The paper discusses the transformation and upgrading of chemical industries in China. The world economic development background is first introduced,namely the progress of fourth generation industrial revolution. Also the economic structure reform in China must be understood which is leading traditional Chinese industrial society transferring into modern service society. Next,"Big but not strong" is the character of Chinese chemical industries which is discussed briefly. Third,the future directions of transformation and upgrading of chemical industries in China are discussed. Finally,the discipline PSE can help this kind of transformation,such are as follows:design of consumer centered chemical products;multi-scale new process developments and scaleup;theoretical guidance for smart transformation and upgrading of chemical enterprises and energy and water conservation in green development of chemical enterprises.

By combing various methods of intelligent HAZOP analysis,it can be divided into two fields:qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. The different research methods and their advantages and disadvantages are introduced in detail,and the representative methods are described in detail with examples. The research about intelligent HAZOP qualitative analysis system mainly focus on the method of establishing expert knowledge base,especially on establishing the intelligent HAZOP qualitative analysis system which uses expert knowledge base based on SDG model. The results of intelligent HAZOP quantitative analysis are more accurate than qualitative analysis,and thus the intelligent HAZOP quantitative analysis has become the main research field in recent years. There are three kinds of methods of intelligent HAZOP quantitative analysis,which are based on experience knowledge,integrate qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis and dynamic simulation. It is a process from fuzzy quantitative to exact quantitative and from static analysis to dynamic analysis. Based on dynamic simulation of intelligent HAZOP quantitative analysis system,which finds that the process system is influenced by deviation value and duration,makes the HAZOP analysis results more accurate. With the help of commercial simulation software,the dynamic simulation enables the analysts without sufficient experience to perform accurate HAZOP analysis. "Dynamic Deviation Delaminated Solution"(DDDS) makes it easy to analyze the influence of dynamic deviation. Meanwhile,based on DDDS method,the deviation "Hierarchy" model of HAZOP quantitative analysis displays the influence of deviation's every states. Based on the analysis of the development of the intelligent HAZOP analysis system and its latest research progress,the development trend of the intelligent analysis system is forecasted.

Selective catalytic reduction denitrification method with ammonia as the reducing agent (NH₃-SCR) has high denitrification efficiency,good selectivity and high level of refinement,and thus,is the most widely used flue gas denitrification technology in coal-fired power plants and other industries at present. However,when the flue gas flows through the SCR catalyst,SO₂ in the flue gas is oxidized into SO₃ by the V₂O₅. Ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate are then produced when SO₃ reacts with NH₃ and water vapor. These ammonium-sulfate salts will probably be deposited in the catalyst,air preheater and affiliated equipment when the flue gas temperature is below their condensation temperatures,which may cause many serious problems. In this review,the formation mechanism of ammonium-sulfate salts is introduced at first. Then the main factors that affect the formation of ammonium-sulfate salts are summarized in terms of concentration of the reactants and the reaction temperature. Afterwards,the deposition of the ammonium-sulfate salts and its harm are analyzed. The decomposition mechanism of ammonium-sulfate salts is introduced,and the interaction between the catalyst and ammonium bisulfate is discussed in detail,whose influence on the decomposition of ammonium bisulfate is pointed out. Finally,the measures for controlling the formation of ammonium-sulfate salts are proposed. Overall,systematic research on the formation and decomposition mechanism of ammonium-sulfate salts in the NH₃-SCR process provides theoretical basis for the deactivation and regeneration of SCR catalysts,the development of low temperature SCR catalysts and the optimization of operation and design of the related equipments in coal-fired power plants,which therefore deserves further research.

Due to the para-xylene import dependency,sustained growth in market demand and cost competition of production,it has been desired to construct new para-xylene complex plants,and increase the capacity of single train plant. As a part of the para-xylene plant,the capacity of toluene disproportionation and transalkylation unit also increases continuously. The largest single train has reached 3Mt/a which brought up the problem of large scale. Analyses and investigation were made on the problems in designing toluene disproportionation and transalkylation plant with capacity above 3Mt/a. Strategies, such as equipment intensification,process combination,energy saving etc, were proposed. Those strategies could enhance the competitiveness of toluene disproportionation and transalkylation plant.

The separation and recovery of Si and SiC from solar wafer cutting waste is of great significance for resource recovery and environmental protection. The fine particles of Si and SiC are easy to agglomerate,resulting in difficulties in chemical separation. In this paper,we use heavy medium micro-cyclone separation technology. The influence of feed flow rate and underflow ratio on the separation performance of heavy medium micro-cyclone was investigated by experiments and numerical simulation. The numerical simulation was carried out using CFD software Fluent 6.3.26 to study the flow field and particle trajectory. The diameter of the micro-cyclone used in the experiment is 10mm,separating the mixed powder of Si and SiC whose particle size distribution is 0.3-25μm. The results showed that the separation efficiency of Si increased first and then tended to be stable with the increase of feed flow rate. When the feed flow rate reached 0.13m³/h,the separation efficiency is no longer increasing. Regardless of the medium is water or heavy medium solution,when the underflow ratio increased,the axial velocity decreased,while the tangential velocity increased first and then decreased. The separation and purification efficiency of Si increased first and then decreased. Moreover, when the underflow ratio is about 0.6,the efficiency reached the highest value. When the Si and SiC were separated by cyclone,the heavy medium solution will make the separation effect better.

The motion and mixing of large particles and small particles in rotary kiln installed with unfixed internals was simulated with discrete element method(DEM). The motion trajectories and motion mode of particles were investigated when installing unfixed internals of different lengths(the rotational speed of rotary kiln,the width and thickness of unfixed internals were constant). The contact number index was used to compare the mixing degree of binary particles in rotary kiln installed unfixed internals of different lengths. The results indicated that when the lengths of unfixed internals were 0,13mm,21mm,29mm and 37mm,the longer the length,the larger the ergodic region of tracer particle's motion trajectory,the smaller the difference of sparse area and dense area of tracer particle's motion trajectory. The tracer particle's motion trajectory was more disorder when installing unfixed internals. The motion mode of particles transformed from rolling to slumping due to the existence of unfixed internals. The disturbance and stirring of unfixed internals could enhance the mixing of large particles and small particles effectively. There is an optimal length of unfixed internals for enhancing mixing of binary particles.

Based on the solubility data of NH₄HCO₃-NH₄VO₃-H₂O ternary leaching solution which obtained from the vanadium slag roasting-ammonium leaching reaction,the present study established a high-efficiency crystallization and separation method of ammonium metavanadate from ammonium bicarbonate solution by programmed temperature controlling method when ammonium metavanadate solution cooling from 70℃ to 40℃. The effects of ammonium bicarbonate concentrations,cooling rate,agitation speed and seed load on crystallization rate,particle size and micro-structure of crystallized ammonium metavanadate were studied and discussed. The optimized separation condition showed that when ammonium bicarbonate concentration was 10g/L,cooling rate was 0.36℃/min,agitation speed was 200r/min and seed load was 1.0%,crystallization rate reached to 94.28% while the purity increased to 99.5%. The average particle size of the epigranular crystal was 152μm with a shape of prismatic structures.

The particle classification performance of air classifier mainly depends on the flow field distribution. Two cyclone classifiers were designed which characterized by different air inlet positions. The effect of flow field pattern on particle tracking and classification performance was investigated by using numerical simulation and classification experiments. The results showed that some fine particles were carried into coarse powder by the downward stream near the wall,which aggravates the fine particle entrainment and impairs the classifying accuracy. Two vortexes were formed in the new type cyclone classifier. The upper vortex with 80% of the total air volume moves upward and classifies the fine particles secondarily near the wall,which helps to improving classification efficiency. The downer vortex carries little fine particles,which decrease the particle entrainment in coarse powder. When inlet air velocity varies from 10 m/s to 22m/s,classifying accuracy index increases 27% on average and the pressure drop decrease to 53%-62% compared with the traditional cyclone classifier.

At present,the study of optimization for gas detector placement is less concerned with the detector failure scenarios. In this paper,the optimization of hydrogen sulfide gas detector in a diesel hydrogenation unit was taken as an example. An optimization method for the placement of gas detectors under failure scenario was proposed. The preparation for the optimization includes identification of the potential release sources in the target area,establishment of the leakage scene set,reduction of the leakage scene used by clustering algorithm,and prediction of the dispersion real-time concentration field by computational fluid dynamics simulation. Both timeliness and robustness were taken into account as the evaluation index during the optimization. The minimization of detection time considering leakage scene probability,the detector failure probability,and the maximization of robustness of detector network were chosen as optimization goals, which combined logical constraints to establish mathematical programming model. A Pareto solution can be obtained by SA-PSO(particle swarm optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing) and TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution) method. Finally,the final placement scheme can be determined by the different needs of the decision maker.

Using extraction steam-high back pressure heating mode is an effective way to achieve energy cascade utilization and reduce the coal consumption rate in cogeneration units. In a cogeneration power plant,a key issue for energy saving is to determine the optimal value of heat load distribution ratio between heating condenser and peak load heater,based on the power plant energy consumption variation resulting from the heat load distribution ratio between heating condenser and peak load heater. The output power was simulated by using Ebsilon platform,and coal consumption were calculated under conditions with different heat load distribution ratios. Results showed that heat load distribution ratio greatly affects cogeneration unit energy consumption. The variation of coal rate range is from 2.02g/(kW·h) to 5.50g/(kW·h),due to the change of heat load distribution ratio between heating condenser and peak load heater. The relations between the output power and heating condenser heat load distribution ratio varies with heating stages.

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of wettability on onset of nucleate boiling(ONB). The super-hydrophilic surface micro-channel was obtained by etching smooth surface micro-channel with CuCl₂solution and then modifying with fluorosilane solution subsequentially. At the pressure of 170kPa,flow boiling experiment was carried out with R141b,the mass flow rate is 302.7-417.2kg/(m²·s) and heat flux is 2.17-29.9kW/m². The experimental results showed that the wall superheat at ONB on super-hydrophobic surface is the lowest,and the superheat on smooth surface is the highest,the nearest measurement point from the exit boiling at first,and wall superheat for ONB is also the minimal;the wall superheat for ONB increased with increasing of mass flux. Seven typical prediction formulas of wall superheat at the ONB were selected. The experimental results were compared with the predicted ones. It is concluded that the HSU' model has the best predictive values. The predictive values for superheat at ONB on the smooth/super-hydrophilic/super-hydrophobic surface micro-channel were studied. The mean absolute error(MAE) is 13.1%,20.8% and 21.5% respectively. In order to better predict the wall superheat at ONB on special wettability surface,the surface energy parameters were introduced to modify HSU' model,and the prediction accuracy was greatly improved.

Gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow visualization platform was constructed based on the studied and developed quadrilateral membrane biological fluidized bed with external loop.The particle image velocimetry(PIV) technique was adopted to analyze the impact of aeration intensity on the characteristics of fluidized-bed liquid-phase flow field.Additionally,the vorticity and swirling strength were combined to analyze the characteristics of vortex structure.The forming mechanism of fluidized-bed multi-phase flow movement was preliminarily analyzed.The results indicated that the fluidized-bed liquid-phase velocity increases along with the improved aeration intensity.The circulation formed by fluidized-bed helps to control and decrease the Coanda effect of bubbles.Furthermore,it improves the aeration rate distribution and gas-liquid mixing effect,increases gas holdup and decreases energy consumption.Finally,the sewage treatment effect is improved.There are a large number of microvortexes generated in the whole fluidized-bed due to the impact of the down-flow area and up-flow area of the fluidized-bed.The long-term and stable fluidization mechanism of padding in the whole bed floats up the particles that are submerged as large number of microvortexes.The impact increases the probability of collision,crushing and merging among bubbles,and thus accelerating the gas-fluid mass transfer efficiency.The friction on the solid-fluid contact surface is strengthened,making the boundary layer of mass transfer concentration of carrier biological membrane tend to be unstable,thus increasing the solid-fluid mass transfer efficiency.Gas-solid-fluid three-phase scouring membrane components are conducive to inhibiting the membrane contamination.The quadrilateral membrane biological fluidized-bed with external loop enjoys unique advantages in terms of mass transfer,fluidization and inhibiting membrane contamination,as a development direction to treat the high-load organic wastewater aerobic.

Using copper plates as substrates,the microholed gradient surface was fabricated by the optical etching,and dynamic behaviors of droplets impact on the high temperature microholed gradient surface were studied by high-speed camera. The results showed that when a droplet impacts on the microholed gradient surface,there are five different impact modes. They are wetting mode,contact boiling mode,transition mode,explosion mode and rebound mode. When surface temperature reached Leidenfrost point,the droplet is in the rebound mode and it appears continues rebound behavior along the direction of the wetting gradient. Due to the energy reducing continues in rebound process,the rebound height gradually reduces to zero. Based on surface physical and chemical theories,the directional bouncing behavior of the droplet was analyzed. In addition,the dynamic characteristics of the droplet rebound were analyzed by using image processing technology. Moreover,the rebound height,the spreading factor and the horizontal acceleration of the droplet were discussed by experiments. It was found that they have same characteristics with the increase of rebound numbers. It experienced the same stages:rapid reducing at acceleration. The spreading factor were highly consistent with the theoretical analysis.

Resonance acoustic mixing is a new method to solve the problem of uniform dispersion of the force/heat sensitive ultra-fine materials. The technical feature of this technology is that the mixing vessel is working in a resonant state and uses a vibration at a frequency less 200Hz to produce a low frequency sound field to promote mixing. In this paper,a solid-liquid three-phase flow model was used to model the mixing process of a solid liquid in an acoustic resonant mixing vessel. The interaction coefficient between solid particles and liquid is Gidaspow's formula. The mixing uniformity was evaluated by using the standard deviation of the volume fraction of solid particles. The results showed that the bulk flow phenomenon occurred in the vessel with 100g vibration acceleration,and the mixing characteristics under different aspect ratios and different excitation parameters were calculated. The calculation results were analyzed. Finally,the experiments were carried out under low and high solid volume fractions,and the tracks of solid particles in the mixing process were recorded. The experimental results verify the correctness of the simulation and the mixing ability of the resonant acoustic mixing prototype.

The present investigation was focused on the injection behavior and liquid jet atomization of self-priming Venturi scrubber. The influence of liquid flow rate and jet atomization variation with average gas velocity,liquid filling levels were experimentally evaluated for different baffle configurations. Injection flow rate of self-priming Venturi depended mainly on operation factors of static pressure differential,height difference and structure factor. In order to injecting liquid,static pressure at throat should be higher than static pressure of liquid height difference. The static pressure differential at throat was close to the pure gas phase flow in case of none liquid injection,on the contrary reduced significantly. The injection flow rate was linearly related to the static pressure differential on both sides of suction annular port. In general,baffle in the scrubber favored the jet atomization process by reducing the size of the droplets and inhibited the injection behavior by the decrease of the injection flow rate,about 15% of unbaffled scrubber,with the constant energy consumption.

Microalgae carbon capture,as an environment-friendly and effective carbon sequestration technology,has a problem of low productivity. Thus,the fundamental research on energy-efficiency of photochemical-based microalgae carbon capture is required. In this paper,the representative researches on biological characteristics,reaction,and energy-efficiency are reviewed,respectively,with a brief comment on the trend and limitation of technological development. Then,to reveal the interdisciplinary requirement of energy-efficiency research,the three primary challenges are presented. Accordingly,the complexity on methodology of energy-efficiency research is demonstrated through a summary on typical limitations. Finally,to address the challenges of energy-efficiency research,three solutions,which include the recognition of energy-efficiency problem,understanding interdisciplinary characteristics and redesign of technological framework,are proposed. The connection and integration of inter-discipline and multi-scale research on the energy-efficiency are also discussed.

Compared to the traditional production of pentanediols from fossil resources,the production of pentanediols from biomass based furfural possessed various advantages such as the abundant raw materials and the green production process. In this paper,the status of the research on the production of pentanediols from biomass based furfural was discussed. A summary on the hydrogenation of furfural to pentanediols over rhodium,iridium,platinum and copper based catalysts was presented. Two kinds of reaction routes of furfural hydrogenolysis were also discussed. As a consequence,issues realated to the process of furfural hydrogenolysis,such as low reactant concentration,low reaction activity and quite high reaction pressure,were also presented. To design a process that is economical and environmental,the production techniques of pentanediols from biomass derived furfural hydrogenation were prospected in this paper. This review can be used for a reference in developing highly active catalytic system for the furfural hydrogenolysis under mild conditions.

The experimental studies of single factor on the semi regenerative catalytic reforming of coal derived naphtha has been made in an adiabatic fixed bed device using new industrial platinum rhenium reforming catalyst(Pt-Re/γ-Al₂O₃). The process parameters were optimized and analyzed by response surface methodology. Finally,experimental product analyses at optimized process conditions were made. The results show that WAIT(weighted average inlet temperature),P(reaction pressure),and LHSV (liquid hourly space velocity) had a strong influence on the product quality,aromatic yield,and C₅₊ liquid yield of the aromatic type semi regeneration catalytic reforming of coal derived naphtha. The appropriate process parameters intervals were:WAIT 500-520℃,P 1.2-1.6MPa,LHSV 2.0-3.0h^-1. The optimal process conditions were determined as follows:WAIT at 516℃,P at 1.4MPa,LHSV at 2.3h^-1. Under the optimized process conditions,the yield of aromatics reached 79.81%. In the operating condition intervals of response surface experiments,the order of magnitude of WAIT,P and LHSV on the yield of aromatics was:P > LHSV > WAIT. Compared to petroleum derived naphtha reforming,coal derived naphtha reforming can obtain higher pure hydrogen yield,hydrogen purity, and BTX (benzene-toluene-xylene) yield. The ratios of benzene yield to toluene yield and to xylene yield are approximately 1/3 and 1/2,respectively.

Using the biomass to produce high value-added chemicals by catalytic pyrolysis has broad application prospects. But the emission of NO_x in pyrolysis process has adverse effect on the environment. The Thermogravimetric Analysis and Mass Spectrometry(TG-MS) were used to investigate the pyrolysis characteristics of camphor powder and the main characteristics of NO_x precursor release during pyrolysis,and the interconnection effect of CaO and phosphate on the formation of NO_x precursors during pyrolysis of camphor powder was studied. The experimental results showed that with the addition of CaO and tripotassium phosphate trihydrate,,the release of volatile products increased while the yield of solid products decreased in the pyrolysis process of camphor wood powder;meanwhile,the ion flow intensity curve of the main NO_x precursors produced decreased during the mixed pyrolysis process. This showed that the interconnection effect of CaO and tripotassium phosphate trihydrate could improve the pyrolysis of camphor powder and make it more thoroughly; and the interconnection effect of CaO and tripotassium phosphate trihydrate could effectively restrain the first cleavage of nitrogen-compounds in the camphor powder,and indirectly reduce the production and release of HCN,HNCO,CH₃CN; the interconnection effect of CaO and tripotassium phosphate trihydrate could postpone producing NO_x precursors during pyrolysis of camphor powder.

Facing the increasingly stringent national standard Ⅵ of gasoline,the variable blending effect model of gasoline is established based on the advantages of traditional gasoline blending effect model and ethyl model. Simulation results showed that the variable blending effect model was more accurate. Under the existing process conditions,the formula for the No. 95 gasoline was optimized using the established model under the national standard V and the Beijing standard Ⅵ to explore the gasoline optimization technology for Chinese national standard Ⅵ. The optimization mode of gasoline in the optimization process,the objective function and the constraint conditions,was mainly studied. The Beijing standard Ⅵ for olefins,aromatics,benzene and other indicators has been tightened. Optimization difficulty is increased,so the general blending optimization mode is difficult to meet the optimization requirements under certain process conditions. To solve this problem,an advanced optimization model was adopted,which turned the optimization of formula into the optimization of formula increment,and the constraint condition was improved at the same time. The results showed that the improved optimization mode could improve the optimization process and improve the optimization ability of optimization algorithm. Therefore,the improved optimization mode is more suitable for the gasoline blending process under the national standard Ⅵ.

The research on hydrate particle agglomeration frequency is of great importance to deep sea pipeline flow assurance and the industrial promotion of hydrate slurry technology. First,hydrate particle agglomeration frequency was defined and the calculation methods of hydrate particle agglomeration frequency in water systems and oil-water systems were given,respectively. According to the calculation methods,the influence factors affecting hydrate particle agglomeration in water systems included shear rate,particle diameter,Hamaker constant and water viscosity. The influence factors affecting hydrate particle agglomeration in oil-water systems contained shear rate,particle diameter,oil-water interfacial tension,contact angle and oil-water viscosity. Then,values of the influence factors were selected according to the relevant references. Based on the calculation methods,the influences of each influence factor on hydrate particle agglomeration frequency were analyzed. Finally,by orthogonal experiment designing,the influence orders and the optimal combinations of the influence factors were investigated. The results can provide theoretical supports for deep sea flow assurance and hydrate slurry technology.

Gas coal is the most abundant coking coal reserves. The scientific evaluation of the inert-tolerant capacity of gas coals is of great significance to increase the proportion of gas coal in coal blending and reduce the cost of coal blending. The vitrinite obtained from Fushun gas coal was added to inert component(the standard anthracite) to prepare cokes. The characteristics of coke-CO₂ gasification were studied to evaluate the inert-tolerant capacity of vitrinite from Fushun gas coal. The comprehensive gasification index(G),gasification start index(G_s) and gasification end index(G_d) were put forward to investigate the characteristics of coke-CO₂ gasification. The results showed that with the increase of inert component content the G,G_s and G_d decreased. Especially,the G,G_s and G_d dropped rapidly in the 40% inert component content. The activation energies of coke gasification reaction derived from the Ozawa integration method indicated that the activation energy of the coke with the 40% inert component content had the relatively large value when the inert component content was in the range of 20%-60%. Also,XRD and SEM analyses showed that the coke with the 40% inert component content had the dense homogeneous matrix,high-aromatic degree and low-lattice imperfection. Therefore,the limit of inert component to the vitrinite of Fushun gas coal was 40%.

To achieve its resource-oriented utilization of coal ash,The carbonation method was chosen to prepare high value-added nano-silica aerogel with Na₂SiO₃ solution as raw materials by calcinating the acid leaching residue,which was generated after aluminum extraction of coal ash. One-factor method was adopted to explore the preparation factors affecting the product properties through single factor method to get the optimal reaction conditions. Specific surface area test(BET),determination of oil absorption,Transmission electron microscope(TEM),Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and X-ray diffraction(XRD) means were used to characterize the properties of nano-silica. The results showed that 2% of SiO₂,0.5min^-1 of CO₂ ventilation,65-75℃ of reaction temperature and 8 of reaction end pH were the optimum reaction conditions of carbonation. Under the optimum conditions and after aging,filtration,lavation,azeotropic distillation and 120℃ drying,the 20-40nm loose nano-silica with 250m²/g specific area,3.10mL/g oil absorption of DBP and 91.88% mass fraction were prepared.

Direct conversion of syngas into light olefins has become a popular research field due to its available feedstock,simple process and high energy efficiency. Direct processes mainly include the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to olefins(FTO) process and the OX-ZEO bifunctional catalyst process. This review summarized the research progress of iron-based catalysts in recent years with an emphasis on the mechanism of olefins synthesis,and the effects of active phase,promoters and support materials on the performances of iron-based catalysts. In addition,the problems in present researches such as "seesaw" effect of activity and selectivity,and high selectivity of CH₄were discussed. In the end,the outlook of future research was also pointed out.

The catalyst for the ammonia decomposition to produce hydrogen is particularly important. The composition,structure,substrate,auxiliary agent and so on,all can affect the activity of catalysts. The researches of catalyst modification in recent years was systematically reviewed based on the change of the morphologies and microstructure of catalysts,the influence of different substrate,the doping and modification of promotes. Meanwhile,the application of ore and industrial waste in ammonia decomposition were introduced. It is pointed out that the synergic effect between hosts and carrier/additives promotes the selectivity of hydrogen production,which possesses great potential and practical value for further design of new catalyst employed at low pressure and low temperature for ammonia decomposition. Reducing the energy consumption of the ammonia decomposition should be the research direction of the catalysts in the future.

Ni₂P/ZrO₂ catalysts with different loading of nickel were prepared by impregnation and thermal decomposition method and characterized by a variety of techniques such as XRD,TEM and N₂ adsorption-desorption to study their physicochemical properties. The catalytic performance has been investigated by hydrotreating of phenol. Compared with unsupported Ni₂P,Ni₂P nanoparticles dispersed on the ZrO₂ surface have much smaller particle size. ZrO₂ can effectively reduce the particle size and prevent the aggregation of Ni₂P,which significantly improved the catalytic performance. The catalyst with 10% nickel loading (10%-Ni₂P/ZrO₂) exhibited the best activity. The conversion of phenol and the selectivity of cyclohexane reached 90.8% and 91.7%,respectively under reaction temperature of 300℃,initial hydrogen pressure of 5MPa and reaction time of 2 hours.

Two 0.4%Pd-2.5%Ba-3.0%Zn/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts with homogeneous distribution and surface distribution of Ba-and Zn-promoters were prepared via one-pot solvent evaporation induced self-assembly method and incipient-wetness impregnation method,respectively. The catalysts were evaluated in anthraquinone hydrogenation reaction for preparing hydroanthraquinone. Effects of the introduction of the two promoters and their distribution methods on the microstructures and catalytic performance of the catalysts were comparatively studied by XRD,TEM,SEM,EDS,N₂ adsorption-desorption,XPS and high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that,both of the maximum hydrogenation efficiency and stability of the catalysts increase after introducing the promoters. When distribution of the promoters was changed from surface distribution to homogeneous distribution,the stability of the catalyst is further improved,but its hydrogenation efficiency and recycling rate of anthraquinone is almost the same. In comparison with the conventional preparation process of the catalyst with surface distribution of the promoters,Ba-and Zn-were simultaneously introduced when preparing its precursor of γ-Al₂O₃ with homogeneous distribution of the promoters. The new method has significant advantages of avoiding the impregnation towards the precursors of the promoters and the subsquent drying,calcination processes,and thus greatly simplifies the preparation process,dramatically reduces the energy consumption,and significantly improves the preparation efficiency.

The metal oxides of Cr,La and Na supported on bare HZSM-5 were prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method and used for CH₃SH catalytic decomposition tests. XRD,BET,SEM,NH₃-TPD,CO₂-TPD,H₂-TPR and XPS measurements were carried out to investigate the effects of these promoters on the structural and physicochemical properties of the supported HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. It is found that Cr/HZSM-5 and La/HZSM-5 catalysts exhibit greatly improved catalytic activity owing to the improved redox capacity and the increased amounts of basic sites of the Cr and La doped HZSM-5 catalysts. CH₃SH can be completely converted over Cr and La modified HZSM-5 catalysts at 500℃. For Na modified HZSM-5,the excessive Na,however,may seriously destroy the framework of the catalyst structure and causing the poor catalytic stability of the catalyst.

In this paper,the removal of NO from flue gas by lignite activated char loaded metal catalyst was studied,and the reaction mechanism was discussed. Denitrification experiments were carried out using the homemade denitrification agent in a fixed bed reactor. The surface morphology,element distribution and metal phase form of the denitrification agent before and after the reaction were analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) and X ray diffraction(XRD). The results show that copper has better denitrification performance than other metals and adding iron in copper based catalyst activated char improved its denitrification performance. The denitrification rate reached 8.70g/(100g activated char). During the denitrification process,the catalysts gradually deactivated due to the oxidation of the active metal phases,while the composite metal oxide copper ferrite was decomposed into activated metal with higher activity phase,which improved the denitrification performance.

Membrane separation technologies have been widely applied in drinking water purification,waste water treatment,seawater desalination,and many other fields. Traditional membrane technologies,such as reverse osmosis(RO) and ultrafiltration(UF),have gained rapid development but are still limited due to their low water flux or low salt rejection rate. Aquaporin(AQP),one kind of protein vastly existed in cell membranes,has special "water channels" which only allow water molecules to pass through but reject all the other molecules and ions. Thus,when incorporating AQPs into traditional membranes,the produced biomimetic membranes could exert AQP's superiorities and obtain the properties of enhanced water flux and desalination rate. This paper introduced the structure and fast water transport mechanism of aquaporins,then generalized different AQP based biomimetic membrane preparation methods and compared the performance improvements of these membranes. Limitations of current biomimetic membranes were also addressed,such as difficulty to scale up and instability under extreme conditions. Finally,ideas of developing new AQP loading techniques and fabricating new "water channel" materials were presented.

Lithium-air battery has the advantages of high theoretical energy density,low cost and environment-friendly,and therefore has attracted wide attention from scholars. In this review,the classification of lithium-air batteries was introduced first,then the working principle of non-aqueous lithium-air batteries was expound. The application of traditional carbon materials and new carbon materials as the catalysts in lithium-air batteries is reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of pure carbon materials were pointed out,as well as optimizing the catalytic performance of carbon materials by the introduction of heterogeneous elements(N,P,S). The emphasis was put on the promotion effect of N doping on the oxygen reduction reaction. It is emphasized that the loading of metal or metal oxide favors the oxygen precipitation reaction,so as to form the bifunctional cathode catalyst. The application of new material with special structure such as metal-organic framework in lithium-air battery is briefly introduced. Finally,the development of lithium-air battery is prospected.

Chlorination is the main method of producing high-grade rutile titanium white. The products has good quality and the process is of low environmental pollution, high degree of automation,and low comprehensive energy consumption,and has the very high application value in the field of titanium white production and development prospects,but the oxidation reaction mechanism of titanium tetrachloride is still unknown. So the study of titanium tetrachloride oxidation reaction mechanism becomes a research and development focus. The paper elaborates the development, present situation and basic principle of the chlorination process. It is pointed out that the oxidation reaction mechanism of titanium tetrachloride has guiding significance for the oxidation reactor design and scale,the product morphology control and scar preventing.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a new type of porous materials with skeletal structure. In this study,two metal organic framework compounds (MOFs),namely,UiO-66 and defective UiO-66 (UiO-66-1) were synthesized and evaluated for their adsorption for plasticizer dimethyl phthalate(DMP) from aqueous solution. Results showed that UiO-66-1 had better DMP adsorption performance than that of UiO-66. For UiO-66-1,the adsorption kinetics results showed that 5-10min was sufficient to reach equilibrium. The adsorption rate remained stable at b pH between 3-10. The adsorption kinetics could be well described by using a quasi-second-order kinetics model. Analysis results showed that defective UiO-66-1 had much higher specific surface area and pore volume compared to UiO-66,reaching as high as 1438m²/g and 0.58cm³/g,respectively,thereby enabling a better adsorption performance for DMP. The maximum adsorption capacity of UiO-66-1,as fitted by using Langmuir model,could reach as high as 404mg/g,twice as much as that of UiO-66. Moreover,the MOFs could also be recycled for adsorption.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) film was used as the interlayer between the positive electrode and the separator to check the dissolution and dispersion of polydulfides,which reduced the loss of active material and improved the capacity and cycle performance of lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries. The morphology and structure are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The electrochemical test showed that the initial discharge capacity of the Li-S batteries with the MWCNTs interlayer reached 1352mA·h/g and the Coulomb efficiency was close to 100%. The discharge capacity remained 1028mA·h/g after 20 cycles. The batteries maintained specific capacities of 902mA·h/g,782mA·h/g and 509mA·h/g at the current rate of 1C,2C and 5C respectively.

Considering the excellent adsorptive performance of porous silica,we prepared the polyethylene glycol/silicon dioxide shape-stabilized phase change materials(PEG/SiO₂ SSPCM) by impregnating different amounts of polyethylene glycol into the pore structure of silicon dioxide gel. And asphalt-shape-stabilized phase change materials blends(Asphalt-SSPCM) with different amounts of polyethylene glycol were prepared by the melt blending method. The pore structure of silicon dioxide and morphology of PEG/SiO₂ SSPCM were characterized by using porosity analyzing instrument and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The crystal structure,chemical compatibility,heat storage property and heat stability of PEG/SiO₂ SSPCM in asphalt were studied by X-ray powder diffraction(XRD),Fourier transforming infrared spectrum(FTIR) and synthesized thermal analyzer (DSC/TG). The results showed that silicon dioxide had porous microstructure with high surface area,which can absorb polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene glycol crystals still existed in the Asphalt-SSPCM,and the heat storage ability of the Asphalt-SSPCM increased with increasing the polyethylene glycol amount in the blends. The enthalpy of the blends was 117.5J/g with 76.1% polyethylene glycol,and the blends with different amounts of polyethylene glycol all showed favorable heat stability and cooling effect,but there was only physical interaction between Asphalt-SSPCM. Moreover,the heat storage principle of Asphalt-SSPCM was analyzed based on the phase change theory.

SiO₂/RGO composite was synthesized without any reductant by hydrothermal method with tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) and GO as the starting raw. The microstructure and physiochemical properties of the SiO₂/RGO composite were characterized by TEM,FTIR,XRD,TG-DSC and N₂-adsorption. The results showed that the SiO₂ nanoparticles were uniformly distributed on the surface of RGO,and some SiO₂ nanoparticles coordinated with RGO via Si-O-C bonds. The optimized composite contained 76.60% SiO₂ and possessed micro-mesoporous structure with pore size distribution of 1-7nm and surface area of 676m²/g. In addition,the influences of pH,dosage,temperature and contact time on the adsorption of Rhodamine B were studied systematically. The highest adsorption capacity reached 127.8mg/g under the optimized conditions(pH of 2 and 35℃). Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption process could be well described by the second-order law and the process was endothermic.

Active silanol can be obtained from water glass by purification and be used as an internal crosslinking agent in the synthesis of polyurethane. Polyurethane aqueous dispersions with different amount of active silanol were investigated and analyzed by measuring their particle size,water absorption rate,contact angle,potentiodynamic polarization curves,thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that average particle size of the water dispersion reached the minimum of 28.83nm,when the amount of active silanol was 30%. With the increase of the amount of active silanol,the water absorption rate of the coating increased,but the contact angle decreased. And the potentiodynamic polarization curves showed that when the amount of active silanol was 70%,the corrosion current density of the coating was the lowest and the polarization resistance was the highest. Infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy can respectively determine that structure of the dispersions contained Si-O-Si and Si-O-C groups and the coating contained silica particles,which indicated that active silanol took part in the chain reaction in the state of inorganic particles. Besides,thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the introduction of active silanol significantly improved the thermal stability of the coating.

N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan(TMC) were synthesized by the formaldehyde-formic acid method,which was then reacted with cyanuric chloride to prepare fiber reactive and water soluble O-monochlorotrazinyl-N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan(MCT-TMC). FTIR,XRD,TG and elemental analysis were used to characterize the products,and their antibacterial properties were also tested. Wool fabrics were treated by the products. The antibacterial properties of the fabrics were measured to investigate the impact of the treatment time and concentration. The results confirmed that the synthesized products have good antibacterial activity. The best treatment time for wool fabric of TMC and MCT-TMC is 60min,and the optimum concentration of TMC and MCT-TMC are 3%(owf) and 2%(owf),respectively. Inhibition rates of fabric treated by TMC against E. coli and S. aureus are 97.8% and 99.2%,while those by MCT-TMC are 98.6% and 99.8%,respectively. The washing resistance of wool fabric treated by MCT-TMC is significantly higher than that by TMC,which is still up to 90% after washing.

Amino silane coupling agent(KH-792) was used to modify rosin-based hydroxylated polymer microspheres,the effect of reaction temperature,reaction time,and the amount of KH-792 on the performance of the microspheres was studied. The polymer microspheres were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscope(FTIR),Thermogravimetry Analysis(TGA),Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS),amino contents of the microspheres were tested by the conductometric titration method. The adsorption of the ethyl violet on the polymeric microspheres with different amino contents was investigated. The results showed that the rosin-based amination polymer microspheres were prepared successfully,which possessed good spherical shapes and monodispersities. The thermal stability of the polymer microspheres was higher than that of the hydroxylated polymer microspheres. The amino content of the microspheres was 181 μmol/g when the amount of KH-792 was 70%,based on the hydroxylated polymer microspheres,after reaction at 90℃ for 10h. For 5min,the maximum adsorption capacity of the microspheres to the ethyl violet was 57.02mg/g at 328K,with the ratio of the solid to liquid at 1 g/L and the pH=9.5.

An organic/inorganic composite phase change material with high latent heat to be employed in the temperature range of -1~-3℃ was developed. The main base solution of the composite phase change material was determined to be mannitol aqueous solution after 10 repeated experiments. The supercooling degree and cooling rate of the phase change material was studied adding nucleating agent,namely,potassium sulfate,sodium acetate and sodium hexametaphosphate,and the thickener polyacrylic acid sodium(PAAS),and the thermal cyclic experiment was conducted. The results showed that the 3% mannitol aqueous solution had the least average supercooling of 3% with the latent heat of 319.5J/g. 0.5% potassium sulfate,1% sodium acetate and 1% sodium hexametaphosphate could completely eliminate the supercooling of mannitol aqueous solution. The effect of sodium hexametaphosphate on the latent heat of phase change was the least using the above materials,which the latent heat only decreased by 4.3%. The length of the phase change platform of composite phase change material increased by 60% with the increases of polyacrylic acid sodium from 0 to 0.4%,and the length of the platform decreased by 25% with the increases of PAAS from 0.4% to 1%. It was found from the cyclic experiment that the composite phase change material hasd good thermal reliability.

Due to the depletion of fossil fuels and growing environmental pollution,more and more attention has been paid to the utilization of renewable biomass materials for production of fuels and chemicals. Lignocellulose is the most abundant renewable biomass on the earth,and it can be converted to various products by bioconversion process. However,the low efficiency of cellulose saccharification has become a bottle-neck for the lignocellulose bioconversion. In this review,the research progress on the improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by some non-hydrolytic auxiliary proteins has been introduced,especially focusing on the recent research work on several promising auxiliary proteins such as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase(AA9 and CBM33),cellobiose dehydrogenase(CDH),expansins,swollenins(SWOI),and the corresponding action mechanisms to assist the cellulose biodegradation. It was generalized that these auxiliary proteins improved cellulose hydrolysis significanly by assisting the removal of hemicelluloses and lignin,and destroying cellulose hydrogen-bond network and structure thus enhancing cellulose accessibility to cellulases enzymes. It was concluded that auxiliary proteins may be promising to boost lignocellulose bioconversion; however,there are still many great challenges towards industrial applications of these proteins with low cost. Finally,it was pointed out that corresponding research work may include at least the screening and production of efficient but cheap auxiliary proteins,mechanism interpretation of the synergetic action between auxiliary protein and cellulases,and process optimization and intensification etc.

Used the doxorubicin(DOX) as small molecule drug model,the DOX-loaded poly-L-lactide(PLLA) porous microspheres(PMs) were designed by adsorption method. The particle size distribution,aerodynamic properties,surface morphology,physical and chemical properties of PLLA PMs,and its successive drug-loaded conjugates,were detremined by various characterization techniques such as field emission-scanning electron microscope(FE-SEM),Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry(FTIR),X-ray powder diffraction(XRPD) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),among others. Further,the drug loading,as well as encapsulation efficiencies and DOX-release performance in vitro,were also investigated. The PLLA PMs resulted in decreased encapsulation efficiencies(56%,51%,and 44%) with the increase in drug loading efficiencies(2.9%,4.0% and 4.6%). DOX-loaded PLLA PMs exhibited sustained-release profiles,in which the effect lasted more than 5 days. These porous microspheres can be used as an efficient platform due to their excellent aerodynamic properties and sustained release effect,which will potentially play a significant role in pulmonary drug delivery.

Aza-BODIPY,developed from BODIPYs,have advantages of large molar absorption coefficients,narrow half peak widths,long fluorescence life,good optical stability and tunable fluorescence;hence they have been selected as excellent candidates for near infrared colorimetric and fluorescent probes. However,most of them are poor water solubility and the field of their application is limited. In this paper,the recent researches on Aza-BODIPY-based fluorescent probes were reviewed. Three methods of synthesis of Aza-BODIPYs are summarized briefly including the O'Shea method starting from chalcone,the Carreira method using 2,4-substituted pyrroles as starting materials and the Lukyanets method for fused-ring-Aza-BODIPYs. The sensing performances,mechanisms and practical applications of various probes for pH,H₂O₂,NH₄⁺,F^-,Hg²⁺,CN^-,damtoxin and Cys are discussed. Although there are limited reports about Aza-BODIPY-based probes,they are expected to be developed in the biological and environment areas with the improvement of water solubility,the longer excitation and emission wavelengths in the near-infrared region and the increase of the type and range of identifying species by structural modifications.

The corrosin inhibition and adsorption behavior of bis(1-chloro-N-hydroxyethyl morpholinium-2-hydroxypropyl) n-octadecylamine on A3 steel were studied using weight loss method,polarization curve,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,and atomic force microscope. The results showed that the corrosion inhibition effect of bis(1-chloro-N-hydroxyethyl morpholinium-2-hydroxypropyl) n-octadecylamine at a mass concentration of 0.4g/L and a temperature of 45℃,the corrosion inhibition rate is 91.32%,and the corrosion rate decreased with increasing acid concentration. Polarization curve test results showed that morpholine quaternary ammonium salt was a cathode-based mixed corrosion inhibitor. The physical adsorption behavior of bis(1-chloro-N-hydroxyethyl morpholinium-2-hydroxypropyl) n-octadecylamine on the surface of steel sheet was in accordance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm,which is based on chemical adsorption. The corrosion process of A3 steel in hydrochloric acid solution was spontaneous,endothermic,and accompanied by the entropy increase.

Oxy-fuel combustion technology can reduce the NO_x and SO_x emissions per unit fuel. However,the presence of pollutants such as acid and mercury has a great impact on the subsequent utilization and storage of CO₂. Based on the purification technology of the oxy-fuel combustion flue gas,the removal of NO_x and SO₂ and their combined removal in CO₂ compression process are briefly described to explore the interaction between NO_x and SO₂ in the combined removal process and the path of N-S reaction. The research progress of combined mercury removal in compression process is analyzed to discuss the specific mechanism and the effects of NO_x,SO₂ and H₂O on the removal of mercury. Finally,pilot scale application of compression purification technology is introduced. The analysis shows that most of the existing researches focus on the individual analysis of the effects of various operating conditions on the removal of NO_x,SO₂ and HgO. Therefore,it is difficult to reveal the internal relationship and interaction mechanism among the removal of pollutants. In order to realize the effective purification of the rich CO₂ flue gas,the combined removal of pollutants such as NO_x, SO_x and HgO should be realized. Thus,the equipment investment and operation cost of oxy-fuel combustion technology can be greatly reduced,and the large-scale commercial application of the technology can be promoted effectively.

With the development of shale gas,the environmental problems associated with it are widely concerned. Because of the large amount,high salt,complex compositions and potential environmental toxicity,the flowback wastewater has become the focus. This paper summarized the origin,composition,biodegradability and pollution level and ecological environment risk of organic pollutants in flowback wastewater from abroad. It indicated that the environmental risk is worthy of attention. However,due to the formula of fracturing fluid and the shale layer properties,there was a significant difference in flowback wastewater quality. It is suggested that China needs to accelerate the comprehensive investigation and assessment of the organic pollutants in the flowback water from the shale gas extraction,and scientifically understand its potential ecological environment risk. Based on the investigation of the biodegradable components of organic pollutants and their biotransformation, the potential inhibition of microorganisms and the analysis of the experimental results,the paper puts forward the realistic demand for and technological feasibility of the research and development of the intensive biological treatment technology for the removal of organic pollutants from the flowback wastewater.

The properties of load type micro TiO₂/AC catalyst prepared by sol-gel method was characterized by XRD,SEM and FTIR,and the photocatalytic degradation performance of the catalyst and its influence on membrane flux were studied by photocatalytic degrading Acid Red B wastewater in photocatalytic-membrane separation coupling reaction. The results showed that at the optimum calcination temperature of 400℃,the TiO₂ supported on the catalyst and its distribution was mainly anatase and relatively homogenous respectively,and TiO₂ and carrier activated carbon was combined by Ti-O-C bond. The photocatalytic degradation performance of catalyst firstly increased,then decreased with the increase of calcination temperature and the decrease of catalyst size. The influence of membrane flux firstly decreased,then increased with the increase of calcination temperature and the decrease of catalyst size,and the appropriate catalyst size was 10.272μm. The photocatalytic degradation performance of micron TiO₂/AC catalyst which made by coconut shell activated carbon was higher than that made by lignite activated carbon,and the former had less influence on the membrane flux. The photocatalytic degradation performance of micron TiO₂/AC catalyst was higher than commercial TiO₂,while the influence of membrane flux was lower than commercial TiO₂.

In this study,a novel rotating gliding arc(RGA) plasma co-driven by a magnetic field and a tangential gas flow was used for tar decomposition. Naphthalene in nitrogen flow was proposed as a tar surrogate. The effects of injection concentration,gas flow rate and preheating temperature on naphthalene degradation efficiency and gas production were investigated. In addition,liquid byproducts were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC/MS). With the rise of the injection concentration,the degradation efficiency of naphthalene increased first,reaching a maximum value of 88.3% at 6mg/L,and then decreased. With the rise of gas flow rate from 2L/min to 12L/min,the degradation efficiency of naphthalene decreased continuously from 92.1% to 82.5%. Increasing the preheating temperature could promote the degradation of naphthalene. The results showed that the main gas products were H₂ and C₂H₂,with maximum selectivity of 44.0% and 13.7% respectively. The variation trend of the selectivity of H₂ and C₂H₂ were consistent with that of naphthalene degradation efficiency. The major liquid byproducts were acetylene,indene and acenaphthylene,whose GC/MS peak areas were 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than that of naphthalene. On this basis,the reaction pathways and mechanisms of naphthalene decomposition in the plasma zone were preliminary proposed and discussed.

Cultivating microalgae with municipal wastewater can achieve not only treatment of waste water,but also recovery algal biofuel as energy source. Considering the similarities in principle and structure between raceway pond and oxidation ditch,this study aimed at turning the oxidation ditch into raceway pond,coupling of wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation. This study investigated the adaptability of C. pyrenoidosa to different temperatures and pHs,and discussed the feasibility of coupling wastewater treatment and microalgae cultivation using raceway pond system. The results showed that the C. pyrenoidosa mutant strain could bear with temperature between 20℃ and 40℃,and pH at the range of 5.7-9.7. Coupling wastewater treatment and microalga cultivation using the raceway pond system was feasible. The highest dry weight of C. pyrenoidosa was 0.2867 g/L,and the highest lipid yield of was up to 0.0696g/L. The water quality of effluent could consistenly meet the national emission standards. With the expansion of cultivation scale,open-pond culture technology had a great application prospect.

Chemical looping combustion is one of the promising technologies to capture CO₂ with low cost. The effect of temperatures on mercury speciation and transport during coal chemical looping combustion based on Fe₂O₃ oxygen carriers were studied in a vertical tube furnace device. The change of flue gas components at different temperatures and the oxidation mechanism of elemental mercury on flue gas from fuel reactor were also investigated. The results showed that mercury in coal was completly released and the discharge rate reached 90% in 180s at high temperature in FR. The major mercury species was Hg⁰ and the ratio Hg⁰/Hg^T was 88%. The rate of Hg⁰/Hg^T decreased with increasing temperature. Different temperature affected the components of flue gas. The elevated temperature could cause an increase in the SO₂,NO and CO. SO₂ could inhibit the oxidation of mercury by inhibiting the formation of Cl/Cl₂. The NO could promote the oxidation of mercury,but CO had an opposite effect.

In chemical parks or plants,the vulnerability of vertical tank to impact loading can reflect its ability to resist the impact of blast fragments. The failure problem of vertical tank subjected to impact of fragments was defined as the vulnerability of target tank to impact loading,and the random parameter distributions of fragments were obtained. The failure limit state equation of target tank subjected to impact of fragments was established based on the maximum plastic strain criterion and the accuracy was validated. The vulnerability curves of target tank under impact of fragments were plotted by Monte-Carlo simulation. It was found that the impact velocity of fragments was the main factor affecting the dynamic response of target tank. The change of angle would significantly affected the destructive capacity of fragments when the impact angle was between 10ånd 40°. By random parameter sensitivity analysis,the tank material density and impact velocity had positive correlation with target tank rupture failure probability,while the target tank yield strength,wall thickness,the mass of fragments and impact angle had negative correlation with it. In order to reduce the vulnerability of the impact load when large vertical tanks were in stage of design and manufacture,the low density and high strength steel could be used,and the thicker ring plate could be selected as the tank wall under the premise of storage process requirements,construction capacity and economic budget et al.