements Hg,As,Zn and Cr in the residue of gasification channel was much higher than that in raw coal,while that of nickel,copper and lead was less than that of raw coal. By the method of the relative enrichment factor and the average residual ratio analysis,it is carried out that the relative enrichment factors of Cr,Ni,Zn,As,Hg are all less than 1. The residual rates of Zn,As and Hg are more than 100%. Cr and Ni are from 50% to 100%. The relative enrichment factors of Cu and Pb in three regions are less than 1. The residual rates are less than 50%.

Unburned carbon(UBC) and metal oxides have a certain adsorption and oxidation abilities of mercury. Fly ash has been considered as a cheap and potential mercury removal adsorbent in coal-fired power plant,but the efficiency is to be improved. In this paper,two kinds of fly ash with different contents of UBC were chosen and modified by 1%NH₄ Br solution. Effect of flue gas components(O₂,SO₂ and NO) and metal oxides on mercury removal by the modified fly ash was investigated in fixed-bed reactor,in order to obtain high efficiency mercury removal adsorbent and adsorption mechanism. The results showed that O₂ has a little positive effect on the mercury oxidation. SO₂ has a certain inhibitory effect. NO promotes the oxidation of Hg⁰ obviously. Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ in bromine modified fly ash played a major role in the oxidation of Hg⁰. The reason was that bromine modification increases the lattice oxygen content of Fe₂O₃ and TiO₂ which promotes the catalytic oxidation of Hg⁰,and mainly follows the Mars-Maessen mechanism. UBC content of fly ash has a great impact on the removal of Hg⁰. When the bromide was embedded in the UBC of the fly ash surface,the activity of the neighborhood was enhanced. As a result,the adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous surface to Hg⁰ was enhanced,and the subsequent reaction was promoted.

The experiments of simulated coal-fired flue gas denitrification were carried out on the self-designed fixed-bed bench with attapulgite as catalyst. The effects of H₂O₂ concentration,H₂O₂ vaporization temperature,catalytic reaction temperature and catalytic reaction time on catalyst performance in denitrification experiment were investigated. The liquid phase composition after catalytic oxidation was analyzed. The surface structural properties of attapulgite catalyst at different reaction times were characterized by X-ray fluorescence(XRF),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) and Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET) measurements. Denitrification results indicated that the NO removal efficiency is 70% when the concentration of H₂O₂ solution was 4mol/L and the flow rate was 5mL/h. The NO removal efficiency firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of catalytic reaction temperature,increased with the increase of H₂O₂ concentration and H₂O₂ vaporization temperature. Ion chromatographic(IC) analysis showed that the liquid phase composition is mainly nitric acid after NO is oxidized. Combined with the above experimental results,the oxidation of·OH is the main removal mechanism of NO. The characterization results showed that the structure,composition and pore structure parameters of attapulgite catalyst remain unchanged at different reaction times. During a reaction time of 4 hours,the NO removal efficiency remained constant,which is consistent with the results of the catalyst characterization,indicating that the attapulgite catalyst has good stability.

Aerobic granular sludge was cultured at 4.8kgCOD/(m³·d) and 1.2kgCOD/(m³·d) to reveal the influence mechanism of different organic loadings on sludge granulation process,by analyzing the secretory characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) in aerobic sludge granulation process. Results showed that high organic loading is helpful for promoting the secretion of the EPS,the initial sludge EPS content was 54.82mg/g MLSS,and at the granules formation stage,the EPS content in high organic loading reactor(R₁) increased to 220.5mg/g MLSS,and the EPS content in low organic loading reactor(R₂) increased to 182.57mg/g MLSS. In addition,high organic loading was also more helpful to increase the content of protein(PN) and polysaccharide(PS),and the change of protein content was more obvious than that of polysaccharides. At the granules formation stage,the PN/PS value in R₁ increased from the initial 4.2 to 12.4,and the PN/PS value in R₂ increased from the initial 4.2 to 12.19. In combination with three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and Fourier infrared spectrum analysis,organic loading had no significant effect on the composition of EPS,but it could change the structure of EPS,thus affecting the formation and characteristics of granular sludge.

Principle of shallow aeration was applied to aerobic granular sludge(AGS) technology in a sequencing batch airlift reactor(SBAR),and its feasibility was explored. Location of aerator under water surface was gradually decreased(130-30cm). It was found that aeration depth had an important influence on the flow field of the SBAR,which characterized by increase of aeration rate(400-500L/h) and decrease of dissolved oxygen(DO,8.00-5.88mg/L) and circulation velocity (27.25-11.39cm/s). Stability of AGS could be maintained when the aeration depth was more than 70cm. During these periods,sludge volume index(SVI) was between 16.19mL/g and 43.13mL/g,extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) was between 181.65mg/gMLSS and 262.46mg/gMLSS,granulation rate was between 80% and 88% and specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR) was between 42.42mgO₂/(gMLVSS·h) and 49.54mgO₂/(gMLVSS·h),and removal rates of COD,total inorganic nitrogen(TIN) and total phosphorus(TP) were over 87%,94% and 86% respectively. However,when the aeration depth was less than 50cm,the granulation rate and the EPS rapidly decreased to 46% and 111.65mg/gMLSS,and the removal rates of COD,TIN,and TP eventually reduced to 43%,70% and 47%. The reason included greatly decrease of hydraulic shear force and significantly increase of oxygen mass transfer resistance in the SBAR. Additionally,obvious disintegration of AGS was observed,which eventually led to instability of the system. Compared with bottom aeration of sequencing batch reactor(SBR),the flow field of SBAR based on the principle of inka aeration was more uniform,which had the potential to reduce aeration energy consumption of AGS reactor.