Recent advances in catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane have been reviewed in detail,including the catalytic systems employing PhIO,PhI(OAc)₂,O₂,t-BuOOH,NaIO₄ and H₂O₂ as the oxidants. It is pointed out that the development of heterogeneous catalytic system employing O₂ as oxidant with high activity and selectivity will be the focus of oxidation of cyclohexane catalyzed by metalloporphyrin in the future,especially for the metalloporphyrin systems with multi metals. The metalloporphyrin with high catalytic performance both in activation of O₂ and in decomposition and transformation of cyclohexyl hydrogen peroxide through covalent bond to construct metalloporphyrin system with multi metals will increase the conversion of cyclohexane and the selectivity of oxidation product. This review can act as an important reference in the research and development of the catalytic system for the cyclohexane oxidation as well as other hydrocarbon oxidation and non-hydrocarbon oxidation.

A rotating foam reactor(RFR) is a novel kind of stirrer tank reactor, which replaces the traditional agitator blade by donut-shaped foam block. This structure can improve effectively mass transfer process between phases. In addition, the foam block can be as support for catalyst deposition to reduce the consumption of catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis reaction. Therefore, RFR is a potential alternative to heterogeneous stirrer tank reactor or slurry reactors, and will have a broad application prospect. This study elaborates on the structure and characteristic of multiphase in an RFR. Research progress on the characteristic of multiphase flow and mass transfer performance are introduced. Besides, a comparison of mass transfer efficiency between RFRs and the general multiphase reactors are presented. In terms of application, the strengthening characteristic and advantages of adopting an RFR in heterogeneous reaction processes, such as hydrogenation of styrene and glucose oxidation are analyzed. The results indicate that an RFR can reduce energy consumption and improve utilization of raw materials in chemical processes. Some other reactors with porous agitator blades similar with RFR are introduced, and their advantages and characters are analyzed and compared. Finally, the insufficient of study and the development direction of RFRs are prospected.

The new generation of information technology is changing with each passing day, the combination of industrialization and informatization is going to a greater depth. Construction of intelligent factories has become the main route of transformation and upgrading. Intelligent factory construction is a long-term, complex and innovative project, related theories, standards, technologies and applications are still in constant research and exploration. The process industries intelligent factories construction strategy was deeply considered as well as analyzed, from four dimensions on plant recognition, intelligent solutions, evaluation system, core support elements, base on digital asset model of whole lifecycle of enterprise informatization planning and construction thinking was studied, and the digital asset model application of technical capability was discussed. Based on the comprehensive consideration from data, model to application, the top design function framework of process industry enterprise information system was designed. From aspects such as manufacturing enterprises leading, value oriented, talent and organization combination, and support enterprise development strategy, and also misunderstanding of intelligent plant construction should avoid and some suggestions on construction of intelligent plant are put forward.

A novel strategy has been proposed for integrating zone model predictive control(Zone MPC) and economic model predictive control(EMPC). Zone MPC is a kind of model predictive control that the control objective can be seen as a target set instead of a target point, which is used to account for the lack of degrees of freedom. In EMPC, the economic criterion is used as the stage cost, and the economic performance of the controlled plant can be improved. Hence, by combining zone MPC and EMPC, the system can be driven to a target set, while at the same time, the economic performance can be improved. In this work, prediction horizon slice strategy was presented to integrate zone MPC and EMPC into one strategy, in which there are two parameters:the dividing point and the weighting matrix. The proposed algorithm not only gives improved economic performance than the normal zone MPC, but also gives better stability than normal economic MPC. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

Ultra-thin heat pipe(UTHP) is an ideal tool to solve the problem of heat dissipation in the small space of electronic devices, and the construction of nanostructure is an important method to improve the heat transfer performance of UTHP. In this paper, we developed a new type of UTHP with 1.30mm thickness and used chemical method to modify the porous wicks and the condensation surface to match the super-hydrophilic and super-hydrophobic. The effects of nanostructures and inclination angles at different filling ratios on thermal performance were analyzed by experiments. Results showed that the nanostructures change the wettability of the porous wicks and the condensation surface. The super-hydrophilic porous wicks have stronger water absorbing ability, and the droplet condensation mechanism of the super-hydrophobic condensation surface promotes the condensate reflux efficiency. In the small filling ratio, the nanostructure in the porous wicks facilitates the boiling heat transfer and condensation liquid reflux velocity, and then increases the resistance of vapor escaping and the liquid flow in the large filling ratio, which has a negative effect on the thermal performance. The sample with super-hydrophilic porous wicks and super-hydrophobic condensation surface has a large condensation heat resistance, but it has best critical heat fluxes(CHF) at any filling ratios. The inclination angle has a great influence on the thermal performance, and the UTHP has optimal heat performance when the evaporation section is directly below the condensation section.

To better predict the percentage of mercury oxidized based on the concentrations of other flue gas components, an accurate kinetic model for Hg oxidation needs to be developed. The existing models always contain some unknown parameters that are difficult to identify. To extract these parameters exactly and fast, this paper puts forward an adaptive strategy based on differential evolution (ASDE). The new ASDE contains candidate set for mutation strategy, scale factor(F) and crossover rate(CR). Each value in every candidate set has its own selection probability and the selection probability is updated according to the previous search information. Based on the selection probability, an adaptive model is designed to set the most proper control parameters for every vector in the main population. The ASDE is applied to solve parameter estimation problem of Hg oxidation models. The experimental results showed that ASDE is able to obtain more accurate model than other 6 algorithms. It is an effective approach for parameter estimation of chemical reaction kinetics.

A new kind of high-gravity device-the rotating bed with radial blades-has been developed to reduce the pressure drop and power consumption of rotating zigzag bed. Firstly, the pressure drop of rotating bed with radial blades was theoretically analyzed, and the model of pressure drop was established. Then experimental study was conducted using water-air system. The effects of several factors on pressure drop of the rotating bed were studied by changing the gas flow rate, rotational speed and liquid flow rate. It showed that the pressure drop increased respectively with the increase of gas flow rate, rotational speed and liquid flow rate. The contribution of liquid flow to pressure drop gradually decreases with the increase of gas flow rate and rotating speed. Compared with the experimental results, the predicted values of the proposed model relatively deviate by less than 10%, which indicates that the model can properly predict pressure drop. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation produced the gas flow field and pressure distribution of the rotating bed, and it was found that the pressure drop inside the rotor is the main part of the total pressure drop. When the gas enters the rotor, it was subjected to blades motion thus increasing the circumferential velocity, which reaches the maximum at the outer edge of the rotor. Additionally, the gas phase distribution would be affected by the inlet gas velocity in the rotating bed. The relative deviation between the CFD simulation result and the experimental data was about 10%.

Extensive research on the liquid-solid two-phase transportation in horizontal circular tubes has been conducted, but the liquid-solid two-phase hydrodynamics and the solid phase diffusion characteristics in narrow rectangular channels are rarely reported. The glass beads-water two-phase hydrodynamics in horizontal narrow rectangular channel with 12mm height are investigated by the approach of experimental method and CFD-DEM simulation. The pressure gradient characteristics, the solid phase flow characteristics, the statistical properties, and the solid phase diffusion characteristics are explored. Simulation results showed that a dilute disperse phase and a dense cluster phase were formed in the process of solid movement. The dense cluster phase is elevated and accelerated along the horizontal direction. Increasing solid concentration can reduce the non-uniform degree of the solid distribution while enhance the asymmetry of the solid vertical velocity profiles. The vertical solid dispersion intensity can be suppressed with the increase of the solid concentration. Three distinct regions are identified along the vertical direction, corresponding to the near-wall region, the solid highly-collisional region, and the dilute particle-laden region, respectively. The viscous-turbulent interface interacts with the particles in the near-wall region, which drives the particles away from the bottom wall and thus leads to the greatest standard variances of the solid stream-wise velocity and the solid concentration. In the solid highly-collisional region, the fluctuation of the solid vertical velocity is larger because of the chaos motion than that in two other regions. The standard variances of the solid stream-wise velocity and the solid concentration keep little change in the solid highly-collisional flow region and then decay rapidly to zero in the dilute particle-laden region.

During the ammonia alkali process, a lot of caustic waste such as alkaline slag is produced. It is a technical problem in the chemical industry to solve the waste of alkali residue. Taking a chemical Co. Ltd., solid alkaline slag production during the ammonia alkaline process as the research object, the effects of homogenized fluid distribution uniformity were numerically studied. The optimum structural characteristics of homogenizer were verified by experiments. The results showed that, the particle size of solid alkaline slag is small, which has the same properties of sol. After filter presser, the particle of alkaline slag reunites, which make it has high hardness and hard to break and homogenate. It has great effect on fluid flow when increasing the rotation speed of blender, but the dead zone cannot be completely eliminated. Compared with the local-vertical blade structure, the homogeneity effect of vertical blade structure is more obvious, and the power consumption is smaller. Increasing the structure of the deflector, the power consumption reduces compared to before loading. Overall consideration, the blade structure of homogenizer blender adopt plan of horizontal-blade + vertical-blade + guide plate, which is helpful to improve the economy of the reuse of alkali residue. The research can build the foundation for the industrial application of desulfurizer for solid alkaline slag.

In order to study the double tube and double tube sheet safety heat exchanger with the reticulated inner tube, the internal and external tube contact area equivalent method was used. The contact area of the reticulated inner tube and the outer wall of the outer tube was equivalent to the correspond contact area of a straight groove tube. CFD software was used to simulate the heat transfer performance of the heat exchanger with the straight groove tube as inner tube. The fluid of the tube and shell are both water. Air and water were filled in the safety chamber respectively to simulate the heat transfer characteristics under different inlet flow conditions. The contact correction coefficient was introduced, based on the traditional empirical formula of heat transfer coefficient, and combined with the characteristics of the reticulated tube model, the calculation formula of the heat transfer coefficient of reticulated inner tube safety heat exchanger was obtained. The heat transfer coefficients of the heat exchanger under different working conditions were calculated theoretically. The experiment for evaluation of heat transfer characteristics of the reticulated inner tube safety heat exchanger was established. Results indicated that the internal and external contact area equivalent method is feasible when dealing with the heat transfer characteristics of the reticulated inner tube safety heat exchanger. The empirical formula of heat transfer coefficient based on contact correction coefficient is reliable. The results of numerical simulation, theoretical calculation and experimental results have a good coincidence trend. The heat transfer efficiency of the reticulated inner tube is 24% and 40%, respectively, higher than that of the smooth inner tube when the safety chamber is filled with water and air.

Start-up time is one of the most important indexes for evaluating heat transfer performance of pulsating heat pipe(PHP), which is closely related to structure and working medium wettability of tube inner wall. The pulsating heat pipe was pretreated by using oxyacetylene normalizing, brazing furnace normalizing, 500℃ muffle furnace annealing keeping 5h and 480℃ muffle furnace annealing keeping 9h, respectively and then their structure and working medium wettability of inner wall were investigated comparing with the PHP without treatment. The influence of inner surface properties on the start-up procedure of PHP was analyzed theoretically. The start-up time of PHP treated by oxyacetylene normalizing was experimentally studied when at the vertical bottom heat mode, by using anhydrous ethanol as working medium in the condition of 50% fill ratio of the PHP. The results reveal that oxyacetylene normalizing has a significant effect on the surface wettability of the working medium. In addition, the start-up time could be reduced especially at the lower heating power. When the heating power is 30W, the start-up time was reduced by 74s in comparison to the PHP without treatment.

Water-based CuO nanofluids were prepared by microwave heating method, and then multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) were dispersed into the aqueous suspensions of CuO to obtain hybrid CuO-MWCNT/H₂O nanofluids with the CuO concentration ranging from 0 to 0.25%. The transmittances of CuO/H₂O and hybrid nanofluids at different wavelengths were measured and compared, and their photo-thermal conversion performance were experimentally investigated as well. The results showed that the transmittances of CuO/H₂O nanofluids decreased with the increase of mass fraction, and a significant reduction of transmittance was achieved after the addition of MWCNTs, indicating better solar energy spectral absorption property of hybrid nanofluids as compared with single nanofluids. The photo-thermal conversion performance of CuO/H₂O nanofluids was enhanced with the increase of CuO concentration. Compared with deionized(DI) water, the temperature of CuO/H₂O nanofluids at a mass fraction of 0.25% was increased by 9.2℃ after a light irradiation time of 45min. Besides, the photo-thermal conversion performance of the hybrid nanofluids was superior to just CuO/H₂O or MWCNT/H₂O nanofluids and highly dependent on the nanomaterial concentration. In the present experiment, the mass fraction of added MWCNT should be less than 0.005% when the mass fraction of CuO was 0.05% or 0.1%, while the concentration of MWCNT should not exceed 0.0015% when the mass fraction of CuO was 0.25% and the optimal concentration of MWCNT with respect to best photo-thermal conversion performance was observed.

In this paper, a multi-scale model combining the local transmembrane osmosis model and the mass transfer in flow channels in a full-scale pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) membrane module was set up to determine the performance of PRO in a full-scale operation(i.e., power density and specific energy) by calculating the parameter distributions along feed and draw channels. This work focused on the effects of porosities, heights and numbers of layer of both feed and draw spacers on the performance of PRO. According to the numerical simulations, higher porosities of feed and draw spacer can achieve higher power densities but lower specific energy. Smaller height of feed spacer and larger height of draw spacer result in higher power densities while the specific energy increases as the heights of feed spacer and draw spacer decrease. Multilayer spacers were found to have adverse effects on the performance. Our findings give insight into designing membrane modules. Feed spacers should have relatively small porosity and small height while draw spacers can have relatively larger porosity and large height, and for both feed and draw spacers, monolayer spacers are recommended.

As current hot intelligent refinery, cloud computing, large data, internet of things, mobile applications, social media and other information technology are concerned by refinery around the world because they greatly improve the production and operation efficiency. Especially in China, they will become the key work of refining enterprise informatization development. In this paper, an information strategy of intelligent refinery is proposed to cope with the new competitive situation faced by oil & chemicals. The construction steps and blueprint of intelligent refinery are discussed in detail, as well as the functions and design of several important typical systems/applications, including crude molecular information database, intelligent supply chain, regional operations center(ROC), energy consumption system management and optimization, device performance optimization system and intelligent gas station. The blueprint of intelligent refinery designed in this paper has been used in a large refinery enterprise and provides technical support for the top design of the enterprise' digital transformation.

Hydrogen is considered to be an ideal energy carrier and a kind of useful chemical raw material. Nowadays hydrogen is industrially produced mainly from fossil fuels, which is not environmental enough. It is crucial to figure out the characteristics of different hydrogen production methods so as to provide a splendid technical roadmap. Hydrogen can be produced by variety of technologies and consume variety of energy sources, such as renewables(e.g. biomass, wind energy, solar energy), nuclear and fossils. In this article the environmental impacts of various hydrogen production technologies are evaluated and compared in the view of life cycle assessment. It introduces the theory of life cycle assessment as well as the principle and application of various hydrogen production methods. On the basis of life cycle cost analysis, the costs of technologies for hydrogen production are also presented. According to the Globe Warming Potential and energy consumption data, it is obtained that hydrogen production via renewable energy or nuclear energy has great environmental effects, although most of these technologies are costly in the present. Furthermore, wind-based hydrogen production can save most energy and cost little greenhouse emission, while nuclear-base hydrogen production is expected to be widely applied in the future. Some conclusions of the prospects of hydrogen production are given out in the end.

The hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose into glucose in diluted acid aqueous solution was studied by using NaOH/urea freeze-melting pretreatment system at -18℃. The morphological variation of cellulose pretreated with different ratio of NaOH/urea solution was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and X-ray diffraction(XRD). The results showed that the pretreated cellulose in the NaOH/urea system with a mass ratio of 7%:12% had the most rough surface and the best accessibility, In addition, the crystallinity of the cellulose was significantly decreased and the reactivity was greatly enhanced. A high glucose yield of 58.5% could be obtained at 180℃ in 4h reaction time in 0.025mol/L HCl aqueous solution, which was much higher than that obtained from the untreated cellulose (35.6%), indicating the excellent promoting effect of the pretreatment method on the cellulose hydrolysis. The developed method can be effectively applied to the treatment of the real agricultural wastes such as rice straw and corn stalk. The proposed process for the pretreatment and hydrolysis of cellulose had important scientific significance and application value for the high value utilization of lignocellulosic biomass.

It is an important way to develop low-carbon copper smelting by using biodiesel instead of diesel oil. The calculation model of biodiesel immersion atomization flow process was established and the immersion depth of the spray gun was calculated in the water model. The atomization characteristics of the biodiesel atomized particles under different oil/gas ratios were studied and the calculation model was verified by experiments. The results indicated that the penetration of oil droplets increased with the increase of air flow rate. In the bubble the oil droplets spread with a certain half radius of smoke. When the oil droplets particles reached the bottom of the bubble, the oil droplets diffused from the bubble bottom plane as the center to the entire space. The farther from the axis of the gun in the area of interest, the more the number of large particles within the bubble. The SMD of the oil droplet particles increased first and then decreased along the axial direction of the spray gun. The greater the distance between the bubble and the nozzle, the larger the oil droplets SMD, and the droplet particles SMD in the water area gradually decreased. The higher the atomization air flow rate, the greater the position of the oil droplet particle SMD farther from the nozzle.

Phosphorus and nickel modified HZSM-5 zeolites(Si/Al=27) were prepared using wetness impregnation method, which were applied to catalytic fast pyrolysis of bamboo pretreated by microwave. The analysis of the catalytic performance was conducted by Py-GC/MS and the physicochemical properties were characterized by NH₃-TPD, N₂ adsorption/desorption and XRD. The influence of the parameters including microwave pretreatment temperature, the content of phosphorus and nickel supported on catalysts was investigated. The results showed that microwave pretreatment was contributed to pyrolytic reaction and improved the distribution of pyrolysis products. Simultaneously, the phosphorus could optimize the anti-coking performance and the selectivity of mononuclear aromatics increased. The aromatization performance of nickel modified 2.5%P-HZSM-5 varied and the relative content of aromatic hydrocarbon increased and then decreased. The relative content of mononuclear aromatics also showed the same tendency and the ketones kept decreasing. The optimum product distribution(i.e., the maximum aromatic hydrocarbon of 32.38%, the maximum mononuclear aromatics selectivity of 82.13%, the minimum yield acids of 4.61% and ketones of 9.17%) was obtained when microwave pretreatment temperature was 130℃, and the content of supported phosphorus and nickel was 2.5% and 2%, respectively.

The study of characteristics of natural gas hydrate slurry formation and flow with wax crystals and anti-agglomerates, is of great significance for the implementation of hydrate slurry technology in deep water waxy oil and gas fields to solve multiphase flow assurance issues. Based on the experiments of hydrate slurry formation and flow with and without wax crystals in the presence of anti-agglomerates carried out in a high-pressure hydrate flow loop, the variations of temperature, pressure, hydrate formation volume fraction, flow rate and pressure drop were compared and analyzed, and the effect of wax crystals on the characteristics of natural gas hydrate slurry formation and flow in the presence of anti-agglomerates was studied combined with the PVM and FBRM microscopic data analysis. The results indicated that the wax crystals would adsorb on the oil-water interfaces under the action of anti-agglomerates, reduce the reaction area of air-water nucleation and increase the mass transfer resistance of hydrate formation, thus inhibiting the formation and nucleation of hydrates leading to extension of the hydrate formation induction time and reduction of hydrate formation amount comparing with that in the wax free system. The aggregate formation coupling between the wax crystals and water droplets promoted the coalescence with hydrate particles, which increased the viscosity and decreased the fluidity of the hydrate slurry remarkably. The formation and flow of natural gas hydrate slurry with wax in the presence of anti-agglomerates was complex. And, the coupling mechanism between wax crystals and hydrates should be investigated further in the future, based on the existed independent research results of wax crystals and hydrates.

The hydrogenation of low temperature coal tar(LTCT) was carried out in a four-stage fixed bed reactor with various catalysts combination on a pilot scale over 400h to produce clean liquid fuel. Meanwhile, the impacts of temperature, pressure and liquid hourly space velocity(LHSV) on light oil yield, heteroatomic removal were determined combined with the catalyst characterization results. And the properties and chemical composition of intermediate and final products, gasoline and diesel were investigated. Moreover, the stability of the catalyst and mass balance were analyzed. The results showed that the yield of gasoline and diesel can reach 33.5% and 64.2%, respectively, and capable of removing sulfur and nitrogen to less than 10μg/g though decreasing LHSV and increasing the temperature; the product oil was gradually cleaned, and after hydrotreating, decalins, tetralin and indenes and alkyl-cycloalkanes(CA) were the main hydrogenated products; in addition to RON (Research Octane Number), other indicators of gasoline products are in line with national specifications, diesel fraction meet the national specifications. Furthermore, the catalyst used throughout the reaction system has a uniform and good stability, and there is an acceptable error of about 1.32% between the inlet and the outlet.

Natural gas hydrate has an important role in energy and industry fields because of its huge reserves and high gas storage capacity, it is present in the pores of the porous media in the sedimentary layer under natural conditions, so it is of great significance to study the rapid formation and basic properties of the hydrate in the porous medium. And thus, porous alumina and solid silica particles with different particle size compounded with SDS solution were used to study the hydrate formation in the system at 275.15K and 7MPa. The following results are revealed. Firstly, the storage capacity of the hydrate in the porous medium and the SDS complex system is larger than that in the pure SDS solution. The silica particles and the alumina particles have significant effect in the hydration of the hydrate and the gas storage capacity respectively. Secondly, the particle size has no obvious effect on the pressure drop process of hydrate formation. Under the experimental conditions, the particle size has little influence on the equilibrium condition of hydrate. Thirdly, experiments in which the pH conditions, the surface of alumina will be positively charged because of hydrolysis and the surface of silica will be negatively charged under the combined influence of polarization and hydration, the interaction of charged surface and SDS can promote hydrate formation; Finally, the capillary force produced by pores in porous media and its improvement on the heat transfer conditions contribute to the hydrate formation on the wall. So, it can be concluded that the effect of the porous media and the surfactant compound system on the hydrate formation is remarkable, and the use of the porous material as a hydrate-forming matrix is an effective way to increase the gas storage capacity.

The huge surplus of by-product glycerol due to the rapid development of biodiesel industry, people were motivated to find a way to convert glycerol to high value-added chemicals. This review summarized the catalytics and mechanisms of the glycerol to 1,2-propanediol. Catalyst is the key factor in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol to 1,2-propanediol. At present, Cu, Ni, Ru, Pt, Rh-based catalysts are often used in hydrogenolysis of glycerol. Among them, Cu-based catalysts are the most widely studied. The activity, selectivity, stability of Cu-based catalysts, and product separation are affected by the supports, promoters, preparations, solvent and process conditions. To improve the performance of glycerol hydrogenolysis, it is necessary to strengthen the basic researches on the mechanism for hydrogenolysis of glycerol and catalyst preparation technologies. Composited metal catalysts, composite multifunctional catalysts and glycerol in situ hydrogenolysis had been received much attention due to their own advantages. The regeneration of catalyst and deactivation mechanism are new directions for the future researches.

A series of catalyst samples were prepared by silylation method, which would be employed as the shape-selective modification catalyst of naphtha. With the application of these catalysts, the n-alkane in the naphtha produced from indirect-coal-liquefaction-process would be converted effciently while the isoparaffin would remain. Thus, the octane value of the processed oil would rise effectively and the yield of gasoline could be maximized. The results of lab-scale experiments showed that when using the unmodified sample as catalyst, the yield of gasoline was 60.51%, and RON was 91.3, but the ratio of isoparaffin/n-alkanes was only 0.78. When the sample modified by loading 5% SiO₂ were used as catalyst, the yield of gasoline increased to 72.68%, and the ratio of isoparaffin/n-alkanes increased to 2.50, while RON decreased slightly to 88.8. The results of pilot experiments showed that when the fuel gas yield was less than 1%, the life time of the catalyst modified by loading 5% SiO₂ was 15 days, and the average yield of gasoline was 62.83% and the average yield of LPG was 33.82%. The results of economic analysis showed that the producer could get 32.74 million RMB profit annually by processing 100000 tons naphtha per year with this technology.

A kind of solid super-acid catalyst SO₄^2-/Fe₂O₃were prepared with γ-Al₂O₃as the carrier for continuous catalytic ammoniation of tetrahydrofuran to pyrrolidine. Compared with γ-Al₂O₃,HZSM-5 and other catalysts,SO₄^2-/Fe₂O₃-Al₂O₃showed a higher reaction selectivity under the same reaction conditions. The effects of the impregnating solution concentration of sulfuric acid,calcination temperature,calcination time on the performance of the catalysts were investigated which then were optimized. The result showed the optimum preparation conditions of the catalyst were calcined at 550℃ for 5h and sulfuric acid concentration of 1.0mol/L. The best reaction conditions were:350℃,NH₃/THF molar ratio of 6:1,volume velocities of 0.2h^-1,under which the conversion of tetrahydrofuran was 91.4% and the selectivity of pyrrolidine was 91.0%. Results from continuous 200h tests proved that the catalyst has high catalytic activity and good stability.

Mesoporous zirconium phosphate catalyst was prepared using the hydrothermal method, and its mesoporous structure and acidic properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction, Foutier transform infrared radiation, NH₃ temperature programmed desorption and nitrogen adsorption-desorption methods. In the screening tests, the as-prepared ZrPO sample exhibited promising catalytic behavior for glucose production probably due to its high surface area, porous structure and the abundent Brösted acid sites. The cellulose conversion and the glucose selectivity could reach 50% at mild conditions(160℃, 4h) after the ball milling pretreatment. The cumulative conversion of cellulose remained to be 80% after five recycles, indicating the reusability of the catalyst. Noticeably, the ZrPO catalyst could be repeatedly used without any obvious deactivation. Generally, the ZrPO catalyst studied in this work possessed a great potential as an efficient heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for glucose production to diminish the application of homogeneous mineral acid.

Due to the selective catalytic reduction(SCR)activities of Mn at low temperature and the oxygen storage capacity of Ce,Mn and Ce were introduced into V-W/Ti. Eight catalyst samples were prepared by the impregnation method. The experiments of deNO_x and resistance to H₂O and SO₂ for the catalysts were conducted with ammonia gas as the reductant in a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The properties of different catalysts were characterized by NH₃-TPD,H₂-TPR,N₂-physisorption,and XRD. The 3V-10W-7.7Mn-4.3Ce/75Ti catalyst sample showed satisfactory performance at 240℃ with NO removal efficiency>95% at 180-330℃ and 80% remaining in H₂O and SO₂ at 240℃. It possesses substantial strong acid sites that enhances the adsorption capacity for NH₃ due to the 7.7% MnO₂,and moderate Ce also promotes its low-temperature redox capacity. MnO₂ and CeO₂ can highly be dispersed on the surface of TiO₂ although the BET surface area of 3V-10W-7.7Mn-4.3Ce/75Ti is close to 67m²/g.

A series of USY zeolite catalysts modified by single and bimetal metals were prepared by impregnation method. Copper nitrate and cobalt nitrate serve as the copper and cobalt source, repsectively. The obainted catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, BET and SEM, and subsquently used for the catalytic oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone in a btach reactor. The effcts of the metal loading dosage and bimetallic modification of the USY catalysts on the reaction were investiaged. The results showed that cobalt element has a synergistic effect on the uniform distribution of copper on the USY zeolite. The 5%Co/20%Cu-USY catalyst has the best catalytic performance for oxidation of ethylbenzene when the loading(mass percent) of Co and Cu was 5% and 20%, respectively. The conversion of ethylbenzene and the selectivity of acetophenone reached 29.8% and 87.2%, respectively. Recycle run results suggested that 5%Co-20%Cu-USY was stable for at least 4 cycles without obvious changes of catalytic activity and selectivity.

Seasonal solar energy storage can be used to alleviate the disadvantages of the solar radiation instability and the mismatch contradiction between the solar energy supply and demands of the building load, and improve the efficiency of solar energy utilization. Based on the comparison among different types of seasonal heat storage methods, the paper mainly reviewed the seasonal thermal storage technology using supercooled salt hydrate phase change materials(PCMs) and corresponding research progress. Firstly, The principle of supercooled thermal storage and key problems in storage system were analyzed, including the selection of salt hydrates, the stable supercooling implementation of salt hydrates, the activation methods of crystallization to release energy, system matching design and performance, phase separation and corrosion of salt hydrates. It was indicated that the calcium chloride hexahydrate, the sodium phosphate dibasic dodecahydrate, the sodium acetate trihydrate and the sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate were suitable PCMs because of appropriate phase transition temperature and the large heat storage density. In addition, corresponding with other key problems of the storage system, the effecting factors and the solution strategies were also analyzed, which could provide theoretical basis and guidance for system design and practical application of seasonal heat storage using supercooled salt hydrates. Finally, the outlook for further research was presented.

Adsorption is considered as an effective method in wastewater treatment due to its excellent selectivity,simple operation and less secondary pollution. Natural zeolite materials have attracted much attention of scholars because of their characteristics of rich pore structure, low adsorption costs and high adsorption performance. However, the poor adsorption selectivity, difficult separation with aqueous phase and high regeneration costs have limited their further application. Through modification of zeolite adsorbent, more active sites can be obtained for the adsorption of anionic pollutants. This review presents the latest advances on the modification and preparation of zeolite materials from various precursors. Special emphasis is put on the preparation of zeolite composite adsorbent with different modified materials. This review focuses on the methods and application of modified zeolite materials, as well as the performance in adsorption of water pollutants and the influence factors. Further improving the adsorption selectivity through modification and green regeneration after adsorption will be the core of pushing forward the large-scale application of zeolite materials.

The research about the influence of deicing materials on the performance of asphalt mixture was introduced. The main deicing materials, mechanism of deicing or snow melting, evaluation method and application effect were also summarized and analyzed. The influences of the material on the anti-freezing function and the performance of asphalt mixture were discussed. The results showed that when compared with original asphalt mixture, the snow melting performance of salt storage asphalt mixture had been significantly improved, because the freezing points of water solution and interfacial adhesion between ice layer and pavement is reduced. This is quantitatively assessed by pull out test or interlaminar shear strength test. The pavement performance especially water stability of asphalt mixture decreased obviously after Mafilon was added. When Verglimit-260 was added into the asphalt mixture, the water stability and low temperature performance were both reduced. The particle size, displacement method, dosage of Icebane material and mineral aggregate gradation all have significant influence on the performance of asphalt mixture. Compared with salt storage asphalt mixture, the pavement performance of above mixture could be improved by using high viscosity modified asphalt or additives.

Polycarbonate diols (PCDL) is an important raw material for the synthesis of polycarbonate-based polyurethane. Compared with traditional polyether-or polyester-based polyurethane, the polycarbonate-based polyurethane shows better hydrolytic resistance, mechanical properties and superior antistatic biocompatibility. With the increasing demand of polyurethane, the research on PCDL has got more and more attention. In this paper, the synthesis methods of PCDL were introduced briefly, and then the catalysts for the transesterification method in last decades were reviewed in detail. Moreover, the application of PCDL in polyurethane industry was also introduced. In the future, it should pay more attention to the heterogeneous catalyst or organic base catalyst with high boiling point and the preparation of PCDL with diverse structures.

Herein,we report a simple hydrothermal route for the synthesis of hierarchical ZnCo₂O₄ microflowers assembled by mesoporous nanosheets. This unique hierarchical structure has desired structural characteristics for the high-performance anode materials:mesopores of 4-12nm are distributed on 90nm thick nanosheets which can provide large surface area to contact with electrolyte,and continuous electron pathway and short lithium-ion diffusion. In addition,the assembled microflowers possess good stability to avoid aggregation through 3D assembly. Thanks to these structural features,they demonstrate superior high charge/discharge capability,good cycling stability and rate capability when applied as lithium-ion batteries electrodes. For example,they can deliver a capacity of 935mAh/g after 140 cycles at 200mA/g,and 567.4mAh/g over 250 cycles at 1000mA/g.

A transparent conductive copper sulfide film was prepared on a flexible substrate PET by chemical bath deposition method at 80℃ for 4h with copper sulfate and thioacetamide as the precursors and EDTA-2Na as the copper ion complexing agent. The molar ratio of Cu and S was 1:2. The CuS conductive films were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer(UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction diffractometer(XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM/EDS), four-probe resistance analyzer and film bending test device. The results show that the as-prepared conductive films are composed of uniform and dense CuS hexagonal nanosheets, of which the conductivity and light transmittance can be easily controlled and adjusted by changing the reaction conditions according to different application requirements. The CuS transparent conductive films made under the optimized conditions, have a minimum resistance of 20Ω/□. After 250 times of large scale bending, the conductivity of the CuS transparent conductive film remains unchanged.

In order to solve the problem that the phenolic resin become invalid due to the viscosity increase after impregnation of graphite, the phenolic resin of high viscosity was modified by furfuryl alcohol with ZnCl₂ as catalyst.By using ineffective, normal and modified phenolic resin respectively as the impregnants, the general medium-density graphite was impregnated and cured for four times under 0.7MPa and 180℃. The viscosity changes of the impregnants were tested and the microstructures, porosity, weight gain, thermogravimetry, compressive strength and the corrosion resistance of the impregnated and cured graphite were analyzed. The results showed that the viscosity of modified phenolic resin was moderate and the high temperature resistance of the impregnated graphite was best when the mass ratio of phenolic resin, furfuryl alcohol and ZnCl₂ was 100:40:2. What's more, the graphites impregnated only 2 times by the modified phenolic resin performed the best, and the rate of weight increased by 2% compared with that impregnated by the ineffective phenoli cresin, and the compressive strength and alkali resistance were also improved.

Microcapsule slurries, produced by adding microcapsule particles into the base fluid, exhibit high heat storage and carrier density. They can be used in both heat storage and heat transport. However, one of the main disadvantages of microcapsule slurries is their low thermal conductivity due to the low thermal conductivity of microcapsules. To improve the thermal conductivity of the phase change microcapsules, a composite phase change microcapsule doped with graphene was prepared. The microcapsule slurries were then prepared by dispersing the microcapsules in water. An experimental system was set up to investigate convective heat transfer characteristics of water, phase change microcapsule slurries and the graphene-based phase change microcapsule slurries by allowing them flow in a horizontal tube. The experimental results show that that the convection heat transfer coefficient increases with the rise of temperature and decreases with the increase of concentration. Furthermore, when the velocity is greater than 1.5m/s, the heat transfer coefficient of 15% graphene-based microcapsule slurries are higher than that of water, which shows good heat transfer performance. The results provide a reference and basis for the design of heat transport system using microcapsule slurries.

Based on the Fick's law and the law of conservation of mass, the mathematical model for the oxidation diffusion and the pore structure evolution of graphite liner under the rare earth molten salt electrolysis environment was established which included the effects of the oxidation reaction, the gas diffusion and the pore structure evolution. Under high carbon dioxide environment and high temperature, the graphite oxidation experiment was carried out. The CT technology were adopted to obtain the pore structure images which were then binarized and the porosity was calculated statistically. The calculated values of the porosity and weight loss rate of the cylindrical sample were compared with the experimental results. Then the oxidative corrosion process were simulated numerically. The results show that the reaction diffusion iand the evolution of the pore structure influnece each other significantly. In additon, the oxidation and diffusion of the graphite liner was greatly influenced by temperature. At higher temperature, the reaction runs faster, and the porosity becomes higher, as a result, the life of the tank is shorter. The calculation results of the model are consistent with the measured results, which indicates that it is feasible and efficent to use the model to calculate and analyze the oxidation and diffusion process of the graphite liner under the electrolytic environment.

Capacitive carbons for electrode material of supercapacitors from corncob have been synthesized by one-step activation method. The physical properties of the prepared capacitive carbon were studied by using low temperature N₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum(FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical performances of capacitive carbon electrode materials were also investigated using galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry and leakage current in 3mol/L KOH aqueous electrolyte. The results showed that the corncob capacitive carbon with a specific surface of 1340m²/g, total pore volume of 1.135cm³/g, mesoporosity up to 97.7% was obtained at ZnCl₂/corncob ratio of 2, activation temperature of 700℃ and activation time of 1h. The specific capacitance reached 159F/g at a current density at 50mA/g and still remained 137F/g even at a current density of 2500mA/g. The specific capacitance could retained 92.5% after 1000 cycles and its leakage current was only 1.9μA. It showed that the corncob capacitive carbon had high-rate performance and long cycle life, and the electrode material was ideal for electrochemical capacitors.

Tacrolimus(FK506),as one of the widely used immunosuppressants produced by Streptomyces species,has drawn much attention on clinic application. However,the low FK506 fermentation titer restricts its industrial production,which is mainly due to the insufficient precursor metabolism of the producing strain. In this work,balancing carbon flux rebalancing around phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP)node for enhancement of FK506 production were carried on. Firstly,the genes fkbO and fkbL were overexpressed in S. tsukubaensis D852,achieving S. tsukubaensis-OL1,of which FK506 production changed only slightly from 158.7mg/L to 163.9mg/L. Then,two precursor metabolic pathways,the anaplerotic and shikimate pathways emanating from PEP node,were fine-tuned for eliminating the inefficient supply of precursors of DHCHC and pipecolate. The genes encoding PPC and DAHPS were cloned from various species and expressed in S. tsukubaensis-OL1,respectively,and the FK506 production was separately increased by 40%(ppc,S. tsukubaensis)and 47%(dahP,S. roseosporus). Subsequently,the expression levels of the genes ppc and dahP were modulated under the control of four constitutive promoters(PermE*,Psco4503,Psco3410 and Psco5768)in nine engineering strains,resulting in the final increase of FK506 production from 163.9mg/L to 350.3mg/L. This work demonstrated that the optimization of the branches emanating from PEP node was a viable strategy to strengthen FK506 production in S. tsukubaensis.

The chitosanase-producing strain ncps116 was identified as Bacillus cereus based on morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The fermentation conditions of ncps116 for chitosanase prodution were optimizied by one-facor-at-a-time and orthogonal array designs. The results showed that the optimal cultivation for ncps116 producing chitosanase were powder chitosan 15g/L,(NH₄)₂SO₄ 30g/L,the initial pH 6.0,32℃ incubating temperature,culivation for 72h,500mL flask containing 120mL medium and inoculation 4%. The chitosanase activity of the fermented broth is 43.89U/mL when ncps116 was incubated under aforementioned conditions. The chitosanase of the fermented broth was extracted by ammonium sulfate precipitation,and purified by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography. The molecular weight of the purified chitosanase was estimated to be 43700 by SDS-PAGE. The best chitosanase activity existed at pH 5.6 and 50℃. The chitosanase was stable below 40℃within the pH range from 3.6-5.6. The addition of 5 mmol/L Mn²⁺ stimulated the chitosanase activity significantly. However,5mmol/L Cu²⁺,Ni²⁺,Fe³⁺ and Ag⁺ exhibited different degrees of inhibitory activities. The K_m and V_maxvalues were 11.10mg/mL and 1.3μmol/(min·mL). The chitosanase showed strong substrate specificity. Furthermore,the ncps116 chitosanase inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus niger.

Polycarboxylate superplasticizer bearing phosphate group was synthesized by aqueous solution radical polymerization, using acrylic acid(AA), methyl allyl polyoxyethylene ether(HPEG) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate(HEMAP) as monomers, hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂) and ascorbic acid(Vc) as initiators, and thioglycolic acid as the chain transfer agent. The copolymer was characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR. In order to investigate the effect of phosphate functional monomer on anti-clay properties of polycarboxylate superplasticizer, the water reduction performance of the superplasticizer was investigated by fluidity tests. The interlayer spacing of montmorillonite modified with superplasticizer was measured by X-ray diffraction(XRD). Adsorption of water reducing agents on cement and montmorillonite were measured by Total Organic Carbon(TOC) analyzer. The results showed that the fluidity of cement paste can exceed 275mm after 2h, when the dosage of superplasticizer was 0.20% of cement mass and the content of montmorillonite was 2% of cement. Compared with the interlayer spacing of montmorillonite treated with pure water, the interlayer spacing of montmorillonite treated with polycarboxylate superplasticizer containing phosphate did not change significantly and the side chains of the superplasticizer did not intercalate into the interlayer of montmorillonite. The adsorption process of polycarboxylate superplasticizer with phosphate group on montmorillonite was in accordance with the quasi-second-order adsorption kinetic equation. Phosphate ester group competed with carboxyl group for adsorption, which effectively weakened the adsorption of carboxyl group on montmorillonite.

The polyampholyte inhibitor was synthesized with three monomers, namely, diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(DMDAAC), methyl allyl alcohol(MP) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid(AMPS), by means of aqueous solution polymerization. It was characterized by FTIR, SEM, Ubbelohde viscometer and GPC. It is a low molecular weight, linear and zwitterionic copolymer. The effects of initiator dosage, total monomer concentration, molar ratio of three monomers, reaction temperature and reaction time on the inhibition performance were investigated. The results showed that the optimum reaction conditions were determined as follows:4% ammonium persulfate initiator, 30% concentration monomer, the molar ratio of AMPS:DMDAAC:MP=4:3:4, 65℃ the reaction temperature and 7 hours reaction. The inhibition performance was evaluated by linear swelling experiment and rolling recovery rate, and compared with XY-27, SIAT and polymeric alcohol. The results indicated that the polyampholyte inhibitor had the best inhibitory effects. The microscopic mechanism was investigated by XRD and zeta potential,which showed that it can reduce the spacing of bentonite and compress the diffusion double electron layer. The performance of drilling fluid system with inhibitor was evaluated by rheological properties, filtration properties and rolling recovery, indicating that the inhibitor had good compatibility and strong inhibitory effects.

Sticky phenomenon is one of the main problems encountered during dewatering and drying of sewage sludge. The operating efficiency of drying equipment will be greatly influenced by adhesion and cohesion of sewage sludge, which brings negative impact to the economy and security of the system. The formation mechanism of sticky phenomenon of sewage sludge was briefly introduced based on the illustration of adhesive and cohesive force, as well as the testing methods of sticky properties of sewage sludge under low moisture content, such as agitation method, plate method, adhesive-cohesive failure method, electrical resistivity method, build-up method and sliding plate viscosity method, etc. The merits and drawbacks of the different testing methods were also discussed. The influencing of extracellular polymer substances(EPS), temperature and moisture content on sticky properties of sewage sludge were reviewed, and mechanisms were also briefly discussed. The research progress in the viscosity reduction method of sewage sludge was also discussed, as well as the industrial application aspects of the different viscosity reduction methods. The future trends of the research on sticky properties of sewage sludge were represented.

As we know that the zirconium and hafnium elements have similar physical and chemical properties with the scandium, this is one of main reasons for a low purity of scandium oxide because it is difficult to separate them. In order to solve this problem, an ammonium o-iodobenzoate was used as a precipitant to remove the zirconium and hafnium impurities in scandium oxide. Different experimental parameters were optimized systematically enabling the best condition. To further verify and improve the process conditions, large scale production experiments using the industrial devices were also studied based on the laboratory result. The optimized treatment conditions were obtained when the acidity of the solution was 0.1mol/L, the amount of the precipitant was 1.1 times of the theoretical value, and the temperature was 100℃ during stirring for 30min. To recover the ammonium o-iodobenzoate, ammonia solution was used to deal with the zirconium and hafnium deposit. The FTIR、SEM and HPLC results indicated that zirconium and hafnium elements have been transformed into hydroxide precipitation and the ammonium o-iodobenzoate was recovered. The recoveries of scandium and ammonium o-iodobenzoate in industrial experiments were 99.54% and 95.19%, respectively. The removal ratio for both zirconium and hafnium was 99.6%.

Biogas slurry generating from the biogas anaerobic fermentation project contains a substantial amount of organic pollutants. It should be treated properly to meet the requirements of the discharge standard or farmland irrigation standard. In order to reduce the operation cost of biogas slurry purification,biogas slurry should be pretreated firstly to reduce all the turbidity value,chemical oxygen demand(COD)and the concentration of total phosphorus(TP),and increase the removal potential of ammonium nitrogen as well. A blended flocculant prepared with calcium oxide(CaO)and polyaluminum chloride(PAC),CaO/PAC,was added into biogas slurry to fulfill this target in the study. It should be noted that the removal potential of ammonium nitrogen was represented by pH of biogas slurry in the study because of the positive correlation between pH and the free ammonia concentration determining the ammonium nitrogen removal performance directly. In terms of turbidity,COD,TP content and pH,the addition order of CaO and PAC in CaO/PAC flocculant,the ratio of CaO mass to PAC mass(m_CaO/m_PAC),and the total concentration of CaO/PAC were investigated. Results showed that the effect of the addition order of CaO and PAC on biogas slurry purification performance is insignificant. With the decrease of m_CaO/m_PAC value and the increase of the total concentration of CaO/PAC flocculant,all the turbidity value,COD and TP contents decrease accordingly. However,the removal potential of ammonium nitrogen in biogas slurry improves with both the m_CaO/m_PAC value and the total concentration of CaO/PAC. If a good biogas slurry pretreatment performance was targeted,it should be better to determine the total concentration of CaO/PAC at 12.5-18.75g/L,and fix m_CaO/m_PAC value at (2-10):1.

A high activity ozone catalytic oxidation catalyst had been prepared by using impregnation method to load CuO,Fe₂O₃ onto the surface of γ-Al₂O₃. The catalyst was characterized by nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherms,X-ray powder diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray fluorescence. Compared with CuO-Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃/O₃,H₂O₂/O₃ and γ-Al₂O₃/O₃ technologies,it was proved that the. The effect was the most obvious on the degradation of secondary biochemical effluent by CuO-Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃/H₂O₂/O₃technology. The dual role of H₂O₂induction and the catalytic action of the catalyst speeded up the decomposition of ozone and more ·OH with higher oxidation ability was generated. The COD removal and the influencing factors of degradation effect were analyzed,such as catalyst dosage,pH,H₂O₂dosage and ozone flow rate. The results showed that the COD removal rate was 62.96% when catalyst dosage was 2g/L,pH=9,H₂O₂dosage 3.6mg/L,and ozone flow rate 1.0L/min. The COD removal rate could still reach more than 58%,after 10 consecutive cycles of the catalyst. The leaching of metal iron were very few and the structure of the catalyst was stable. It was deduced that the enhancement of catalytic activity was responsible for generating more radicals by radical scavenger detection.

Optimization and integration of system is known as a potential approach to efficiently lower the cost of CO₂ chemical absorption capture technology. Energy penalty model and cost model were established for a post-combustion CO₂ chemical absorption system of a 1000MW coal-fired plant. The influence of process parameters was investigated and an optimized scheme was obtained. Results show that CO₂ removal efficiency, absorbent concentration and terminal temperature difference of the rich-lean heat exchanger can affect the energy penalty and cost obviously. CO₂ avoided cost would decrease with the increase of CO₂ removal efficiency(50% to 90%) or the absorbent concentration. There is an optimal terminal temperature difference of the rich-lean heat exchanger as 7℃ to reach the lowest CO₂ avoided cost. The regeneration energy penalty of the optimized scheme is 3.61GJ/tCO₂, 10.9% lower than that of the base case. The unit capital expenditure and operation cost is 3156.7CNY/kW and 177.3CNY/tCO₂, respectively, having reduction of 12.2% and 8.0% over the base case. CO₂ avoided cost of the optimized scheme is 315.86CNY/tCO₂, which is 13.3% lower than 364.52CNY/tCO₂ of the base case.

Based on the 50000m³/h actual flue gas pilot test system, the Mastersizer 2000E laser particle size analyzer and electrical low pressure impactor(ELPI) were used to fully characterize the geometric particle size and aerodynamic particle size of the fly ash particles of the electrostatic precipitator(ESP) for the first time. Results showed that, the geometric size distribution of fly ash particles of ESP inlet and different electric field is bimodal distribution characteristics, which moves to the right in turn, but particles ≤ 1μm at the end of rotating electrode electric field have a slightly higher, the fly ash particle geometric median diameter of ESP inlet and 1-5 electric field were 6.607μm, 17.378μm, 2.884μm, 2.577μm, 2.460μm, 2.480μm, respectively. The fly ash particles geometric size distribution bimodal of ESP inlet moves to the right when temperature was reduced, particle agglomeration phenomenon was obvious, the fly ash particle geometric median diameter of 80℃, 90℃, 110℃, 130℃, 150℃ for ESP inlet were 13.183μm, 10.500μm, 10.171μm, 6.607μm, 7.586μm, from 130℃ to 90℃, particles ratio of ≤ 1μm, ≤ 2.5μm, ≤ 10μm decreased by 19.8%, 19.8% and 19.8% respectively. At different temperatures, the ESP collection efficiency of number and mass concentration for aeordynamic diameter 0.03μm to 10μm, which were all higher than 75%, and the highest was up to 99.9%. The number and mass concentration for different period of aerodynamic diameter reduced obviously, from 130℃ to 90℃ and 80℃, the PM_2.5 agglomeration efficiency of mass concentration for ESP inlet were 46.76% and 46.76% respectively. The PM₁₀ reduction efficiency of mass concentration for ESP outlet were 59.80% and 91.08%. PM_2.5 reduction efficiency were 45.94% and 76.22%. PM1 reduction efficiency were 40.40% and 62.12%, respectively.

As the azeotropic composition of ethylenediamine-water system is sensitive to pressure, a pressure-swing distillation process with partial heat integrated was proposed to separate the azeotrope. First, the steady state simulation of this system was performed by Aspen Plus, and then the optimal design model of separation system for this azeotrope was established, where the total annual cost(TAC) was treated as objective function, the theoretical stage number of tower, feed stage and reflux ratio were adopted as variables, and the purity of products was used as constraint. The line-up competition algorithm was presented to obtain the optimum operation parameters and equipment parameters of the separation system. Simulation results showed that the simultaneous optimization of multiple variables can achieve a more economical separation system as compared with the traditional optimization results, where the TAC can be reduced by about 7.31%. On this basis, improving the operating pressure of the higher pressure column from 2 atm to 4 atm and optimizing the other parameters of the process can significantly reduce the TAC by about 24.62%. Moreover, through partial heat integration, the TAC is further reduced by about 21.87% compared with the one without heat integration.

The insoluble sulfur, HD, prepared by the self-developed clean production process was tested on the belt compound of all steel radial truck tire(TBR tire). The physical properties of the vulcanized rubber, including the hardness, tensile splitting strength, adhesion, dispersity, rebound resilience, aging performance, could completely meet the standard requirements of the radial tire production. Compared with the imported insoluble sulfur (Crystex HD OT20), HD exhibited better high-speed performance and durability. When the speed reached 150km/h, the failure time of the tire prepared from HD was extended from 2 minutes to 35 minutes. As the load rate increased to 150% at the speed of 65km/h, the tire made from HD were continually running till 51 hours and 42 minutes before destruction, an extension of the running time by approximately 80%. The results show that the self-made insoluble sulfur, HD, prepared by the cleaning process can be applied to the belt compound of TBR tire.

Chemical products are needed for the survival of modern society. Among all of them, fuels such as gasolines and diesels continue to play a significant role in meeting the energy demand. At the same time, the requirements of higher performance, safety, environmental friendly and sustainability force us to design new kinds of surrogate fuels. Therefore, it is necessary to develop models for the composition of surrogate fuels and their technical requirements for their design. In this paper, a computer-aided design methodology for the design of tailor-made surrogate is proposed. The product needs are first analyzed and translated into property constraints. The candidates of each ingredient and their pure compound properties are then generated using computer-aided design methods. A Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming(MINLP) model is established for the selection of the candidates for each ingredient. Optimal composition of surrogate fuels is obtained through the solution of the MINLP model. Finally, the optimization results are verified through experiments, tools and other rigorous models. A case study for gasoline design is presented to illustrate the proposed methodology.

Pure terephthalic acid(PTA)is an important chemical raw material mainly for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET, referred to as polyester) and subsequent products such as fiber, bottle, film and engineering plastics.The quality and standard of PTA are the critical factors of the stable production and performance of the downstream polyester products, which have received more and more attentions from the industry.This essay reviews the development of China technical standards for PTA, covering the current status, technical content and existing problems.The research background of national standards for PTA with a product and seven supporting methods is analyzed as well as the adjustment of key technology and the promotion of technical level in comparison with industry standards.The progress of the international standardization research on PTA, especially the breakthrough of the seven series ASTM standards for PTA developed under the leading efforts of SINOPEC in recent years is also introduced.On the above foundations, the future investigation on the PTA standard technology is considered, and some suggestions are put forward to strengthen the control of trace impurities and focus the quality control indexes of high-end polyester products.