Chromium is a hazardous element widely existing in fossil fuels、municipal solid wastes and industrial solid wastes.Most fossil fuels and significant portion of solid wastes are subjected to combustion for energy recovery or safe management.Therefore,combustion processes emit huge amounts of chromium into environment.Most importantly,high temperature and oxic conditions during thermal treatment may induce oxidation of chromium from Cr(Ⅲ),which is stable and low toxic,to Cr(Ⅵ) which is mobile and highly toxic.Hence,more and more researches focus on behavior of chromium in thermal process and speciation of chromium in products.This paper includes chromium speciation in fuels,mechanism of chromium oxidation in combustion,methods for inhibiting chromium oxidation and immobilization of chromium in by-products aimed to supply theoretical basis for reducing the threat of chromium emitted in combustion process.

According to the development history of Prins reaction,the present research and application situation of Prins reaction were summarized in this paper.At present,the Prins reaction takes place through direct thermal condensation way without catalysts or catalytic synthesis reaction.The advantage and disadvantage of these two kinds of reaction were analyzed.We find the catalytic synthesis reaction was the topic of the research in the future.The catalysts of Prins reaction include liquid acid catalysts,solid acid catalysts,solid base catalysts.The development of high efficient and environment friendly catalysts,such as ionic liquid catalysts,heteropoly acid catalysts and the bamboo charcoal catalysts,were the topic of the research in the future.The applications of the Prins reaction in the field of chemical industry,pesticides,spice and natural polymer synthesis were reported in this paper.Finally,the development of Prins reaction in novel catalysts,relevant synthetic methodologies,petrochemical industry and synthesis of natural products were briefly reviewed in this paper.

In the industrial production and scientific experiment,for security reasons or protection of the product,the initial gas in the pipeline,vessel or confined space should be replaced with inert gas or other gases.The paper introduces the recent research and application progress of gas displacement in the areas of chemical,aerospace and cryogenics.The focus is on the research and application situation of the displacement of natural gas pipeline,rocket's liquid hydrogen filling system,LNG cryogenic storage tank,atmospheric thermal environment experiment and other fields.The displacement of coal mine gas,cryogenics liquid pipeline is also introduced.The lack of research and calculation of the basic theory of gas displacement technology in many applications is proposed.Especially,in order to grasp the gas mixing mechanism and influence factors of displacement,theoretical analysis and experimental verification are urgent need for more to obtain low dew point in the atmospheric thermal environment experiment by nitrogen displacement.

Double emulsion is a highly structured fluid in which smaller drops are encapsulated by bigger drop,and it is widely applied in food,chemical engineering industries and medical treatment.Since droplets can be manipulated at microscale level,microfluidic has become first choice for the preparation of high-quality double emulsion.This paper summarizes the passive microfluidics and introduces the structure and emulsification mechanism in co-flowing,cross-flowing,flow-focusing microchannels.The outlook about the development of technologies in preparation of micro droplets is discussed.Through improving microfluidic devices,the common problems with microfluidic methods such as low double emulsion production efficiency and impossibility of building super thin wall construction can be overcome in interdisciplinarity applications.Moreover,the progresses on the study in the evolution of flow-patterns during double emulsion formation in microfluidic are discussed.Integrated theoretical system can be established from the investigation of the flow-pattern of single emulsion.

Droplet-based microfluidic has promising prospects in chemical engineering and biomedicine.Liquid-liquid multiphase flow is the most common flow condition in microchannels,which is relevant in control of droplet dynamics.Thorough research on characteristics of the fluid dynamics is essential in the design of optimized microfluidic devices.A comprehensive review of numerical methods commonly used is presented in this paper.Classified by continuum approaches and lattice-Boltzmann approaches,recent progresses in numerical simulations of liquid-liquid multiphase flow in microchannels are covered.The interface tracking and interface capturing methods are particularly discussed and various numerical models based on the two schemes are introduced.The applications of popular models and numerical results are reviewed with comparisons of their advantages and limitations.The conclusions could be an effective theoretical support for hydrodynamics of interface behaviors in microscale.In addition,multi phase flow coupled with complex interactions of the interface is involved in microchannels,the mechanisms of many phenomenons are still waiting to be revealed.And more accurate description of the interface and the fluid dynamics based on models that require less computation cost is the tendency of numerical simulation on fluid flow in microchannels.

Recent progress of cyclone's wear research is introduced,including using numerical simulation,field and laboratory test of the cyclone wall wear position,structure and operation factors that affecting wear,and structural improvements to extend the life of cyclone by using liner material.The trend of cyclone's wall abrasion development is also discussed.Studies show that different parts of the cyclone have various wear rate.according this situation,the wear resistant layer can be set,and the lining material which has better impact abrasion resistance can be adopted in the cyclone prone wear parts,and the wear resistance of the cyclone can be improved by the difference of the material or in cyclone near wall location in other structural change the regional fluid flow,slow down the cyclone wall surface wear.cyclones are getting widely used in petrochemical industry and many other fields,reducing the wear of the wall and improving the wear resistance of cyclone has practical significance for engineering applications.

Decanter centrifuge,an efficient centrifugal separation equipment,is widely used in many industries.With the advantages of strong single processing ability,high separation quality,convenient operation,small occupation area,low maintenance cost,decanter centrifuge has been a special position in the field of the centrifuge.With the development of industry,decanter centrifuge is becoming more and more high parameter,large scale,and low energy consumption,low pollution,high utilization of the proposed the decanter centrifuge stability and reliability is facing new challenges.On the base of the development history of the decanter centrifuge,the research results are about the structure strength,dynamic characteristics,vibration reduction technology,dynamic balance technology,fluid dynamics are summarized and the latest achievements of the research on the application of the finite element method is reviewed.Also,this paper looks forward to the research direction and development prospect of the decanter centrifuge.

It was briefly introduced the relationship between the development of IT technology and the internet of things(IOT) and intelligent products,described the definition and architecture of the IOT and expounded the position and important role of the IOT platform software in the process of enterprise intelligent interconnection.And then analyzed the five main functions of the IOT platform software and described the specific requirements of each functional component in detail,and analyzed the types,characteristics,advantages and disadvantages and application cases of the current mainstream IOT platform software based on these functions,and pointed out the development direction of integration of IOT platform software to provide reference for the development of IOT and the proceeding of enterprise intelligence.

Extractive distillation could be used for recovery of by-product mixed alcohols from waste water of F-T process.This process contains 7 columns and 5 circles.The reason of the complexity of this process is the formation of azeotropes between water and alcohols except methanol.Zeolite membrane based pervaporation is an advanced separation technology that is not restricted by vapor liquid equilibrium.Therefore,it would be feasible to use zeolite membrane pervaporation to dewater the mixed alcohol solution first,and then to separate the mixed alcohol components using distillation technology.This paper reports the whole process simulation of the pervaporation-distillation integrated process,and compared with traditional extractive distillation process.The pervaporation-distillation integrated process greatly simplifies the mixed alcohol recovery process.The overall energy consumption could be reduced by 30%.Based to this process design,cooperating with Shanxi Yanchang Petroleum(group) Co.,Ltd,we built the first industrial demonstration unit of pervaporation-distillation integrated process for recovery of mixed alcohols from F-T waste water with a capacity of 1000t/a.

In this paper,the VOSET model was used to capture the moving interface of liquid-liquid two-phase flow,and the single droplet motion in the high density difference system was numerically simulated,and the velocity variation and deformation of single droplet were studied by analyzing the surface map,streamlines and velocity at different time.The research results indicated that droplet deformation would become more remarkable with the increase of density difference or droplet size.As density difference and surface tension force increases,the droplet velocity increases.The smaller droplet is,the smaller velocity oscillation amplitude is.

In recent years,ice slurry characteristics were studied by many domestic and foreign researchers.But mostly studies were concentrated on designing ice slurry generator device,researching the characteristics of ice slurry flow in pipe and heat transfer characteristics.However,few researchers paid more atttention on discussing the mechanism of ice crystal particles generated on the wall and crystallization process.It is taken in this paper that experimental study on water and different concentration sodium chloride solution solidification property on different material surface.Setting up the device of the solidification performance of multi component solution surface,and put the measuring point in the device.The experiment tests are taking on different concentration of sodium chloride solution and recording the solidification temperature and time on the different roughness of copper,aluminum and plastic plate surface respectively,and it is analyzed that different surface roughness,different materials and the concentration of sodium chloride are effect on solution into nuclear energy.Based on experimental data analysis,it is concluded the relationship between the solidification beginning temperature and surface roughness,and the relationship between the solidification time and variations of sub-cooling temperature.It is gained that the solidification beginning temperature is rising with the increasing of surface roughness.The solidification time is reducing with the increasing of sub-cooling temperature.

Compressed air energy storage system is a large-scale energy storage technology,which plays an important role in the field of renewable energy utilization and peak regulation.As the main energy storage device in the system,the characteristics of the gas storage chamber have important influence on the operation of the system.In order to study the influence of thermal characteristics of gas storage chamber on the performance of AA-CAES system and design a new type of gas storage device which can improve the performance of the system,three kinds of gas storage models were established,which are practical,adiabatic and constant temperature model.And the mathematical model of the system was solved combined with other parts of the system.Analytical results showed that the adiabatic model of gas storage chamber had the highest energy storage efficiency which could reach 68.97%.The energy storage density of the constant temperature model was the highest,which is 2.4706kW·h/m.And the performance of the actual model were poor.The performance of the system under the constant temperature model was affected by the environment temperature.The energy storage efficiency could be increased with the increase of the environment temperature,but the storage density could be decreased.The improved gas storage device could combine the advantages of the adiabatic model and the constant temperature model which could improve the performance of the system.

With the development of global trade and shipping transportation,the influence of ballast water on the environment is increasing.Hydrocyclone is a kind of important solid-liquid separation equipment for ballast water purification.In this paper,a mathematical model was established to simulate the separation process of ballast water by using computational fluid dynamics,including Reynolds Stress Model for turbulence,Volume of Fluid for multiphase flow and Discrete Phase Model for dispersed phase.Effects of key factors like different column length,spigot diameter and vortex-finder diameter on internal flow field and separation efficiency of hydrocyclone were studied through numerical simulation calculation.The influence of each factor on the separation efficiency was obtained.The length of the cylinder part has little influence on the separation efficiency; the diameter of the spigot has little effect on the pressure drop,but the effect on the flow ratio is relatively great; the increase of the diameter of the vortex finder decreases the energy consumption and increase the flow rate on the vortex finer.However,with the increase of the diameter of the vortex finder,the classified particle size increases.Those results can be as foundation for the high efficiency separation and purification of ballast water by hydrocyclone.

In mechanical vapor recompression system,gas-liquid separation is needed before the steam produced in evaporator sucked into the compressor. In consideration of compactness and segregational stability,gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone(GLCC)is applied for this operation. Structure parameter design and Fluent numerical calculation show that,separation effect is significantly influenced by the size of overflow pipe and underflow pipe. Gas volume fraction and liquid volume fraction could be 1 with overflow pipe diameter of 50mm and underflow pipe diameter of 40mm. Proved the moving laws of the outer vortex and inner vortex existed in GLCC,which rotate in the same direction and move in the opposite direction. Compared to one single inlet,separation process could be more steady by the application of double inlets,appropriately increasing cyclone diameter could decrease the pressure drop and shorten the distance between pure gas phase zone and pure liquid phase zone,improve the separation performance.

The corrosion behavior of aluminum at high potential difference in alkaline solution was studied,focusing on the electrodes in the cooling water system inside the high-voltage direct current thyristor valve.It is clear that the corrosion behavior of aluminum at high potential difference and high temperature differs from that in normal conditions.The corrosion process and the model of electrode surface corrosion are proposed.This study found that the passage of OH^- through the layer of precipitation controls the corrosion of aluminum near pH 7.The aluminum electrode surface became covered with corrosion products,which reduced further corrosion.The aluminum electrode had the lowest rate of corrosion in alkalescent solution with an ammonia concentration of 3.35mmol/L.This can be used as a theoretical basis for the design of anti-corrosion technology.That adjusting the pH value of the cold water would slow the corrosion rate of aluminum,thereby providing a corrosion control measure.

Direct air cooled steam condenser finned tube condenser as an important heat exchanger of air cooling unit components.Finned tube directly influences the clean of air cooling unit of efficient heat transfer capability.At present,research on improving the heat transfer capability of finned tube heat exchanger in direct air cooled condenser,at the same time,cleaning condition of the fouling layer are rarely reported.To solve the problem,fouling cleaning process of direct air cooled condenser finned tube was researched by numerical simulation.Finned tube surface was analyzed with different thickness of the filth in the cleaning process of stress and shear stress changing with the time.The results show that:the cleaning filth layer of finned tube with different thickness,the surface filth layer is thin,the easier is to be cleaned,cleaning the shorter the time required.The pressure and shear stress of the filth layer decrease with the decrease of the thickness,and the increase of the cleaning time.As calculated,when cleaning the nozzle's movement speed by 1.1~1.5 m/min can be better clean the dirt on the surface of the finned tube.

Imitating the thought and method of performance-based design widely used in the field of fire protection,the theory,method and design process based on risk analysis were proposed,aiming at insufficient enterprise building structures fire separation.Applying the theory,the performance-based safety design of a petroleum reserve was conducted as a case study.Design process included determining equipment,storage material and related personnel within the tank farm that did not meet the regulations requirements as the design scope,Identifying the main risk factors was fire and explosion,determining the function index of the performance-based design according to the results of the structural importance of the main risk factors analysis,adding additional performance-based safety design measures such as high automation,water curtain spraying facilities,calculating the risk of the performance-based safety designed system in quantity and concluding that the value of performance-based safety designed system risk was lower than the value of the risk under the regulations requirements and the performance-based safety design met the target.

Because of the complexity of the dust explosion mechanism and the diversity of the causes of dust explosion,dust explosion is becoming a hot spot of research,the outcomes are mainly shown in different kinds of dust explosion,dust explosion mechanism,applications of preventive and mitigating safety measures and dust explosion quantitative risk analysis,etc.,Nevertheless,the attempts made to model and assess the risk of domino effect analysis of dust explosions have been very few.This paper present the calculation model of dust explosion based on the dust explosion mechanism.After calculating the accidents conditional probability of initial dust explosion,taking advantage of the flexible structure and robust reasoning engine of BN,the likely propagation route of potential domino effects along with the probabilities thereof can be calculated.Through the application of the model calculation results,which can be concluded that dust explosion probability of domino effect and the changes of dust explosion accidents most likely route of transmission.The model provides a direction for the prevention of dust explosion accident and risk assessment.

In this paper,the chromium content in incense was determinated by ICP-OES,the mathematical model was established according to JJF1059-1999 "Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement".The causes of uncertainty to determination of the Chromium content in incense by ICP-OES were identified,every components of the uncertainty was calculated,and the uncertainty result within a certain range of chromium element concentrations was calculated.The result was W(Cr)=56.7mg/kg,and U=2mg/kg,K=2.The result showed that accuracy of measuring instrument and standard curve fitting both have great effect on uncertainty.In practice,their effects on uncertainty can be reduced by regularly calibrating and verifying instruments and meters.The evaluation of uncertainty can obtain the accuracy of results of determination of the chromium element in incense by ICP-OES,and assure the detection quality.

Spraying nozzles designedly arranged in Methanol-to-Propylene (MTP) reactor are crucial distributors for the feedings of reactants.The atomizing properties of the nozzles take a direct effect on heat and mass transfer occurred in the nozzle-controlled areas correspondingly to catalytic bed, and thereby, the components of reaction products coming from the outlet of the catalytic bed is definitely affected by the heat-mass transfer.The nozzle of sixth catalytic-bed chosen as an experimental example was investigated by a cold model experiment.Nitrogen and water were taken as gas and liquid reactants respectively for testing the spraying properties.The relationships between gas (liquid) mass-flow and inlet pressure were investigated.Simultaneously, sauter mean diameter (SMD), atomizing angles and droplet-covered diameters (DCD) were also analyzed under different gas-liquid ratios (G/L).The experimental results show that the liquid mass-flow increases gradually with the inlet pressure, but the gas mass-flow increases rapidly with the inlet pressure; while the liquid feeding of the nozzle maintaining at 43.54kg/h, the atomizing angle decreases from 96.1° to 15.6° after changing from primary atomization to secondary one.When the gas-liquid ratio G/L varies to 12.19, SMD reaches to 16.3μm, and meanwhile, DCD of the nozzle is 720mm.

The exploitation and upgrading of heavy oil has increasingly gained great attention.However,its utilization is limited seriously to its high metal content.Then,the source and forms of metal in heavy oil and its hazards for the processing of petroleum are summarized in this paper.Methods commonly for demetalization in domestic and overseas are introduced and compared in detail.Membrane separation method is friendly to environment and is operated simply,but it is difficult to meet industrial application due to its immature technology.Catalytic hydrogenation process shows high demetalization efficiency.However,it is restricted by hydrogen source and properties of catalyst,and its cost is too high.Chemical method can be operated simply,whereas,it is easy to produce byproduct and pollute the environment.Demetalization under ultrasonic radiation process costs less energy and has high demetalization efficiency,but it is necessary to make further research on how to apply the large ultrasonic device in industrial production.Microbial method has the characteristic of less investment and strong adaptability,it is difficult to filter suitable strains.Because of the character of heavy oil,a single demetalization technology is not easy to get success and demetalization technology in joint will become a development trend.

At present,there are some problems with crushed coal pressurized gasification technology,such as more byproduct,more gasification wastewater and more refractory gasification wastewater and so on,which have restricted the application of crushed coal pressurized gasification technology.In order to solve these problems,after carefully analyzing the principle of pressurized fixed bed gasification,find out that it is not choosing the suitable gasification coaland put forward the requirements of raw coal that is fit for crushed coal pressurized gasification technology.By analyzing the coal analysis of lignite,long flame coal,lean coal,anthracite,propose that the anthracite is the most suitable types of crushed coal pressurized gasification technology.At the same time,combined with the main industrial operation parameters of the lignite,long flame coal,lean coal and anthracite,further verify that the anthracite coal is most suitable for coal gasification technology and the actual industrial operation result shows that using the anthracite can radically reduce the amount of gasification wastewater and the disposed difficulty.

The energy storage selection and cost analysis is the basis of its allocation in wind farm,which is of great significance to enhance wind farm operation and reduce total investment.However,the quantized conclusion is rarely given.In the aspect of economic analysis,there are few literatures to analyze the key factors that affect the energy storage cost.In this paper,the performance and application status of energy storage technology are summarized.The ES-Select software and the application in energy storage selection analysis is also described.The cost model is established from two aspects of cost structure and cost indicators,and the influence of efficiency,replacement period and charging cost on ES cost are analyzed.The results show PUMP and CAES has more advantages in the application of wind farm.In addition,the effective way to reduce cost for PUMP and CAES is decreasing electricity cost and improving the efficiency,while for lead acid and NaS battery is to prolonging the cycle life and improving the efficiency.

Thermo-gravimetric analysis was performed to study influence on ignition temperature and combustibility index during blended combustion of Longkou oil shale and 500℃semi-coke at the different blended proportions.Based on the TG-DTG curves,the whole combustion process was divided into three combustion reaction stages,that is,water precipitation stage,low-temperature stage and high-temperature stage.The results reveal that there is a tendency to increase for the combustion release index with increasing the ratio of the oil shale.Furthermore,dynamic calculation is carried out by AKTS-thermokinetics software.Compare experimental curves with the theoretical simulation curves.Based on the results,it found by the proportion of oil shale samples increased,activation energy first decreases and then increases.Comprehensive each sample combustion parameters,shale and semi-coke ratio of 2:1 is found as the current combustion test the optimal mixing ratio.

This research has designed and fabricated a steam reforming for hydrogen production equipment using carbon based fuel.This equipment was made of stainless steel,and applied integrated structure which combined kinds of functional components such as heating,steaming,reforming and dispersion.These structure designs obviously decreased the dimension of this equipment,cut down the cost,achieved the purpose of miniaturization,and reinforced the popularization of portable hydrogen production equipment.This reactor carried flower-like Ni/Ce₂O catalyst,under experiment conditions(the flow rate of CH₄ is 1250mL/min,H₂O:CH₄=2:1,the temperature of reaction is 550℃),it showed good performance on reforming for hydrogen production.In the reforming gas,the content of hydrogen is more than 70% while CH₄ is less than 16%.The power is more than 550W that satisfied the request of design.The experiment result showed the reforming for hydrogen production equipment can be used as the hydrogen source of high temperature fuel cells.

The studies on synthesis and applications of Y/β core-shell composite molecular sieves in recent years are reviewed in this paper.There are good prospects in Y/β core-shell composites with the abilities of hydrocracking and isomerization.The key to playing its role is the preparation method.Five methods are introduced,including zeolite as silica/aluminum sources method,two-step crystallization process,ion-exchanging,precursor-treating,seeding method.Advantages and disadvantages are also discussed in this paper.The composite molecular sieves are applied in catalytic cracking,hydrocracking,isomerization,synthesis of organic compound and so on.Finally,the developing trend of Y/β core-shell composite is reducing the thickness of the core to nanoscale.

At present,there are many reports about the overall energy balance and the large scale space heat release in hydrocracking process.Temperature distribution of catalyst bulk in hydrocracking process is rarely involved.Based on three-dimensional environment of real Honeycomb type hydrocracking catalyst,the Meshfree calculation solving Fourier partial differential equation is provided which uses the function of simulating industrial operating temperature as the boundary condition.The influence of external temperature fluctuation on the internal temperature distribution of the catalyst was analyzed using the calculated results.At the same time,the carbon distribution of honeycomb type catalyst cross section was analyzed by the method of energy spectrum scanning,and the calculation of internal temperature distribution of catalyst was carried out.The analysis results showed that the actual reactions in the catalyst were not isothermal reaction.At the same time,catalyst bulk temperature distribution was restricted to the fluctuation of reaction temperature hydrocracking reaction process outside and catalyst internal hotspot distribution.Catalyst bulk phase average temperature was influenced by heat of reaction,the catalyst particle size,material density,reaction space velocity and catalyst inner hotspot distribution.

Highly dispersed and ultrafine Ag/MIL-101 was prepared by double solvent method(DSM).The size of the nanoparticles was about 1.9nm±0.6nm and the total surface area of nanoparticles could be determined precisely.The catalytic activity was investigated by photo-metrically monitoring the reduction of 4-nitrophenol(4-NP) by an excess of NaBH₄ in the presence of the nanoparticles.The kinetic data could be modelled to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood equation.The apparent reaction rate,k_app was found to be related to the total surface of the nanoparticles,to the kinetic constant,k,related to the rate-determining step,and to the adsorption constants K_4-NP and K_BH4 for 4-NP and borohydride,respectively.The activation energy was obtained by fitting k_app obtained at different temperatures.The study also showed that the induction time,t₀,is directly related to the reaction rate constant,k,of the controlling step.

HZSM-5 zeolites were treated with different concentrations of Na₂CO₃ solutions.The samples were characterized by XRD,N₂ adsorption and XRF.The characterizations showed that under suitable concentrations of Na₂CO₃ solution,the treatment could form meso-micropore channels,which enhanced the external surface area and mesoporous volume.At the same time,the MFI structure of HZSM-5 was not obviously destroyed,therefore better thermal stability was maintained.The Pt-Sn-K/HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by subjecting HZSM-5 samples to alkali treatment,and their catalytic performances for propane dehydrogenation to propylene were evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor.The results showed that the initial activity of the catalyst increased with increasing Na₂CO₃ solution concentration,while the stability of the catalyst increased at first and then decreased.When Pt-Sn-K/HZSM-5(1.8) zeolite catalyst was used for propane dehydrogenation,it showed better activity and stability:after reacting for 100 hours,the conversion of propane only decreased by 2.8%,resulted in a conversion of 35.53%.The propylene selectivity maintained at 98.4% with no significant change.

ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ composite supports were prepared by co-precipitation method and used as support for Mo catalysts.The effects of ZrO₂ content on the structure and catalytic performance of MoO₃/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃ catalysts for sulfur-resistant methanation were investigated.The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption,XRD,H₂-TPR and TEM.The presence of ZrO₂ reduced the interaction between MoO₃ and Al₂O₃ support,resulting in higher Mo reducibility.The addition of an intermediate content of ZrO₂ increased the surface area of the catalysts and improved the dispersion of Mo species,which is responsible for the enhanced catalytic performances.

Pt-Ni bimetallic catalysts and the corresponding monometallic Pt catalysts supported on γ-Al₂O₃ were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by X-ray diffraction,H₂-chemisorption and BET.Their activities for methylcyclohexane dehydrogenation were investigated in a fixed bed reactor.The results showed that the Pt-Ni bimetallic catalyst significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution and catalytic stability compared with Pt monometallic catalyst.H₂-chemisorption revealed that the adding of Ni increased the dispersion of Pt,while TEM showed that a larger particle size of Pt.Combined the two characterization results,we concluded that the adding of Ni leaded a new Pt-Ni system which increased the binding energy of the bimetallic surface,and this finally increased the activity and stability of catalyst.The results offered a new way to develop high efficiency dehydrogenation catalyst.

Fe-SBA-16 with different Fe were prepared under direct hydrothermal crystallization using tetraethyl orthosilicate as silica source,and the F127 as template.The structure was characterized with XRD,N₂ adsorption-desorption,FTIR and UV-vis.The catalytic activities of Fe-SBA-16 for phenol hydroxylation was investigated using H₂O as solvent and H₂O₂ as oxidant.The effects of the various reaction conditions including temperature,time,molar ratio of reactants and the amount of the catalyst on the yield of catechol and hydroquinone were studied. The results showed that all samples maintain the cubic cage-1ike structure of mesoporous SBA-16 with a cubic symmetry,pore structure,high surface area.The Fe was successfully incorporated into the framework of SBA-16.Fe-SBA-16 with Si/Fe=30 showed excellent has higher activity and selectivity in phenol hydroxylation.The conversion of phenol was 30.8% at 65℃ for 2h and n(Phenol)/n(H₂O₂)=1:0.4.The selectivity to catechol and hydroquinone reached 64.3% and 30.5% respectively.

Supported perovskite catalysts La_1-xCe_xMnO₃/hematite were prepared by the citric acid complexing method and used for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH₃(NH₃-SCR).A series of lanthanum manganite perovskite catalysts were prepared by doping and adjusting the amount of Ce/Co.With the help of the static physical and chemical adsorption of nitrogen(BET),X-ray diffraction(XRD),X-ray fluorescence(XRF),temperature program desorption(TPD),its phase morphology and surface topography and the active component of La_1-xCe_xMnO₃/hematite catalyst are obtained and characterized.The results showed:the catalysts doped with Ce suitably,have a stronger ability to redox,NH₃ adsorption capacity; and a better phase morphology,surface topography.It also makes sure that the active component is more uniformly supported on the support surface.Due to the reactants(NH₃,O₂ and NO) more easily adsorbed on the catalyst surface to react,the de-NO_x efficiency has been improved.The performance of de-NO_x efficiency is best at the condition of the doping amount of Ce_x=0.2.At 180℃,the de-NO_x efficiency of La_0.8Ce_0.2MnO₃/hematite is up to 98%,at the temperature window of 150~250℃,it is always above 90%.

The metal compound is a kind of pseudocapacitor electrode material which has ideal capacitance properties.However,due to it's disadvantages such as poor conductivity and easy agglomeration,the capacitance properties are decreased.In this paper,based on summarizing recent research findings,the applications of metal compounds and the methods to improve capacitance properties of metal compounds was discussed.The results show that conductivity can be effectively improved and agglomeration can be prevented by many methods such as the composite of metal compounds and various materials,electrodeposition,the directional synthesis of the compound's structure and so on.With the disadvantages of metal compounds being conquered,metal compounds' application will be continual.The metal compound materials in supercapacitors have injected new vitality for the new energy storage devices.

Due to its brilliant high/low temperature behavior,aging resistance,surface properties,etc.,high temperature vulcanized(HTV) silicone rubber is widely applied in the fields of aerospace,electric power and medical equipment and so on.Some brilliant advances in HTV silicone rubber properties enhancement and product functionalization during the last five years were introduced.In addition,the mechanic and dielectric property changes of HTV silicone rubber in accelerated aging condition and their mechanisms were introduced,as well as some remarkable progresses in the precision,reliability and visualization of aging research methods.The analyses and predictions of material lifetime under multiple factors were highly focused on.The role of water in the aging progress of silicone rubber were also discussed.Finally,the prospects of modification and aging research of HTV silicone rubber were forecasted.In the future,functionalization research of HTV silicone rubber for extreme environment and the analyses and predictions of material lifetime under multiple factors will be important research directions.

Magnetic ionic liquids are functionalized ionic liquids,and have a broad application prospect.In recently years,magnetic ionic liquid has been a hot spot of research.But a lot of research are not deep enough,we are encouraged to explore functional compounds.Our group recently reported novel magnetic ionic liquid aqueous-two phase systems which is advantageous.It shows great potential in field of chemical separation and analysis.

HTPB composite solid propellant is the power source of the rocket engine,which storage life and performance determine the life and combat performance of the rocket engine,therefore the research of HTPB composite solid propellant storage aging model and life prediction has important military and economic significance.In this paper,the research progress of the domestic and international research methods for composite solid propellant storage aging performance is introduced and the research progress on modeling of storage life at home and abroad is reviewed.In view of the potential problems in the actual storage of propellant,the development trend of future storage life prediction is predicted.Research results show that,the application of modern instrument can make up the deficiency of the traditional instrument in the research on the aging property of solid propellant,but there are still some shortcomings such as single means of research,error of testing method and without unified system. The propellant aging process is relatively complex,and the combination of structural integrity analysis and aging test can make a systematic study on the storage performance and life prediction of propellant,and the results obtained are more accurate and reliable.Segmented aging modeling is a new direction for the research of the prediction of propellant storage life,which has great development space.

The bio-char is one of the by-products from biomass pyrolysis,and it is a potential adsorbent for pollutants removal in aqueous solution.Through different modification methods,the physical/chemical properties of the bio-char could be changed.The adsorption capacity of pollutants would also be changed by the modification.Based on the analysis of the adsorption factors in aqueous solution,the enhanced absorption methods were proposed including heat treatment,reagent added for enlarge the pore volume,ultrasonic treatment,chemical modification and biological treatment.It was found that the surface oxygen functional groups of the bio-char played an important role in adsorption besides the pore structures.The surface acidity of the oxygen functional groups on bio-char would be increased after acid treatment.The adsorption capacity of metal ions would also be increased onto bio-char because of the cation exchange reaction.The delocalized π electron density would be increased by alkali treatment,which was helpful for phenolphthalein,dyes and other organic pollutants removal.The removal ability of organic and metal contaminants would be improved by the load atoms and compounds of bio-char.In addition,biological adsorption was found to be helpful for phenol removal.This paper provided effective ideas for the enhance adsorption of bio-char.

The carbon precursor of sucrose was prepared by K₂CO₃ activation synthesis method in which used sucrose as carbon source,F127 as surfactant,carbon molecular sieve obtained by carbonization under nitrogen protection.The samples were characterized by SEM,FTIR and N₂-adsorption desorption to optimize the sample preparation process.The results showed that the obtained samples that was the remarkable surface pore structure and the pore developed was composed of a high specific surface area of 1366.4423m²/g,Aperture concentration in 0.64nm a single point of pore volume of 0.865796cm³/g under the condition of carbonization temperature 800℃,K₂CO₃ concentration of 0.5mol/L,weight ratio of F127 to starch of 1:3,reation temperature of 45℃,reaction time of 12h.

The SPEEK/IL composite proton exchange membranes were prepared by solution casting methodbased on sulfonated polyetheretherketone(SPEEK) and the triethylammonium dihydrogen phosphate([(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺] [H₂PO₄^-],TEAP) or triethylammonium dihydrogen sulfate([(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺] [HSO₄^-],TEAS) ionic liquid which was synthesized by neutralization method.The Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) spectra reveals that the material prepared was TEAS and TEAP.The Differential Scanning Calorimetry(DSC),the ionic liquid loss rate of SPEEK/IL composite membranes,CV and ORR curves between IL and Pt/C catalysts were characterized respectively.Since the incorporated ionic liquid was anchored within the sulfonic acid group of SPEEK net-like matrix by chemical action,the thermal stability of composite membrane decreased,but the ionic liquid loss rate in membrane decreased after SPEEK incorporated with ionic liquid.CV and ORR curves showed that the differences of electrochemical window between the tertiary ionic liquid and Pt/C catalyst were small,oxygen reduction activities dropped little,thus the compatibility was good.This polymer/IL composite membrane has good prospect in the application of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.

Ti-based manganese dioxide coated electrode(Ti/MnO₂) is known as a promising anode material.Ti/MnO₂ catalytic electrode was prepared through the method of electro-deposition and the electrode coating was represented with SEM.The performance of Ti/MnO₂ electrode was tested by such electrochemical methods as cyclic voltammetry,anodic polarization and Tafel diagram.Methanol was subject to electro-catalytic oxidation with prepared Ti/MnO₂ electrode where study was carried out regarding the influence of current intensity,methanol concentration and electrolysis time on methanol electrolytic rate.Results indicated that with evenly-distributed grain and less cracks,Ti/MnO₂ catalytic electrode can cover Ti substrate well.In case the current intensity was controlled at 1.0mA,the electrolyte concentration at 0.4mg/mL and the electrolytic time at 50min,the maximum catalytic oxidation activity of electrode on methanol could be reached and the electrolytic rate was up to 85.16%.

Thiazole/oxazole moieties in natural or artificial bioactive compounds usually biologically or biomimetically synthesized through a coupling between carboxylic groups of amino acid residues or unnatural carboxylic derivatives and natural amino acids including cysteine and serine or other artificial amino acids,followed by an oxidation or dehydrogenation,which makes C5-functionalized thiazole/oxazole moieties very rare in natural bioactive molecules.On the contrary,these moieties have commonly been seen in artificial compounds with wide and potent pharmacological activities,yet synthesis of these artificial moieties requires preparation of β-functionalized unnatural amino acids before the coupling and oxidation.In addition,C5-functionalizations of thiazole/oxazole-based natural products are also very rare,owing to the lack of related methodologies.These status suggest that discovering novel methodologies for the C5-functionalizations of thiazole/oxazole and applying them to the structural modification of thiazole/oxazole-based natural products will be extremely significant and valuable.

The chiral α-hydroxy-β-dicarbonyl is a common structural motif in a variety of natural products and pharmaceuticals and the most convenient way to obtain chiral α-hydroxylation compounds is the direct asymmetric oxidation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.Thus,research on enantioselective α-hydroxylation of β-keto esters possess great value.This paper makes a brief summary of cinchona alkaloid derivatives,diterpenoid alkaloid derivatives,S-timolol analogues and phase-transfer catalysts applied to direct enantioselective hydroxylation of β-keto ester compounds.The possible mechanism of these catalysts is believed to be the outcome of combined action of various intermolecular forces,namely hydrogen bonding,π-π stacking and electrovalent bonding.

The epicuticular wax of surface coverage on bamboo green plays an important role in the growth of bamboo and adapt to the external environment.However,the epicuticular wax is one of the main recalcitrance barriers to the bamboo biorefinery.At present,the bamboo fiber is the mainly feedstock for most of the industrial process.Bamboo green and bamboo yellow are usually removed as processing residue,which not only as a waste of bioresources,but also caused serious environmental pollution.Due to the high epicuticular wax content,the bamboo green had much lower enzymatic hydrolysis performance compared to bamboo timber and bamboo yellow which has no wax content,even after some pretreatments.In this paper,the statue of bamboo epicuticular wax biorefinery was summarized,and the modes of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were furthermore discussed based on the analysis of chemical composition.The mechanism and the research foreground of these pathways were also discussed.It will provide theoretical basis and reference for improving the efficiency of biorefinery of the bamboo processing residue,and novelty for the natural bamboo based wax extraction and application of wax innovation.

As a typical sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant,2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methyl-phenol,also known as BHT,is widely used in chemical industry,food,medicine and other fields owing to its strong anti-oxidation property,low volatility,high stability and strong durability.The preparation of BHT catalyzed by 1-(3-sulfopropyl)-3-methyl imidazole(IL1) using p-cresol and isobutylene as the starting materials was studied.The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows:the molar ratio of p-cresol to IL1 was 5:1,and the reaction was carried out at 80℃ for 8h.The purity of crude BHT was 99.1% and the yield was 93.0%.Furthermore,it was found that IL1 could be recycled for at least four times without any apparent loss of catalytic activity.In general,IL1 was a promising alternative for such traditional acid catalysts as H₂SO₄ and TsOH for the preparation of BHT,owing to its advantages of easy separation,reusability,high activity,and low corrosion to equipment.

With the wide application and development of ionic liquids,the effect of their toxicity gained more attention.Among the kinds of ionic liquids,the benzothiazole ionic liquids are on the period of initial development,and the study of toxicity has to be perfect.Zebrafish are mark of water contamination monitor,and applied to test the safety of aqueous solution.This study used the SOD activity from antioxidation mechanism of zebrafish as index,chose the method of semi-static contamination aqueous solution to get the SOD activity of liver tissue,and explore the effect of acid and neutral ionic liquid on antioxidation mechanism of aquatic organism.The results proved that the benzothiazole ionic liquids lead the SOD activity of liver to decrease,and took lethal effect on zebrafish.Besides the acid benzothiazole ionic liquid showed stronger toxicity than neutral,and the same anion ionic liquid had the same level of toxicity.

The multi-function composite doxorubicin-loading liposomes were prepared by the main material of nature soya lecithin,the additional material of cholesterol,the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles and CdSeTe QDs as well as the drug of DOX.Taking the size and drug entrapment efficiency as index,orthogonal design of five factors four levels was taken to optimize the condition of multi-function composite doxorubicin-loading liposomes.And the five factors were the concentration of liposome,the ratio of drug to lipid,the ultrasound time,the hydration temperature and the quantity of Fe₃O₄.According to optimality condition,the multi-function Composite Doxorubicin-loading Liposomes were prepared by the thin-film dispersion method.And the size,the magnetism and the fluorescence properties of liposomes were detected.The results showed that the size of the multi-function composite doxorubicin-loading liposomes were 200nm and had good fluorescence and perfect magnetic responsibility.

In order to enchance the efficacy of antineoplastic drugs targeting and antitumor activity,hyaluronic acid-g-octadecyl conjugates were synthesized and used as vehicles for anti-cancer drugs.Doxorubicin(DOX)-loaded hyaluronic acid-g-octadecyl copolymeric micelles were prepared with ultrasonic method.The pharmaceutical properties of the micelles were investigated.The particle sizes of blank micelles and drug-loaded micelles were(180.7±1.25)nm and(178.3±2.24)nm; zeta potentials were(-21.3±0.25)mV and(-18.1±0.31)mV,respectively.The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of drug-loaded micelles were(96.1%±0.72%) and(16.1%±1.18%),respectively.In vitro drug release study demonstrated that the cumulative release of DOX was merely about 40% at 72h,indicating that the copolymer micelles presented obvious sustained-release behavior.In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that the blank micelles were nontoxic against all MCF-7 cells.However,DOX-loaded micelles presented significantly inhibitory effect on the tumor cells in a dose manner.Therefore,hyaluronic acid-g-octadecyl copolymeric micelles exhibited the characteristics of high drug envelopment rate,sustained-release behavior and potent antitumor effect.

Cellulose and so on biological resources can be extracted from soy sauce residues,because of poor solubility in regular solvent,cellulose was generally discarded.However,ionic liquids show higher solubility of cellulose,which can be used as good solvents for cellulose derivatization.In this work,soy sauce residues which has had been extracted of fatty acids and hemicelluloses was used as raw material to further extraction of cellulose,then the synthesis of cellulose benzoates by homogeneous benzoylation of cellulose with ionic liquids used as reaction medium was studied.This study focused on investigating the effects of the kinds of ionic liquids on the productivity and DS of(degree of substation) cellulose benzoates,and the effects of reaction temperature,reaction time and the mole ratio of benzoyl chloride to cellulose glucose on the DS of cellulose benzoates.It is observed that homogeneous benzoylation of cellulose in ionic liquid AmimCl has best productivity,and when reaction temperature was 80℃,reaction time was 90min and the molar ratio of benzoyl chloride to cellulose glucose unit was 4:1,had the highest DS of cellulose benzoates of 0.72.

Based on the synthetic method of dipivefrin hydrochloride reported in literatures,the existing process was selected and optimized.In this work,the optimized method is a six-step synthetic route,including Friedel-Crafts reaction,esterification,N-alkylation,reduction of carbonyl,hydrogenation and recrystallization with the cheap and commercial available catechol as the starting material.The total yield of the optimized route is 43.4%,significantly improving the yield of the original process(23.6%),and the purity of the final product dipivefrin hydrochloride is 98.98%.Therefore,the optimized reaction method is in accordance with the requirements of industrial production.The structures of the target compound were confirmed by MS,IR,¹H-NMR,and ¹³C-NMR.

Aim to synthesize Nebivolol, as a new type of β-anderenergic blocker.We choose a rational synthesis route to prepare it.We choose two cheap compounds-Vitamin C and D-Mannitol as one source of chiral carbon.By the ring-closure reaction in the synthesis route, we introduce another two chiral points and get a mixture of two pseudosymmetric isomers.So we can get optical-pure intermediates by crystallization of the mixture and successfully resolve the problem of configuration.Finally, we complete the synthesis of Nebivolol by 10-step reaction.The overall yield is 12.7%.The synthetic method is also intensively studied and optimized in order to low-down the cost, simplify the operating procedure, and the yield gets better as well.

Laccase is a kind of copper-containing polyphenol oxidase,and can catalyze oxidation of various phenolic and aromatic amines by the oxygen in the air directly.But the poor stability and the impossibility for reuse limit the application of laccase.Fe₃O₄@Cu/GMP complexes formed by coordination self-assembly with magnetic properties using Fe₃O₄ and guanine nucleotide and Cu²⁺ in this study,can catalyze the oxidation of phenols and 4-amino antipyrine to produce red product with ultraviolet absorption in 510nm.Therefore,it has simulated laccase activity.Compared Fe₃O₄@Cu/GMP CPs with laccase in different pH,temperature and studied their storage stability,the results showed that the stability of Fe₃O₄@Cu/GMP CPs is superior to laccase.The experiment of the repeated use showed that the activity of Fe₃O₄@Cu/GMP CPs still remained above 70% after 5 times reuse.The application to the detection of adrenaline showed that the catalytic performance of Fe₃O₄@Cu/GMP CPs was significantly better than that of laccase.The detection limit of Fe₃O₄@Cu/GMP CPs is 0.375g/mL.

Chemotherapy is the one of the main methods used for cancer therapy.However,current chemotherapeutics exhibit poor water solubility,low selectivity and strong side-effects,while limiting their applications.In this study,we used the precursor of heparin,K5 polysaccharide,as the building block,which conjugated with deoxycholic acid via boronate ester bond,to construct a novel amphiphilic drug delivery system for the transportation of doxorubicin(DOX).The in vitro drug release behavior and anticancer efficacy of K5AD were evaluated.The results showed that the critical micelle concentration(CMC) of K5AD micelles was 23.5mg/L,and their average particle size was 196.7 nm.In vitro drug release assay indicated the variation of pH value could adjust drug release rate,which was faster at acidic milieu(pH 5.0) than at pH 7.4.The cytotoxicity assay showed that K5AD-DOX could significantly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells rather than normal cells,showing favorable selectivity during the treatment.

The differences of glycosylation between Pichia pastoris and human caused the side effects though the fusion protein of Interferon and albumin expressed in Pichia pastoris avoiding the defects of short half-life of monomer.At present,the drug expressed in CHO system has been widely used.The CHO cell line expressing the interferon alpha 2b and human serum albumin fusion protein(IFNα2b-HSA) was constructed for the first time in our lab.On this basis,chose 12 kinds of home-grown commercial basic serum free medium and 5 kinds of feeding medium to screening the most suitable combination.The most suitable training program is:the No.5 basic serum free medium(M2:M4=1:1) is most suitable for cell growth,the F4 feeding medium is most suitable for the protein expression.And then enlarge fermentation on 5L bioreactor,the parameters are as follows:pH6.9-7.4,DO60%-80%,cool the temperature from 37℃ down to 34℃ when the cell density up to 7.0×10⁶ cells/mL,stop fermentation when the cell survival rate down to 80%.The final expression of fusion protein reached 137mg/L.The high density fermentation of IFNα2b-HSA fusion protein in CHO cells was preliminarily realized.

Four fusion enzymes including ChBD-Hep I,ChBD-SUMO-Hep I,SUMO-ChBD-Hep I and ChBD-Hep I-SUMO were constructed by adjusting the relative location of SUMO and ChBD to Hep I.Their enzymatic activities were determined to be 2.44IU/mL,6.92IU/mL,6.01IU/mL and 4.51 IU/mL,respectively,under optimal fermentation conditions.Meanwhile,the optimal reaction temperature and reaction pH for all of the four fusion enzymes were 30℃ and 7.0,respectively,based on the integral study of enzymatic properties.It indicated that the fusion of SUMO and ChBD tags hardly affected the catalytic reaction of Hep I.Moreover,the thermal stability of fusion enzymes improved obviously compared with the natural Hep I.And the half-life of ChBD-SUMO-Hep I at 30℃ increased to 50 min.Hence,the optimal combination is that both of SUMO and ChBD located at the N-terminal of Hep I.Then,ChBD-SUMO-Hep I was further cultivated in a 5 L fermentor.It provided the enzyme activity of 26 IU/mL,which is four times higher than the shake-flask fermentation.The amplification experiment suggested that the fusion enzyme ChBD-SUMO-Hep I was suitable for industrial production.

Eucommia bark is a rare traditional Chinese tonic herb,benefiting liver and kidney,strengthening tendons and bones,and preventing miscarriage.However,its effects are closely related to sex hormones,so the effects of three main iridoids of Eucommia(genipiin,geniposide,and geniposidic acid) on sex hormones' transformation were studied in this paper.KGN,a tumor ovarian granulosa cell line was chosen as the transformation system of hormone,pregnenolone as conversion substrate,progesterone,testosterone,and estradiol levels in the culture medium were measured respectively after interfered by the iridoids for 24 hours.Moreover,cell RNA was also collected to study the catalytic enzymes' expression levels(3β-HSD,CYP17A1,and 17β-HSD) by reverse transcription and real-time fluorescent quantitation method.The research results showed that 50 μmol/L genipin could significantly improve 3β-HSD,CYP17A1,and 17β-HSD expression levels,and significantly promote the synthesis of testosterone and estradiol further.

The production of riboflavin by fermentation would produce a lot of crystallization mother liquor and it is hard to treat.The crystallization mother liquor was firstly treated by flocculation sedimentation with polyacrylamide in this study.The optimal adding quantity of polyacrylamide and pH were 200mg/L and 5~6,respectively.It can remove over 60% chemical oxygen demand(COD) of crystallization mother liquor.Flocculation was recovered by method of spray drying.The optimal operating parameters as follows:inlet air temperature was 190℃,flow rate of sample was 3mL/min,adding quantity of β-cyclodextrin was 1%.Under the conditions,the product yield and moisture content were 66.95% and 2.9%,decreasing the impact on the environment effectively.

In this study,benzothiazolium methanesulfonate([HBth] [CH₃SO₃]),as a kind of functional ionic liquid,was used for extraction of total flavonoids from Broussonetia papyrifera leaves for the first time.The content of total flavonoids was measured using Al(NO₃)₃-NaNO₂ colorimetric method.Based on the single factor experiment,the effect of the concentration of ionic liquid,volume fraction of ethanol,extraction temperature,extraction time,solid-liquid ratio on the extraction yield of total flavonoids were examined.As a result,about 0.4685 mg of total flavonoids could be obtained from 1.0 g of raw material under the optimum conditions.Compared with traditional extraction technology,this new preparative method was simple and efficient,which is promised to replace the traditional methods with further study.

Though three step synthesis reaction,amide naphthenic acid corrosion inhibitor which is used in high-temperature naphthenic acid environment was synthesized from 3-chloropropionic acid,TTA hydrazine hydrate and 2-pyridine chloride.The main functional groups and the decomposition temperature of the product were further defined by the infrared and thermal analysis.The reaction conditions of pilot experiment were determined by the process parameters of lab-scale and qualified pilot product was produced.After the high temperature corrosive inhibitor is filled in refinery distillation unit,the iron content of decompression line oil is investigated.The inhibitor is filled with 50mg/L for film formation stage and 30mg/L for stable stage.And the iron content of the second and third vacuum side-stream is decreased to 0.17mg/L and 0.11mg/L from 0.92mg/L and 0.98mg/L,so that the high temperature naphthenic acid corrosion inhibitor can greatly reduce the naphthenic acid corrosion of refinery equipment.

There are few reports about the synthesis of fluorane intermediate in China.2-hydroxybenzoyl-4-(N-ethyl-N-isobutyl) amino-2'-carboxyl benzophenone is a very important intermediate of fluorane thermal-pressure sensitive dyes,it was synthesized with N-ethyl-N-isobutyl-m-aminophenol m-aminophenol and phthalic anhydride.After the synthesis reaction we used NaOH solution to purify the product.HPCE was used to detect the purity of 2-hydroxybenzoyl-4-(N-ethyl-N-isobutyl) amino-2'-carboxyl benzophenone and the purity achieves 96.36%(area normalization method).TLC was used to monitor the reaction process and we used UV to confirm the conclusion of TLC,the effect of material ratio,temperature and time were discussed in detail.we concluded that in the synthetic reaction of benzophenone,the best reaction condition was the mole ratio of N-ethyl-N-isobutyl-m-aminophenol m-aminophenol and phthalic anhydride was 1:1.5,temperature was 110℃,time was 15h.In the decomposition reaction of by-products,the best reaction condition was the concentration of NaOH solution was 33.3%,the mass ratio of N-ethyl-N-isobutyl-m-aminophenol m-aminophenol and NaOH was 1:7.5,temperature was 90℃,time was 9h.At last the target product was confirmed by IR and UV.

Based on the current situation about black and odorous water and the technology of ecological restoration in towns of our country.The primary cause of black and odorous waste water is hypoxia status in water and the important of reoxygenation measures in repairing black and odorous water are obtained.The advantages of in-situ remediation are introduced,such as little disturbance、result is obvious and does not have secondary pollution in water,but the weakness about needing a large scale project,high price and cost of daily operating and maintain of conventional reoxygenation measures are shown.The effect of CaO₂ on releasing oxygen efficiently,intensifying the microbial activitily and releasing hydroxyl radicals in restoring the black and odorous water.The removal mechanism and the remediation effect of CaO₂ on organic matters,heavy metals,nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition elements and sulfide in black and odorous water are illustrated.The disadvantage of the black and odorous water restored by CaO₂ were summared.The mechanism of degradation to pollutants by CaO₂,sustained-release compound oxygen release agent are suggested to be more researched.The importance of sustained-release of CaO₂ in practical significance is proposed.

An overview of the current situation of coal electrical carbon emissions and the technology of carbon reduction from flue gas,described the research of microalgae cultivation to capture CO₂ from strain selection,the development of photoreactor,the exploration of industrial mode,plate type,the applicability of plate type,tubular type,vertical column type bioreactor for engineering application are analyzed and compared,and probes into the commercial model of microalgae carbon sequestration by combining CO₂ emission reduction in flue gas,wastewater treatment,microalgae for energy and products and finally have a prospect of engineering application in the future research.

Cellulose is a kind of natural resource that exists widely in nature.Ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose efficiently and this provides a brand new,multi-purpose platform for the dissolution of cellulose.This paper briefly discusses cellulose dissolution systems and their pros.and cons.Much attention is paid to the research on ionic liquids during recent years.

The treatment of FCC spent catalysts for low-carbon cycle and comprehensive utilization has become an important problem in the area of environmental science.The present status and new progresses of the treatment of FCC spent catalysts about harmless,reduction,and utilization are reviewed.The hyphenated methods related to treatment FCC spent catalysts and their applicabilities are discussed.The potential treatment of FCC spent catalysts and necessary work in future are outlined briefly.It is pointed out that more work are required in terms of exploring procedures,which will provide low carbon cycle and clean-effective ways for the treatment of FCC spent catalysts in the future.

The technique of biochar preparation from sewage sludge is one of the most important ways for sludge recycling.Its advantages include low cost,simple method,and so on.In order to promote the development and application of the technique,this essay briefly summarized the present research statue from three aspects:preparation methods,influence factors and application fields.The merits and demerits of different preparation methods were discussed.The effects of different factors on yield,specific surface area,pore size and distribution of sludge biocar were discussed in detail.The application of sludge biochar in the fields of environment and agriculture are summarized.The existing problems of sludge biochar,such as low yield,precipitation of heavy metals and difference of production batches,were pointed out.At last,the future developments of sludge biochar were predicted.

China is a one of the greatest agriculture nations,and produces huge amounts of straw resources every year.The lignin of straw is a kind of natural renewable aromatic polymers with broad application prospects.Thus,studies on the effective separation and retrieval of lignin are of great significance.Nowadays methods on lignin separation are diverse and different approaches have great different influences on separating and retrieving lignin.In consideration of soluble salts derived from chelation of lignin and certain metals,we put forward a new proposal to use alkali plus sulphite to separate and retrieve lignin from rice straw.Orthogonal test was used to study the effects of sodium hydroxide,sodium sulfite,zinc sulfate and pH values on lignin separation.Thereafter,the optimum strategy of lignin retrieval was found.Results showed that sodium hydroxide application rates and pH values had significant impacts on lignin separation.The recovery of lignin compounds increased with sodium hydroxide application rates and pH values.The greatest lignin recovery reached 97.14% and 88.97% lignin was retrieved after lyophilization.The percentage of zinc percentage in the final zinc lignosulfonate amounted to 2.4%.This study provides a new approach to separate lignin from straw and realize straw utilization in an effective way.

Base on a large number of recovery ash unable to deal with come from the high titanium slag production process.An effective approach use ultrasonic assisted hydrochloric acid leaching of high titanium slag dust was proposed to improve the titanium dioxide of acid leaching.The crystal distribution characteristics before and after calcination of high titanium slag recovery dust are compared with XRD spectrogram where study is carried out regarding the influence of hydrochloric acid concentration,acid leaching time,acid leaching concentration and acid-dust ratio on the titanium dioxide of acid leaching and compared with acid leaching experiment without ultrasonic wave.Results indicate that the reaction rate is quickened due to distributed particle and surface renewal caused by ultrasound effect,which can shorten the acid leaching time from 6h to 2.5h and the content of titanium dioxide in acid leaching was obviously increased,compared with the experiment performed under the condition without ultrasonic wave.Under the action of ultrasonic wave,the content of titanium dioxide in acid leaching ash is up to 56.2% with hydrochloric acid concentration of 6mol/L,acid leaching temperature at 90℃,acid leaching time for 2h and acid-dust ratio of 1.4:1.

White mud wet flue gas desulfurization has achieved industrial application,but physical and chemical properties of white mud desulfurization slurry and gypsum rarely reported.Therefore the physical and chemical properties of white mud desulfurization slurry and gypsum were studied.Moisture content and pH were measured.The physical and chemical properties of white mud,white mud slurry and white mud gypsum were analyzed by XRD,XPS,laser particle size distribution,ICP-MS,ion chromatograph dialogue and SEM. The influence of paper-making process to mud composition was considered,also the cause of the changes in color of white mud and white mud slurry was discussed.The results showed that the physical and chemical properties of white mud and limestone have obvious differences:The pH of white mud was higher than that of limestone,and the moisture content of white mud was up to 40%; Na,K,Mg content in white mud was higher than that of limestone; The soluble salt in white mud slurry was too high,but the heavy metal content was low; white mud gypsum quality is better,but the soluble salt may influence the application of gypsum.White mud can be used a wet flue gas desulfurization? absorbent instead of limestone,however,the effects of different physical and chemical properties between white mud and limestone in wet flue gas desulfurization require further research.

Shenhua CO₂ storage project is the first CCS project with the whole-process saline-layer CO₂ storage including CO₂ capture,transport and storage in China.The safety of CO₂storage is the important factor for guaranteeing the success of this project.Although couples of monitoring technologies including Vertical Seismic Profile(VSP) have been used in this demo project,monitoring results were not elaborately summarized and explained.Multi-factor safety assessment system was developed based on the monitoring scheme used in Shenhua CO₂ saline layer storage project.The project belonged to the extraordinary safety status as obtained from the result of the safety assessment system.

Quaternary ammonium compounds[tetra-n-butyl ammonium bromide(TBAB)、tetra-n-butyl ammonium fluoride(TBAF)] were used as thermodynamic promoters to separate CO₂(9.06%)+N₂(90.94%) mixture gases via forming hydrate.The results show that CO₂ can be enriched to 37.73% in hydrate phase at 279.15 K,2.0 MPa in 0.293% TBAF aqueous solution.The CO₂ separation factor is 13.23 and recovery is 28.44%.The enrichment degree and separation efficiency of CO₂ in TBAF aqueous solution is better than that in TBAB aqueous solution.The results were compared with hydrate separation experiment results of quaternary ammonium compounds from literature and the same experimental conditions in the presence of THF.The results demonstrate that the separation efficiency in this experiment is lower than that of CO₂-N₂-TBAB system from literature.The separation factor is higher than that of CO₂-N₂-THF system in the same experimental conditions.But the CO₂ recovery is lower than that of CO₂-N₂-THF system.

Reactor is one of the main equipment of pharmaceutical chemical products and always appears in the form of stirring.This paper studied the influence of the design parameters of stirrer to the flow field of reactor,and improved the reactor structure based on the comparison result.The initial design of small pharmaceutical stirred tank was obtained using engineering design methods.The flow field in the stirred tank was analyzed using CFD method which were consistent with the report in the literature.Then,the design parameters of installation height and stirring speed of the stirrer were adjusted to obtain stimulation results.After that,the results were contrasted with the initial design.According to the design requirements such as mixing performance and input power of drive,the design was improved by optimizing the design parameters.

In this paper,we adopt the technology of patent CN 102863437 A,use Aspen Batch Process Developer modeling and simulation system,design batch process.The inherent advantages of batch processes,including their ability to produce multiple related products in the same facility,as well as their ability to handle variations in feed stocks,product specifications and market demand patterns,makes them well suited for the manufacture of low-volume,high-value products.For these reasons,batch processes are the production scheme of choice for the pharmaceutical,biotechnology,specialty chemical,consumer products and agricultural chemical industries.The production of these high value-added gyon chemicals,as opposed to bulk,commodity chemicals,today contributes a significant and growing portion of the revenue and earnings of the chemical process industries.Over the last four decades,the use of computer-based modeling and simulation tools to support process development and design has become routine in the continuous chemical industry.However,this is still not the case in the batch process industry.The main reason for this has been the unavailability of such tools for batch processes until recently.A number of these tools are available today,including BATCHES,gPROMS and Aspen Batch Process Developer.This paper describes the use of Aspen Batch Process Developer modeling and simulation system in preliminary design and optimization of production plant process of 25 tons of lurasidone hydrochloride.The production process is divided into six modules,sulfonation,ammonolysis,hydrogenation,synthesis,salify and purify.The overall design and optimization implement quality from design concept.

Swirl type steam mixer is mixed directly to pry smoothly incorporated into steam heating medium in the process of mixing equipment,the steam to avoid water hammer,impurities heating medium fast block the pipe,without considering the utilization rate of 100% steam shell loss case.This paper mainly presents the industrial production of crude oil dehydration encountered the problem of traditional dehydration of crude oil heating method by physical heat transfer method,namely the high temperature heat source of the heat transfer medium to low temperature heating medium through the heat conduction of metal,to heat the low temperature medium,the equipment comprehensive heat utilization efficiency is generally lower than 80% in this way.If we consider the medium flow rate,heat conducting material fouling,medium purity and other factors,the comprehensive heat efficiency is less than 60%; we design through an analysis of these problems and create a swirl type steam mixer,consider water hammer problems and the heated medium clogging channel problems in this process and subvert the traditional concept of heat exchanger,achieve a more ideal effect through the improvement and optimization of the equipment.At the same time,the energy saving index of different heating temperature is simulated and the application effect after the field is evaluated.It is considered that the equipment is suitable for the current production condition and can produce high economic benefits.

Transcritical CO₂ heat pump cycle becmes one of the popular heat pump technology which was used widely all over the world,for its natural refrigerant,CO₂ has many advantages like low price,non-toxicity,non-flammability,environment friendliness and so on.In this study,we summarized some typical CO₂ heat pump systems,such as one-stage system for heating water,two-stage compressor system with middle gas branch,space heating and water heater system with electrical heaer supply,and water-side reversible CO₂ heat pump for residential application,which were in use and generalize the simulation research.Otherwise,we analysised the primary parameters that influences the system efficiency,such as the outlet temperature of the wate tank,the water mass flow rate of the gas cooler,the system refrigerants and so on.It could provide some worthy guidances for the design and development of carbon dioxide heat-pump system in China.

Cold high-pressure separation technology which resulted to the increase of energy consumption of toluene disproportionation complex was now widely used in toluene disproportionation complex reaction production separation process in China.The technology advance and the problems needed to be noticed when using hot high-pressure separation technology were analyzed.An accurate method for the determination of reaction production was established,and composition of reaction production was determined.The hot high-pressure separation process and cold high-pressure separation process were simulated separately with ASPEN PLUS,and the results indicated that recycle hydrogen concentration was almost not changed compared to cold high-pressure separation technology.A new technological process of toluene disproportionation complex based on hot high-pressure separation technology was developed by thermal equilibrium.After renovation,the unit runned smoothly,and the industrial application results proved that the unit energy consumption of toluene disproportionation complex could be decreased by 5.6kg EO/t for the complex of 1450kt/a.Therefore,the hot high-pressure separation technology was feasible and the new technological process was of energy saving advantages.

The three-phase separation of tank bottom oily sludge(TBOS) is one of the problems for oil field production.Usually,the solvent extraction and the hot water washing have problems of security risk and secondary pollution.In this paper,after analyzing the basic characteristics of TBOS,the method of ultrasound-freeze/thaw treatment TBOS is put forward.Using the oil content in oil solid as the index,the single factor and orthogonal experiments were carried,the condition of combined process of ultrasound-freeze/thaw was studied,and the three-phase separation mechanism was discussed.The optimal condition was as follows:the ultrasonic frequency was 28kHz,temperature was 55℃,ultrasonic power was 350W,ultrasonic time is 60min,the freeze temperature is -5℃,the freezing time is 3 h and the thawing temperature is 60℃ after letting stand is 1h.The phase separation mechanism of ultrasound-freeze/thaw is probablely as follows:ultrasonic cavitation can make solid particles desorb from the surface of oil droplets and precipitate to the bottom; then,the ice crystals can pierce the oil-water interface during the freeze demulsification,the oil droplets coalescence and the oil and water separate.The research shows that the process of ultrasound-freeze/thaw is low security risk,without secondary pollution,and the separated water has low oil content.

Zeolite membrane pilot plant for dehydration was designed and developed,and subsequently deployed for vapor permeation tests of ethanol/water mixture through industrial zeolite NaA membranes fabricated by microwave heating technology,which was patented by our research group.In addition,a water permeation flux equation of zeolite NaA membranes was achieved,as well as the relationship between water flux and water concentration of feed solution or Reynolds number.After the simulation of distillation-zeolite membrane integrated process,the optimum coupling point between distillation and zeolite membrane technology was put forward,and also the influence of membrane price and life span on the total cost was explored,these can serve as important references for the industrial application of zeolite NaA membranes.Based on the results of pilot-plant tests,the construction of a zeolite membrane device for ethanol dehydration(30000 tons/year) was successfully completed,aiming at the project of hydrogenation of acetic acid to ethanol(Jiangsu Sopo Co.,Ltd.).The single set of zeolite membrane device is the largest one in China.To date,this device has been continuously operated for more than 1000h,exhibiting a good performance.

Improving the processing degree of residue and increasing light oil yields are considered as the effective measures for expending benefit of refineries.The anti-coking additive,which can not only restrain aggregation of resin and asphaltene but also regulate the acid sites of FCC catalyst and restrain superfluous free radical reaction,is proved to play a positive role in reducing coke yield as well as increasing light oil yields through reducing the thermal cracking and condensation reaction.An anti-coking named Z-18 was applied in an industrial RFCC unit of Niger refinery and the anti-coking performance was explored.It is indicated that Z-18 displays significant anti-coking performance.The average catalyst consumption is 989.0ppm,which is below the design specification.By using this kind of anti-coking additive,the coke yield of RFCC unit decreases by 0.2% while the light oil yield increases by 1.09% even when the feed properties deteriorate.As a result,an increasing benefit is attained by using anti-coking activator Z-18.