Gut microbiota exerts substantial influence on human health and thus attracts extensive research interests in recent years. Oral administration of living probiotics in adequate amount could alleviate inflammatory bowel disease,treat various types of diarrhea and promote digestion. Living probiotics in tablet form has been applied in clinical trials. In food industry,a relatively cost-effective and facile powder production approach is desired for manufacturing active probiotics product in order to reduce the cost and meet the need of the expanding market. Spray drying is a rapid powder production method with a high production capacity. However,during spray drying the atomized droplets will undergo a fast heating and dehydration process. The associated heat stress,dehydration stress,oxidative stress and other stresses will cause a substantial reduction of the viability of the probiotics in the droplets. Meanwhile,the structure of a spray dryer makes it difficult to track the drying process of each droplet. This issue represents a great challenge for studying the inactivation history of probiotics during drying and for exploring the interactions between carrier materials and probiotic cells. This article firstly discussed the droplet drying process inside a spray dryer,and then reviewed the changes in the probiotic viability as drying progresses,followed by a summary of common approaches to improve the viability of dried probiotics utilized in the literature. Three approaches were discussed,i.e.,improvement of the intrinsic stress tolerance of probiotic cells,optimization of the operation conditions of spray drying and incorporation of protective carrier. The interactions between carrier materials and probiotic cells and the influence of drying history are elucidated. This article shows that maximizing the viability of probiotics in spray dried powders requires a consolidated approach incorporating strategies from microbiology,process and food chemistry (material science). Development of high performance protectant formula based on understandings of microorganism-protectant interactions and designing novel production process from microbial culture to powder storage are key aspects to achieve high viability retention for mass production of active dry probiotics both in laboratory and in industries.

Dividing-wall column (DWC)has a special structure leading to a high purity in a single column which is designed for separating multi-mixture. The Kaibel dividing-wall column (KDWC)energy-saving process for separating four-component mixture was simulated,optimized,experimented and investigated. KDWC was used to separate a quaternary mixture feed into four high purity product streams which included methanol,ethanol,n-propanol and n-butanol (MEPB). A rigorous simulation flowsheet called "four-column model" was established through thermodynamic analysis,and the accuracy of proposed model was verified based on the column temperature distribution. An optimization process was proposed for KDWC structure and split ratio (R_L)which regarded minimum energy consumption of reboiler as the target function. The energy-saving principle of KDWC was analyzed and the influence of intermediate composition on energy-saving was investigated. The energy consumption and thermodynamic efficiency of KDWC were compared with those of conventional three-column sequence. The results showed that the simulated values of column temperature distribution were consistent with the experiment ones and the split ratio (R_L)was an important operating parameter of the column. There were some reasons to explain why the structure of KDWC was energy-saving:KDWC did quite well in reducing intermediate composition which included ethanol and n-propanol backmixing degree,and the higher mole fraction of intermediate component was,the better energy-saving KDWC had. While the mole fraction of intermediate composition was 80%,KDWC saved 35.65% of energy consumption and the thermodynamic efficiency was improved by 26.11%. This research provided the basic experimental data for separating four-component mixture as well as theoretical guidance for structure optimization.

In order to improve the sealing characteristics of honeycomb seal and to increase the working efficiency of rotating machine,a new honeycomb seal was obtained by changing the arrangement of honeycomb on the basis of traditional honeycomb seal. The three-dimensional flow fields in the new and the traditional honeycomb seal were simulated, respectively, by using ANSYS CFX software. The sealing characteristics of the two different honeycomb seals were comparatively analyzed with the change in seal clearance,honeycomb cell diameter,cell depth,honeycomb wall thickness,pressure ratio and rotation speed by adopting the leakage coefficient. The results showed that the new honeycomb seal has better sealing characteristics than the traditional honeycomb seal in large pressure ratio,thin wall thickness and small seal clearance. When the core of honeycomb seal diameter is 3.2mm,the leakage coefficient of the new honeycomb seal is reduced by 7.1% compared with the traditional honeycomb seal and the sealing characteristics of new honeycomb seal have been superior to traditional honeycomb seal with the cell depth changing. Moreover,the circumferential vortex is more stable,the energy dissipation is stronger,the leakage coefficient is smaller and the sealing effect is better in the new honeycomb seal than in the traditional honeycomb seal with the rotation speed increasing.

In the process of producing expanded corn flour,the vibrating screening machine is often used to sift the expanded cereal powder after crushing to obtain powder with the demand granularity,but the process is complicated. The air classifier was used to classify the crushed puffed black rice powder to remove coarse powder more than 20 meshes.The variation effect of separating coarse powder more than 20 mesh of puffed black rice powder is studied by changing the speed,secondary air flow and the concentration of air and solid of the classifier is investigated. And the optimum value of the changing parameters is obtained. During the experiment,it is found that when the classifier grade puffed black rice powder,it also shows the grading function. In the process of experiment,the classifier has the effect of pulverizing at the same time of puffed black rice flour. And the crushing mechanism of the classifier on material is discussed. The experimental results show that the change of the rotational speed,gas concentration and secondary air flow of the classifier will significantly affect grading the extruded black rice. When the rotational speed of the classifier is 90r/min,the secondary air volume is 175.60m³/h and the solid concentration is 0.12kg/kg,the classification effect is good. The two grinding action of dispersing cone and classifier wheel expanded black rice flour were verified. Based on the previous work,an industrial production line which uses a classifier and the former crushing equipment was proposed,thus providing an efficient and integrated method for controlling the particle size of puffed grains.

In order to further explore the cavitation inducements of liquid film seals and their regular influences,based on the Jakobsson-Floberg-Olsson (JFO)cavitation boundary,physical model of liquid film seals with spiral groove in the middle and double dam areas was established. The accuracy of the programmed algorithm was verified by cavitation visualization experiment,and the cavitation characteristics of liquid film seals under different cavitation boundaries was analyzed. Effects of groove parameters such as groove depth,groove angle and groove number on the location of liquid film rupture and reformation as well as the cavitation occurrence area were probed into,with the changes of pressure and density of the lubricant between the sealing faces as the criterion. Results showed that cavitation characteristics calculated by JFO cavitation boundary can be better matched with the experiment results,compared with Half-Sommerfeld and Reynolds cavitation boundaries. Both larger groove depth and groove angle are help to shorten the cavitation length along the helical direction at the locus of liquid film rupture and the cavitation width along the circumferential direction at the locus of liquid film reformation,and the former promotes the cavitation degree of the two locations while the latter reducing that of the liquid film reformation location. Increasing groove angle enlarges the cavitation sizes of the two locations and also promotes the cavitation degrees of the corresponding locations. Cavitation area in the liquid film decreases linearly as groove depth increases and it shows a linear upward trend as groove angle is small followed by a parabolic increase trend with increasing groove angle. When groove number is more than 12,the cavitation area takes on a linear decrease trend as it increases.

Nanoparticles prepared by magnetic stirrer tend to have a wide particle size distribution and uneven dispersion. In order to address these problems,CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were prepared by chemical coprecipitation in impinging stream-rotating packed bed (IS-RPB) using aqueous solutions of Fe (NO₃)₃/Co (NO₃)₂ and NaOH as raw materials. The effects of rotational speed,liquid flow rate,NaOH concentration and crystallization time on the particle size of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were examined,and their magnetic properties were compared with that prepared by magnetic stirrer. The particle size,morphology and magnetic properties of as prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD),fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),nanoparticle size analyzer and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results showed that the particle size of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles decreases with the increase of rotational speed,liquid flow rate and NaOH concentration,but increases with the increase of crystallization time. The optimum operating conditions are as follows:rotational speed 900r/min,liquid flow rate 60L/h,NaOH concentration 3mol/L,and crystallization time 6h. CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles prepared under optimum operating conditions have an irregular shape with an average diameter of about 20nm and a saturation magnetization of 75.43emu/g,which is 40% higher than that prepared by magnetic stirrer.

In semi-closed rotating drum under different rotating speeds and inclining angle,the mixing process of granular materials was simulated by using discrete element method (DEM),and the effects of radial and axial mixing characteristic of granular materials were analyzed by using segregation index S based on particle contact-numbers. The results showed that the rotating speed and inclining angle of rotary drum have significantly affected on the radial and axial mixing characteristic of granular materials. When the inclining angle is constant and the rotating speed is 15r/min,30r/min or 45r/min,respectively, the radial and axial mixing speed increase with the addition of rotating speed. The influence of raising rotating speed is smaller and smaller on the radial and axial mixing speed while the rotating speed is over 30r/min. When the rotating speed is constant and the inclining angle is 0°,17° or 34°,respectively, increasing inclining angle has an obviously promotion to the axial mixing speed,but it has never promoted to the radial mixing speed. When the inclining angle is over 17°,the growth rate of axial mixing is becoming smaller gradually,and the radial mixing speed is decreasing with the increase of inclining angle,but the decline of radial mixing speed will reduce with the increase of the rotating speed.

Heat exchanger network synthesis belongs to the mixed integer nonlinear programming problem with severe nonconvex and nonlinear characteristics. In order to study some heat exchanger network cases probably existing special heat exchanger network structures with inner utilities but with lower total annual cost,a non-splits stage-wise superstructure with inner utilities was utilized. Based on the cuckoo search algorithm,an optimization algorithm was established by setting the minimum heat threshold and accepting bad network structures with a small probability to guide the structure evolution process and applied to solve heat exchanger network synthesis problems,and optimization results of the specific cases were analyzed. Three specific cases,with the characteristics of the initial temperature of the hot stream is higher than the inlet temperature of the hot utility or the large temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the hot utility,were solved with the modified cuckoo search algorithm which found the heat exchanger networks with the inner utility and those total annual costs have a steep descent. For specific cases,the results showed that the inner utility can serve as an important role of optimizing the heat load distribution of the heat exchanger network,which save the heat transfer area and effectively reduce the total annual cost of the heat exchanger network.

The influence of coagulation agent,roughness and contact angle on the solidification of droplet on a cooled surface were experimentally studied. A semiconductor chilling plate make the surface keep cold. A thermocouple measures the temperature of droplet center,and a camera records solidification process. The cooled surface is divided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic,one is copper surface and another is sprayed nano-film. Coagulation agents are sodium chloride,potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, respectively. From the image recorded by camera,a protuberance form at the top of the completely froze droplet,and the contact area between the droplet and the hydrophilic surface is larger than that on hydrophobic surface,so solidification time of droplet on hydrophilic surface is less. By data analysis,the critical nucleation energy decreases with the roughness of hydrophilic surface,but hydrophobic surfaces is opposite. The increase of coagulation agent concentration can increase the surface energy and the critical nucleation energy, but reduce the phase equilibrium temperature. The critical nucleation energy of sodium chloride solution is minimum and potassium chloride solution is maximum.

In the process of industrial circulating fluidized bed gasification,experimental research is time-consuming and cost-consuming due to the diversity of coal types and operating conditions. A circulating fluidized bed gasifier model was developed by Aspen Plus based on Gibbs free energy minimization. The boundary conditions of the simulation were set in terms of existing industry data. Different factors in gasification process were investigated,including oxygen-coal ratio,stream-coal ratio,gasification pressure and air/stream preheating temperature. The orthogonal experiments were used to study the interactive effect of the four factors. The results showed that the gasification product (CO+H₂) content and cold gas efficiency increase first and then decrease with oxygen-coal ratio increasing. The optimal range of oxygen-coal ratio is 0.45-0.50kg/kg. The gas heating value and gasification temperature decrease with the increase of stream-coal ratio. However,the gasification product content is hardly affected by stream-coal ratio. The gas heating value and gasification temperature increase with gasification pressure increasing. The gasification temperature,gasification product content and cold gas efficiency increase with air/stream preheating temperature increasing,while gas heating value decreases with air/stream preheating temperature increasing. The oxygen-coal ratio and air/stream preheating temperature have significant influence on gasification index,and they also have the same impact on gasification index through orthogonal experiment. The stream-coal ratio mainly affects gas heating value,while gasification pressure has significant influence on oxygen consumption rate.

As the heat release efficiency of a single tank system is generally low,a hybrid heat storage tank is formed by adding a shell and tube type phase change heat exchanger to the tank. The numerical model of the hybrid heat storage tank was established,and the numerical simulation results were compared with the experimental results. The differences of heat release characteristics between the hybrid heat storage tank and the conventional thermocline heat storage tank were studied under the same condition,and the dependence of heat release characteristics of heat storage tank on different inlet molten salt velocities and quartz particle diameters was explored. The results showed that,when the inlet molten salt velocity uin was 2.0×10^-4m/s,the heat release characteristics of the hybrid heat storage tank was better than that of the conventional thermocline heat storage tank. With the increase of inlet molten salt velocity,the total heat release time,effective heat release time and heat release efficiency of the heat storage tank were decreased,respectively. There was a certain proportional relation between the velocity and the heat release efficiency of the hybrid heat storage tank. Compared to the conventional thermocline heat storage tank,the change of quartz particle diameter had little influence on the heat release performance of the hybrid heat storage tank.

As one kind of low dosage hydrate inhibitors,kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs)can be used to solve flow assurance problems caused by hydrate plugging in a risk management way,which has been attracted by lots of researchers at home and abroad. The tolerable maximum sub-cooling of KHIs and the extension of induction time for hydrate formation by KHIs were summarized as two types of evaluation indexes of KHIs. Meanwhile,the influences of KHIs on hydrate formation and dissociation were also reviewed. The results indicated that the performance of KHIs was good to extend induction time longer with higher tolerable maximum sub-cooling. There were complex influences of KHIs on hydrate formation and dissociation,and the effects of KHIs on gas consumption rate,gas amount consumed,morphology of hydrate,dissociation temperature,time and rate,and "memory effect" were analyzed. Based on the review,the influence mechanisms of KHIs on hydrate were concluded,and especially a concept of adsorption inhibition mechanism was proposed for chemistry KHIs. Finally,the suggestions for further deep research of KHIs were addressed.

During the continual operation of oil shale gas-heat-carrier retort, the flow distribution in the furnace has a significant impact on the oil shale retorting. The more uniform the distribution of the flow field in the pyrolysis section,the more positive impact on the oil shale retorting. In this paper,cold model simulation of CFD was used on the pyrolysis section of a self-designed retort with four-layer of intake. The advantages and disadvantages of this kind structure retort were analyzed and the corresponding shortcomings were improved. This kind of four-layer central inflow retort can provide better gas-heat-carrier filling and flow distribution as a whole. The entrance form was transformed into an inlet with cross vanes,which had a positive influence on the flow distribution in the retort. In this kind of structure, there was a problem that the gas filling degree was insufficient in the local area of the gas retort. Under the premise that the total gas intake was constant, adding the edge intake cooperate with the center intake in the specific position can fill the gas-heat-carrier retort better. The gas-heat-carrier in the pyrolysis section of the improved retort was more evenly distributed and ideal. The distribution of the gas-heat-carrier in the pyrolysis section of the improved retort was more ideal.

The coal char was gasified with steam in a fixed bed reactor at 900℃ with different mass ratio of Fe/RM catalyst. The reactivity,surface functional group,pore structure and carbon crystallite structure of char during different stages of gasification process were characterized by FT-IR,BET and Raman spectra. The results demonstrated that the steam gasification reactivity of char could be significantly improved with Fe1/RM2 catalyst. In the process of char-Fe1/RM2-steam gasification,the active functional groups,such as methylene,carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl,formed on the surface of coal char interacted with Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ in Fe1/RM2. And thus,new small molecular active groups or compounds were formed. The specific surface area of char firstly increased and then decreased (6.98-323.22m²/g)with char conversion,while the average pore size had an opposite trend overall (2.91-11.25nm). The degree of carbon ordering was reduced first and then increased,and the relative content of amorphous carbon (0.371)was the highest when the conversion was 36%. In the initial stage of the char-Fe1/RM2 steam gasification reaction (X_C=~36%),the char gasification reactivity was improved comprehensively due to the increased surface active groups,the enlarged specific surface area and the decreased ordering degree of the char. Reducing the degree of carbon ordering ranging with the carbon conversion from 36% to 62% was significant for the improvement of char gasification reactivity.

In order to study the sulfation paths of gaseous sodium chloride in high alkali coal flue gas and the factors influencing the sulfation ratio,the sulfation process of gas sodium chloride in flue gas under different working conditions was calculated based on the chemical reaction kinetics theory. Each reaction in the system was analyzed by using the rate of production (ROP)method. The results showed that the gaseous sodium chloride was mainly sulfated by formation of NaHSO₄ and NaSO₄ and both of them can be formed by several paths. The sulfation paths of NaCl in middle temperature region was more than that in the high temperature region for the reason that more gaseous sodium species can stably exist in the medium temperature,while the decomposition rate of NaO₂ and NaSO₃Cl was higher in the high temperature region. Increasing excess air coefficient, coal sulfur content and coal moisture content will promote the sulfation process of gaseous sodium chloride, while increasing the flue gas temperature will significantly decrease the sulfation ratio of gaseous sodium chloride mainly due to that the decomposition rate of gaseous sodium species increased under the high temperature region, leading to the decrease of sulfation paths.

The process of jet fuel production by combining the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with olefin polymerization from bio-oil cracking gas was simulated using Aspen Plus software;and the flow data of the whole system was obtained. Exergy analysis of the whole system was performed to find the units with the highest exergy efficiency and the largest exergy loss. The exergy analysis of the whole system was conducted under the different catalytic cracking temperatures and jet fuel production processes. The results showed that,when the catalytic cracking temperature was 550℃,the whole exergy efficiency of the system was 80.4%;the water-gas shift system had the highest exergy efficiency;the coupling of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and olefin polymerization system had the largest exergy loss,accounting for 75.88% of the total exergy loss. When the catalytic pyrolysis temperature increased from 500℃ to 650℃,the whole exergy efficiency of the system was reduced from 87% to 76.9%;the composition of the syngas had little impact on the exergy efficiency of the system. Olefin polymerization system had the highest exergy efficiency in the three different ways of producing jet fuel;the further improvement of the coupling of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and olefin polymerization process should focus on the development of new reactors and the new catalysts for both reactions.

To explore the combustion characteristics of rice husk powder,the effect of different sizes on the minimum ignition temperature (MIT)of the rice husk powder was measured based on the experimental dust layer and dust cloud,the lower explosive limits (LEL),heat release properties and dynamic characteristics were tested by the Hartmann tube,cone calorimeter,and thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC),respectively. The results showed that the MIT and LEL declined with the decreasing size of the chaff powder,while the maximum explosion pressure and the rate of explosive pressure increase rose. The explosion pressure reached 0.9MPa for the sample with the size of 80~96μm,the MITs of dust layer (5mm and 10mm)and dust cloud were 130℃ and 430℃,respectively. The combustion characteristic index S_N was 3.82×10^-7,increased by 57.2% comparing to the sample with the size of 180~1250μm. The maximum release heat peak was arisen at 307s,and its intensity increased to 62kJ/m². The reaction activation energy of corresponding pyrolysis process increased from 35.35kJ/mol (sample of 180~1250μm)to 51.15kJ/mol,which demonstrated that the combustion process transformed diffusion-controlled into kinetically controlled reaction with the decreasing particle size.

As a research hotspot in the renewable energy field,low-temperature solar thermal power technologies have attracted more and more attention in recent years. A mathematical model for the binary-flashing cycle (SBFC)driven by flat-plate solar collectors was developed based on EES (engineering equation solver)software. The potential of seven refrigerants,including R601,R601a,R1233zd (E),R600,R1234ze (Z),R600a and R1234ze,used as working fluid in the SBFC had been examined. The effect of hot water temperatures at solar collector outlet ranging from 80℃ to 100℃ on the thermodynamic performance of the SBFC had also been analyzed under the conditions of maximum net power output. In the analysis,the net power output,thermal efficiency,exergy efficiency,exergy loss,thermal conductivity of heat exchanger (UA,the product of overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer area),and the net power output per unit solar collector area were selected as performance indicators. Results showed that under the given working conditions,the increase in the hot water temperature at solar collector outlet can significantly improve the thermodynamic performance of the SBFC system. The systems with the working fluids having higher normal boiling temperature would yield the better thermodynamic performance. Among the working fluids examined,R601 produced relatively high net power output,thermal efficiency as well as exergy efficiency and had relatively low total exergy loss. So it is recommended to use R601 as an ideal working fluid for the SBFC system.

Biomass is a rich source of renewable resources. The saccharification and fermentation efficiency of the biomass can be improved by removing the lignin from the biomass. The temperature,time and solid-liquid ratio were studied by using the 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride aqueous ionic liquid containing NaOH to treat corn straws. The reaction conditions were optimized by a central composite design. The compositions and structures of the straw before and after the treatment were compared. The experimental results showed that,at the temperature of 86.8℃,time of 1.48h and solid-liquid ratio of 1:9g/mL,the content of cellulose in the straw was 83.69%,the content of lignin was 3.29%,and the removal rate of lignin was 81.73%;the reaction temperature had the most significant effect on the cellulose content. This work provides insights for the utilization of maize straw.

SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid catalysts have many advantages such as high activities,less pollution,no corrosion to reactor and easy recycle,so they are a type of typical eco-friendly catalysts. The effects of four preparation methods of impregnation,sol-gel,low-temperature aging and ultrasonic coprecipitation on the catalytic performance of the catalysts were discussed. The research progress in the modification of support and active component of SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid catalysts was reviewed. According to the structural model of solid superacid catalysts,the mechanism of acid formation of SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid was analyzed. The deactivation mechanism,characterization methods and some application examples of the catalysts were introduced. Finally,the structure theory and preparation technology of SO₄^2-/M_xO_y solid superacid catalysts were prospected.

The catalytic oxidation of HCl is gaining increasing application and industrial prospects in the chlorine-related industry. CeO₂-based materials have been regarded as the most promising catalysts for HCl oxidation due to their excellent characteristics such as low-cost,sintering-resistant and anti-chlorination. After a brief introduction of the chlorine circulation process,this manuscript discusses different ceria-based catalytic materials for HCl catalyzed oxidation,including CeO₂ catalyst,modified CeO₂ catalyst and CeO₂ as catalyst promoter. Special focus has been put on the surface reaction mechanism of HCl oxidation on CeO₂. Considering the current research condition,this review also provides some future prospects for promoting the activity of CeO₂-based catalysts in HCl oxidation.

In the hydrothermal synthesis of SAPO-18 molecular sieves,the crystallization of SAPO-18 molecular sieves could be accelerated by the addition of potassium persulfate in the synthetic gel. The properties of the molecular sieve samples were characterized by ESR,XRD,SEM,FTIR and NH₃^- TPD,and the catalytic performance of the prepared SAPO-18 for the conversion of methanol to olefins were investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The effects of the amount of potassium persulfate on the properties of the SAPO-18 molecular sieve samples and their MTO catalytic performance were investigated. The results showed that the amount of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and the crystallinity of SAPO-18 molecular sieves were increased,and the morphologies of SAPO-18 molecular sieves were improved by adding appropriate amount of potassium persulfate in the synthetic gel. In addition,through evaluating the MTO process catalyzed by SAPO-18 molecular sieves,we found that the life of SAPO-18 molecular sieves were also increased with the presence of potassium persulfate in the synthetic gel.

SO₄^2-/TiO₂-SnO₂ solid acid catalysts prepared by co-precipitation method and then were characterized by SEM-EDS,XRD,FTIR,Pyridine-IR and XPS. The result showed that crystal structure of the catalyst,and the quantity and distribution of the acid centers were changed by doping Sn. The catalyst doped with 5% Sn and calcined at 500℃ showed excellent catalytic activity in the synthesis of benzyl acrylate. Under the optimal conditions of 3% catalyst,reaction temperature of 120℃,and ratio of acid and olefin of 1.3:1,the conversion of phenylcarbinol was 93.1% and the selectivity of the product was 98.8%. Compared with SO₄^2-/TiO₂,the reactivity,stability and the anticaking ability were significantly improved.

Nano ferric oxides with different morphologies were successfully prepared via a facile hydrothermal method. Analytical grade Fe (NO₃)₃·9H₂O,CO (NH₂)₂ and different template agent including glycerol,cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)and tartaric acid were employed as raw materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscope (SEM)and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET) were used to characterize the phase composition,morphologies and pore structure of as-prepared products. The results revealed that the obtained pure Fe₂O₃ crystals were spherical,rod-like or cuboid structures. Moreover,the template agent played an important role in controlling the shape and size of the products. The desulfurization behaviors were also investigated in a micro reactor. The three sorbents with different morphologies all showed excellent H₂S capture ability. Specifically,the sorbent used tartaric acid as template agent showed enhanced desulfurization performance than others,of which,the breakthrough time reached 350min,and the corresponding sulfur capacity was 11.5g/100g sorbent. In this paper,we prepared desulfurizer active group with different morphologies by adding template agent,which could increase the sulfuration properties,and provide new thoughts for high efficiency desulfurization.

The effect of different metal oxides (Al₂O₃,MgO and Ga₂O₃)on the pyrolysis behavior of cellulose was investigated in detail. The change of the cellulose pyrolysis behavior before and after the addition of different metal oxides was investigated by TG-FTIR. It is found that the maximum weight loss rate of microcrystalline cellulose decreases with the addition of metal oxide, while the initial decomposition temperature and the coke yield increase. Of the three metal oxides, Al₂O₃ has the best deoxidation efficiency. Ga₂O₃ can make the temperature range of cellulose pyrolysis narrower, but the deoxidation efficiency is not high. The product distribution of cellulose pyrolysis after adding different metal oxides was analyzed by Py-GC/MS. The results show that Al₂O₃ has good selectivity for furan products, MgO promotes the formation of small molecular products, and Ga₂O₃ improves the total yield of anhydro sugar products. In addition,the addition of Ga₂O₃ has a different catalytic effect with Al₂O₃ and MgO.

In this paper,the microstructure morphology,damping principle,synthesis and classification of latex interpenetrating polymer networks (LIPN)are introduced. The damping performance influencing factors,the application areas and the research outlook of latex interpenetrating polymer networks are also discussed. The relationship between the damping performance and the structure of LIPN is explained. In the synthesis process,the damping performance is influenced by the crosslinking agent content,ratio of networks,feeding sequence,feeding methods and the filler. LIPN is widely applied in damping coating,leather finishing agent and pigment printing binder. This paper also points out the bottlenecks of current research of latex interpenetrating polymer networks and the future research breakthroughs should focus on new polymerization process,diversity of composition and new characterization methods.

Polymer surface metallization modifies the surface of polymer materials to provide them with good physical properties,mechanical properties and metallic luster. As a new surface treatment process,the surface metallization of polymer is widely used in the fields of polymer conduction,film modification,electromagnetic shielding and so on. Two technical methods of surface metallization of polymers,namely dry coating and wet coating,are reviewed in this paper. Several typical surface treatment techniques,such as vacuum coating,metal spray transfer,electroless plating,chemical reduction metallization and electroplating,are introduced. The technical characteristics of these techniques and the difficulties of their application in scientific research and industrial production are summarized. The advantage of direct electroplating on polymer surface which is developed from the traditional electroplating process is elucidated. Direct electroplating technology eliminates the activation procedure before plating,shortens the process time,avoids the pollution caused by the pre- plating process,and thus has become a new direction for the development of polymer surface metallization technology.

Microencapsulated phase change slurry (MEPCS)is a kind of two-phase fluid,which has the advantages of high heat transfer density and small temperature difference. In this paper,the key factors that affect the heat transport of MEPCS were reviewed. The stability problems and the solutions were analyzed in terms of static stability and cyclic stability. The flow resistance characteristics of MEPCS were discussed in terms of viscosity and pressure drop. Combined with the characteristics of resistance and heat transport capacity,the heat transport characteristics of MEPCS were analyzed. Finally,the applications of MEPCS in heating ventilating & air conditioning,solar energy utilization,electronics and power equipment cooling were introduced.

In recent years,the preparation and application of graphene and its composites have gained more and more attention. The detection methods of environmental pollutants using graphene materials have acquired significant progress,especially with respect to the analysis of heavy metals in water. This paper reviews the research status of the method to analyze heavy metals in the water by the various types of graphene materials,with the focus on the preparation and performance of gaphene matrix composite electrode. The mechanisms and advantages of detection methods are also compared. It is found that graphene materials have natural advantages in heavy metal ion detection due to their excellent electronic transmission performance,which helps to achieve the online,in situ,and real-time detection of heavy metal ion in water. Nevertheless,the research of graphene modified electrode is just in its infancy,and its anti-interference ability and selectivity,and electrode reuse performance are poor,and the practical application is limited. Therefore,it is highly demanded to conduct the preparation of graphene modified new composite electrode,to improve the anti-jamming ability and selectivity of electrochemical analysis methods,to increase the life of the electrode and its application in unconventional environment,and to develop the application scope of graphene matrix composite electrode.

Poly (L-lactic acid) porous microspheres with diameter of 30.92μm±1.55μm were prepared from its tetrahydrofuran solution through four steps of low-temperature quenching,extraction,washing and drying while without the assistance of other additives. The microspheres were composed of radicalized nanofibers with diameter of 0.34μm±0.06μm. The polarized optical microscope observations show that the PLLA porous microspheres are spherulites,while the XRD patterns show that they belong to α form with grain size of 17.25nm. DSC results show that the crystallinity of the microspheres obtained from low-temperature quenching are 36.05%,higher than the raw PLLA prepared by the melt-extrusion. N₂ adsorption-desorption results indicate that the average pore size and volume of the microspheres are 42.92nm and 0.1135cm³/g,respectively,and most pores are macropore and mesopore. The specific surface area and porosity are 14.18m²/g and 93.15%,respectively. DSC was used to study the isothermal crystallization kinetics of PLLA in THF solutions to mimic the low-temperature quenching process. The Avrami equation was used to analyze the data. Avrami exponent n was 2.29,indicating that the nucleation and crystal growth mechanism were heterogenous nucleation and three-dimensional,respectively.

3-Triethoxysilylpropylamine (KH-550)and chloracetyl chloride were utilized to introduce the initiator on the surface of nano-Si₃N₄. The surface-initiated acrylic polymer modified nano-Si₃N₄ powder was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)method by using methyl methacrylate (MMA)and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)as monomer. ATRP modified nano-Si₃N₄ powders were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR)and gel permeation chromatography (GPC),and the optimum process conditions for preparing modified Si₃N₄ were determined. Malvern laser particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and contact angle tester were used to characterize the properties of the nano-Si₃N₄ powders before and after modification. The results indicate that the modified nano-Si₃N₄ powders prepared by this method have good dispersibility, while the particle size and the agglomeration of the nano-Si₃N₄ powders decreased in ethanol solution, and the molecular weight distribution of the surface graft copolymer was narrow and controllable.

The rheological properties of magnetorheological suspensions containing surfactant with the same anchor group but different solvated group length are studied. The viscosity,magnetorheology and stability of the magnetorheological suspensions with micro-sized particles modified by oleic acid and PMMA and dispersed in silicone oil by means of ultrasonic are tested. Steric repulsion (entropic repulsion)of the absorbed layer on the surface of carbonyl iron (CI)particles is the main factor at low shear rate that makes a decrease in viscosity. However,surfactant layer could induce a hindrance effect on particle movement at high shear rate,resulting in an increased off-state viscosity. Moreover,the magnetorheological suspension with particles modified by oleic acid has stronger magnetorheology response compared to bare CI based magnetorheological suspension and the suspension absorbed PMMA behaves ratherish weaker. Both oleic acid and PMMA promote the stability of the magnetorheological suspensions especially for PMMA. This research provides a reference for the selection of surfactants.

Nitrile rubber is used as the sealing material of isopropyl nitrate but the leakage or vaporization of isopropyl nitrate frequently occurs. In order to select new rubber to replace nitrile rubber to seal isopropyl nitrate,nitrile rubber and EPDM rubber samples were prepared. The mass and volume change rate,structure,surface morphology and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber and EPDM rubber were measured,after which the swelling property were also tested. The results show that the properties of both nitrile rubber and EPDM rubber are decreased after swelling,but the performance of EPDM rubber is better than that of nitrile rubber. The isopropyl nitrate-resistant properties of EPDM are beter than that of nitrile rubber. Finally it recommends to use EPDM rubber and sprayed phenolic resin liquid sealant to seal isopropyl nitrate.

In this work,ball milling method was utilized to intensify the preparation process of dimer acid. The effects of reaction temperature,amount of catalyst,amount of co-catalyst,stirring blade type,stirring speed and amount of milling medium on the yield of dimer acid were investigated in the ball mill reactor. The results showed that the ball milling method can enhance the synthesis of dimer acid catalyzed by activated clay. A crude product with dimer acid content of 79%,acid value of 196mgKOH/g and viscosity of 1640mPa·s was prepared with water vapor when reaction temperature was 260℃,catalyst and cocatalyst amount was 24% and 0.5% respectively,a double propeller blade was used at the stirring speed of 173r/min,1500g zirconia was used as the milling medium,and the yield of dimer acid was 58.7%. Compared to the stirred tank,the content of dimer acid in the crude product was increased by 75% in the intensification of ball milling. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)and HPLC-Mass,the obtained dimer acid product is mainly composed of bicyclic dimer acid and acyclic dimer acid. The ratio of bicyclic dimer acid and acyclic dimer acid was 1.07:1.

Petrol coke was modified uisng SO₂ as a gas activating agent. The physical and chemical properties of adsorbents were characterized using surface area and porosity analyzer, elemental analyzer,and X ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Mercury adsorption experiments were carried out on the fixed bed testing equipment;and the adsorption products were desorbed by temperature-controlled desorption experiment. The results indicated that the microstructure of the surface of the modified petrol coke had been improved effectively;and the surface sulfur content was dominated by the low valence sulfur which was beneficial to mercury adsorption. Adding O₂ to the simulated flue gas could effectively improve the mercury removal efficiency. But the addition of the SO₂ could inhibit mercury removal. the inhibition degree increased with the increase of the SO₂ concentration. When O₂ and SO₂ were added together,the effect on removal of mercury was closely related to the concentration of the SO₂. The experiments of mercury adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption at different temperatures showed that the high temperature could inhibit the oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the high sulfur petrol coke.

Cotton fiber based activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation of K₂CO₃. The main affecting factors were screened by Plackett-Burman (P-B)design with iodine adsorption and yield as the index. The optimal preparation process was determined by central composite design (CCD)and response surface optimization analysis. The content of elements,surface morphology,specific surface area,pore structure and surface functional group were measured using the samples prepared under optimal technological conditions. The results showed that the significant affecting factors of the iodine adsorption value and yield were activation temperature,impregnation ratio,and activation time. The optimum technical conditions are activation temperature 818℃,impregnation ratio 1,and activation time 1.5h. In this process,the iodine adsorption value and yield of the sample were 1513.7mg/g and 15.42%,respectively. The sample contained C amount of 93.45%,with a surface area of 1624.79m²/g,with an average aperture of 2.57nm. Its surface functional groups were rare. The high carbon content of waste textiles can be used to produce good performance activated carbons. And it is accurate and reliable to use P-B/CCD method to optimize the preparation of cotton fiber based activated carbon technology.

Chemometric model development methods were investigated for the application of the near infrared spectroscopy (NIR)to on-line real-time monitoring of the content of polysaccharides,the content of soluble solids as well as pH of a liquid tonic. A system engineering approach was employed in building chemometric models via integration of spectra preprocessing,feature wave number selection,grouping and data selection for training and validation,as well as examination of the raw NIR measurements and laboratory analytical reference values. The final selected methods for data pre-processing,feature wave number selection and model building were the first order derivative,genetic algorithm,and PLS. The model performance was evaluated by RMSEC,RMSEV,and RMSEP through cross validation and assessed using test data as well as real data from the industrial process. It was shown that the relative error between the predicted value and the reference value could be controlled within 10% for the content of polysaccharide. The relative errors for predicting soluble solid and pH were controlled within 5% and 4%,respectively. The models were successfully used in commercial applications for timely estimation of the product quality related properties.

Based on the computer-aided analysis of primary structures of epoxide hydrolases (EHs),a PvEH3-encoding gene,pveh3,was amplified from Phaseolus vulgaris total RNA by RT-PCR and Nested PCR technique.Mediated by expression vector pET-28a (+),pveh3 was heterologously expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3).Primary and three-dimensional structures indicated that PvEH3 belonged to the α/β-hydrolase superfamily. Its catalytic triad is Asp¹⁰¹-His²⁹⁷-Asp²⁶²,and two conservative tyrosine residues served as proton donor are Tyr¹⁵⁰ and Tyr²³².The enantioconvergent hydrolysis of styrene oxide and its four derivatives were conducted by PvEH3 at a gentle reaction condition,20℃ and pH 7.0.The experimental results indicated that without substitution or at the para positions (93.2%,86.6% and 85.1% ee_p)of the aromatic ring had a better enantioconvergent than those at the meta position (37.1% and 53.3% ee_p).PvEH3 possesses the best regioselectivity towards styrene oxide within five substrates and the regioselectivity coefficients,α_S and β_R,were 93.9% and 99.0%,respectively.The discovery of PvEH3 increased the number of EHs possessing high and complementary regioselectivity,which offered more options for the enantioconvergent hydrolysisof racemic epoxides by single EHs.

The common techniques/methods for enhancing butanol synthesis in ABE fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum include adding electron carrier to increase NADH regeneration rate,repressing hydrogenase via aerating CO,supplementing small amount of butyrate,etc. However,those methods suffer from the problems of total solvent decrease,purification cost-up to remove pigments,high butyrate cost,etc. In this study,small amount of electron receptors (Na₂SO₄/CaSO₄,2g/L)were added into the ABE fermentation broth:leading to the electron/proton flow transition/changes in the intracellular electron shuttle-transportation system,directing more electron/proton into the NADH regeneration route which enhanced for butanol synthesis; promoting the intracellular accumulation or secretion of those amino acids beneficial for cells survival/butanol synthesis,particularly valine. In the ABE fermentation in a 7L fermentor,by adding 2g/L electron receptor (Na₂SO₄),the butanol concentration reached the highest levels of 12.96g/L and butanol/acetone ratio also enhanced,the increments were 35% and 10%,respectively compared with those of control. The addition of the cheap electron receptor,such as Na₂SO₄,could increase the butanol concentration though the increment was limited,but it would supply a new and alternative fermentative method for enhancing butanol synthesis and butanol/acetone ratio.

One-step catalysis by the trehalose synthase is one of the most promising methods for the trehalose production. Based on the previous researches,this study started with two aspects of enzyme expression and catalysis to reduce the cost and improve the productivity of trehalose production. Firstly,Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)containing trehalose synthase was cultured using auto-induced expression system and three-stage temperature controlling strategy in shake flasks. The recombinant E. coli cells were sustainedly cultivated in 37℃ for 2.5h,25℃ for 10.5 h,and 30℃ till to the end of cultivation,respectively. The enzyme activity reached 1.42×10⁴U/mL,which was 57.4% higher than that obtained from the process of the constant temperature incubation. Furthermore,this cultivating strategy was conducted on a 5L bioreactor,where the fermentation lasted for 40h. At the end of fermentation,the OD value reached 31,which was equivalent to the cell dry weight concentration of 15.32g/L. Meanwhile,the enzyme activity reached 1.81×104 U/mL,which was 28.6% higher than the value obtained in shake flasks. Second,the recombinant E. coli cells treated with 5% toluene for 45min were used to optimize the process of whole cell production of trehalose,where the effects of pH,reaction temperature and substrate concentration on trehalose synthesis as well as the reuse efficiency of the whole-cell catalysis were investigated. It was found that the yield of trehalose reached more than 74% under the catalytic conditions of pH 7.5,30℃ and 350g/L of maltose,and remained as high as 64.1% at the 10th batch cycle. The results indicated that the new process could be a more economical and efficient process for the mass production of trehalose in the near future.

A type of betaine Gemini surfactant (B18-4-18)was synthesized by two-step reaction with N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) oleoylamide,3-chloro-2-hydroxypropanesulfonate,and 1,4-dibromobutane as main raw materials. The structure of the product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The surface tension curve and related parameters were acquired by surface tension measurements. Liquid carrying rates of B18-4-18 were measured by carrying capacity ratio measurement device in water,mineralized water,methanol solution,and condensate solution,respectively. The foam heights with different types of surfactants were determined by a Roche bubble instrument. The experimental results showed that the structure of the synthesized compounds was in conformity with the expected structure of surfactant. The critical micelle concentration of B18-4-18 was 5.0×10^-6 mol/L;the corresponding surface tension was 31.67mN/m at 25℃. The highest carrying capacities of the B18-4-18 with the mass fraction of 0.5% were 90%,87%,78% and 87% in water,in mineral water,in methanol solution and in condensate solution,respectively. In contrast to the foaming properties of other surfactants,for the foam acid, the best foaming agent is the B18-4-18.

Using the lignosulfonate,the sodium methacrylate and the allyl polyoxyethylene ether as raw materials,the potassium persulfate as initiator,the lignosulfonate graft copolymer (LS-SMAS-APEG)was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization. The chemical structure of the product was characterized by infrared spectrum (FTIR)and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The effects of monomer dosage,temperature,reaction time and K₂S₂O₈ dosage on apparent viscosity were investigated. Furthermore,based on the single factor experiment,the technical parameters of grafted lignosulfonate were optimized by using the orthogonal test. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for the preparation of grafted lignosulfonate were as follows:reaction temperature 75℃, reaction time 4h,initiator dosage 4%,the sodium octyl methane sulfonate dosage 20%,the allyl polyoxyethylene ether dosage 35%. And the effect of the apparent viscosity of the slurry intrinsic viscosity and zeta potential test on the LS-SMAS-APEG dispersant was investidagted. The test results showed the effectiveness of viscosity reduction,dispersion and stabilization to the Shenhua coal.

The ammonia industry has a great influence on the process of human development. However,the traditional ammonia synthesis needs to be carried out under high temperature and pressure. Therefore,reducing the reaction temperature and pressure has been a hot research topic in this field. Compared with the traditional method,ammonia synthesis using plasma has the advantages of mild reaction conditions,cheap raw materials and non-emission of greenhouse gases,therefore this technology is considered to have great potential. In this paper,the present situation of ammonia synthesis by plasma was reviewed,including using different discharge methods,different reactors,different discharge parameter and feed gas ratio conditions. Meanwhile,the effect of catalysts on the ammonia synthesis with plasma was summarized and discussed. According to current achievements of ammonia synthesis with plasma technology,it is considered that the development directions are as follows:the use of H₂O and CH₄ as hydrogen sources;the development of precious metal catalysts such as ruthenium-based catalysts;the design and manufacture of reactors suitable for synthesis ammonia with plasma and the matching of high-power power equipment.

The effects of different sodium additives (Na₂CO₃、NaOH、CH₃COONa)on the removal of the NO by urea and the mechanism of the NO removal were investigated on a self-designed dielectric barrier-corona discharge coupling device. The results indicated that,within the scope of the study,the NO removal rate increased with the increase of the urea content. The NO removal rate was 64.23% with 0.3% urea added at 0.83A current. However,the CO was produced and increased with the increasing of the dosage of urea;the addition of a small amount of sodium additives could significantly improve the NO removal rate that increased with the increase of the content of sodium additives. The amount of CO production was effectively inhibited. Under the same dosages,various sodium additives could promote the NO removal of urea. The NO removal was affected by the sodium additive in accordance with the order of NaOH > Na₂CO₃ > CH₃COONa. NO removal rate was 90.71% and 95.71% at 0.83A and 5A current,respectively;when sodium hydroxide and urea mass ratio was 10:10。while there was almost no CO.

CO₂ liquefaction is a crucial procedure for carbon capture,utilization and storage (CCUS). The conventional cryogenic technique,running with the temperature lower than -20℃ and to prevent water from freezing,requires a complicated dehydration unit and consumes numerous mechanical power for refrigeration,and consequently the total running cost for CCUS is increased greatly. In this instance,a novel liquefaction technique based on LiBr absorption refrigeration system using flue gas waste heat was proposed in this research. The LiBr absorption refrigeration system driven by flue gas waste heat was used for generating the cold source at about 4℃. At the same time,the liquefaction temperature is increased to about 7℃ via upgrading the pressure of crude CO₂,so that it can be well matched with the refrigeration condition. Moreover,the increase in liquefaction temperature can avoid the holdback relating to water freezing and CO₂ hydration,and it is beneficial that the complicated dehydration unit is no longer demanded. Afterwards,process simulation and optimization was carried with ASPEN Plus. The simulation results revealed that the novel liquefaction technique can reduce the ecific power consumption to 123.7kW·h/tCO₂,and the energy saving degree is about 23.9% compared to the conventional technique. For a 200kt/a liquefaction plant,it is expected that this new-type technique can save electricity 7.70×10⁶ kW·h and running cost 2.25 million CNY per year. On the whole,the novel liquefaction technique behaves excellent in energy saving and economic benefit.

In this work,the kinetics and mechanisms of TMP degradation by chloride ion (Cl^-) directly reacting with peroxymonosulfate (PMS)were investigate by selecting typical pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP)of trimethoprim (TMP)as target compounds. The effect of degradation efficiency was compared between chlorination and Cl^-/PMS. Some factors affecting degradation was investigated,such as ammonium ions (NH⁴⁺),nitrate ions (NO^3-),carbonate ions (CO₃^2-),bicarbonate ions (HCO₃^-),temperature and humic acid. The results showed that TMP degradation fitted well with the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The pseudo-first-order-constant (k_obs)is 0.0296min^-1 (R²>0.97). kobs decreased with the increase of initial TMP concentration. The degradation efficiency of TMP by chlorination and Cl^-/PMS was similar,but the reaction rate of Cl^-/PMS was slower than that of chlorination. The presence of NH⁴⁺ will inhibit the degradation,and chlorination is more sensitive to NH⁴⁺. CO₃^2- and HCO₃^- are harmful to the degradation of TMP,and the greater concentration of CO₃^2-,the stronger inhibition effect,the greater the concentration of HCO₃^-,the weaker inhibition effect. Increasing solution temperature will efficiently accelerate the degradation of TMP. The reaction activation energy is 66.97kJ/mol. The presence of humic acid also retarded the removal of TMP to a certain extent.

For the city river in situ purification of sewage to provide scientific and effective technical support,the SEM,XRD and EDS characterization methods were used,the structural characteristics and main components of new filler sponge iron were analyzed,and the effect of sponge iron on total phosphorus adsorption was studied by single factor experiment. Finally,the self-designed BAF (aeration biofilter)with sponge iron as filler was experimented. The results is shown below. ① The sponge iron phase is mainly Fe,at the same time there are Fe₂O₃,Fe₃O₄,Fe₂CO₃ and Fe₃C (among them,Fe,C and O content were 58.79%,21.85%,19.36%). This explained the sponge iron has a strong reductive,providing reductive electrons for efficient denitrification. ②The temperature of the sponge iron adsorption removal effect has little effect,P concentration higher the greater the amount of adsorption,when the P concentration of 10mg/L,the sponge iron dosage does not affect the removal rate,when the concentration of P was more than 10mg/L,the removal rate increased with the increase of sponge iron dosage,the lower the pH,the more favorable the sponge iron adsorption P. ③In the BAF reactor,simulation of natural purification state,without aeration,water quality serious deterioration,after the reverse rinse,the aeration was resumed,the removal rate increased (COD,NH⁴⁺-N,TN and TP were increased by 11%,71%,31% and 4%),but after a long period of continuous operation,the reactor removal effect was slightly reduced,COD and TN were reduced by 5%,4% and 18%,respectively,during the same 6h period. ④ Sponge iron filler on the surface of the formation of a unique biological community,high biological diversity,and the higher the DO in the reactor,the richer the species community structure,the higher the diversity,while the sponge iron on the removal of pollutants is adsorbed and microbial common influence.

In the light of the high energy consumption characteristics of double solvent synergistic extractive distillation three tower process for methyl acetate-methanol-water,the mechanical vapor recompression (MVR)heat pump and organic Rankine cycle (ORC)waste power generation technologies were applied to optimization of the three towers,and the MVR heat pump distillation process with inter-mediate reboiler and MVR heat pump distillation process coupled with ORC were put forward. The results showed that in terms of methyl acetate recovery tower and methanol recovery tower,the MVR heat pump distillation process with inter-mediate reboiler can save energy by 57.38% and 9.66%,decrease TAC (total annual cost)by 31.34% and 11.69% compared with the conventional double solvent synergistic extractive distillation process. For solvent recovery tower,the MVR heat pump distillation process by pre column coupled with ORC can save energy by 50.16% and decrease TAC by 36.13% compared with the conventional double solvent synergistic extractive distillation process. In terms of the whole extractive distillation system,optimized distillation process can save energy by 45.48% and decrease TAC by 31.33% compared with the conventional double solvent synergistic extractive distillation process.

Anhydrous ethanol was produced from the ethanol-water mixture using ethylene glycol as the extractant. Using the process simulation software,the conventional extractive distillation process and four different types of energy saving technologies were simulated and optimized,including double-effect distillation,vapor recompression distillation,dividing wall column distillation and internally heat integrated distillation. The design specification was as follows:the purity of ethanol should be no less than 99.5%,the purity of recovered ethylene glycol should be no less than 99.9%,and the purity of waste water should be greater than 99.5%. Under the same design basis and requirements,the optimum operating parameters of each process were obtained,and different processes were compared from the energy saving effect and economic analysis. The results revealed that although the internally heat integrated distillation technology was the most energy efficient process reducing the energy consumption by 14.1% compared with the conventional extractive distillation process,the most economic technology was double-effect extractive distillation process decreasing the total annual cost by 7.2%. This study provides the theoretical basis and design parameters for the industrialization of the extractive distillation process to produce anhydrous ethanol from the ethanol-water system.

Recently,the influence of air quality from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the people's concerning topics. However,the researches of constituents and the influences on ambient air of VOCs from petrochemical enterprise are very less. In this paper,a typical petrochemical enterprise in China was selected and five monitoring sites were arranged at their boundaries. Under the normal process conditions,the VOCs samples were collected and analyzed for seven days. The qualitative and quantitative results indicated that the concentration of VOCs was in the range of 11.5-148.8μg/m³,including alkanes,olefins,and aromatics. The alkanes occupied for more than 60%,which were the main components of VOCs. Furthermore,by the estimation of generation potentials of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from different VOCs constituents,the results indicated that olefins in VOCs were the key ozone precursors,and the contribution rate was about 50%-70%. Aromatics in VOCs were the main precursors to SOA and the contribution rate was more than 80%. The contribution rate of VOCs was 2.5046μg/m³. By this study,there are some values to the prevention and control of VOCs from petrochemical enterprise.