Heteroatom doping of carbon materials can modify their surface properties and thus improve their performance. By changing the precursors and optimizing the process,we could prepare plenty of S-doped carbons materials with different structures and excellent performance. This review presents the latest advances on the synthesis of S-doped carbon materials from various precursors. Special emphasis is put on the influence of precursors and synthesis process on the form of intrinsically doped sulfur atoms and the structure of carbon materials. The effect of sulfur doping on the performance of carbon materials for supercapacitors and electrocatalyst are also discussed. The controllable synthesis of S-doped carbons still remains a challenge although various new synthetic strategies have been applied to the brand-new field. Preparing S-doped carbon from cost-effective and carbon-rich heavy organic matters and controlling the synthetic process might be important for its large-scale application.

It has been a hot topic in the study of chemical separation process to strengthen the chemical separation technology and to realize the energy conservation and emission reduction in the separation process. The study of separation processes enhanced by microwave field is very active in recent years. In this paper,the mechanism of microwave on matters were explained,and the advantages and characteristics of microwave heating compared with conventional heating were discussed. The strengthening effects and application progress of microwave field in extraction,drying,desorption/adsorption,distillation and reactive distillation separation process were introduced systematically,and the strengthening mechanisms of microwave field in these separation processes were summarized and analyzed. The analysis showed that the application of microwave in chemical separation process had the characteristics of high heating speed,high product quality,low energy consumption and easy-control production process. Moreover,the lack of research of microwave in the field of distillation/evaporation and reactive distillation was pointed out. In addition,this paper suggested that a lot of experiments and the corresponding theoretical support were needed to verify whether the microwave was beneficial to the distillation process or reactive distillation process.Meanwhile,the development of microwave in the field of separation was analyzed and forecasted.

In catalytic reactions like catalytic cracking,hydrocracking,the catalyst fines will cause equipment abrasion and fouling in the downstream,and also can reduce the value of oil product. For Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,separating the synthesis wax from gas-liquid-solid mixture in slurry bubble column reactor is difficult and utmost important for the process. Above all,removing the catalyst particulate in slurry oil is crucial to the stability of the units and the product quality. This paper reviews the development and application status of slurry oil filtration technologies,concludes the filtration characteristics like machining performance and filtering accuracy for two types of filter cartridge,which takes MOTT and Pall as representatives. The technologies in terms of operation condition,efficiency and backwash method,etc. are compared to have an analysis on filtration process and to figure out the influences of process and parameters on filtering effect and technology choice. This may provide references when make a choice on filter cartridge and process in slurry oil filtration of petrochemistry and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

Artificial neural networks were the important part of artificial intelligence,which had a broad space in improving the chemical process of traditional production techniques diagnosis of lag,difficult to optimize and control,large property estimation error and could not deal with complex nonlinear problems. Artificial neural networks have drawn much attention because of superior robustness,fault tolerance,approximation of complex nonlinear correlations,parallel processing and adaptive learning. Artificial neural networks have been applied to chemical processes in the following areas:fault diagnosis,process control and optimization,quality control,quantitative structure-activity/property correlation analysis,property estimation,expert system and clustering analysis. This paper summarized the theory and development history of artificial neural network,and conducted meta-analysis of the literature on the principles and the development of artificial neural networks in chemical processes. Finally,the paper pointed out that the deep learning algorithm had advantages of high-performance and high speed,and then discussed that the future study of neural networks in chemical process would be the direction and hot topic in the development and application of deep learning algorithm.

The flow boiling characteristics were experimentally investigated through the aluminum-based rectangular microchannels with a hydraulic diameter of 1333μm,using Al₂O₃-R141b nanorefrigerants with a different partical of 0.2%,0.5% and 0.8%(mass fraction) and pure refrigerant as the working fluids. The effect of concentration on the two-phase frictional pressure drop were investigated by comparing the surface energy of heat transfer surface before and after experiment. Results showed that when nanorefrigerants with a different particles of 0.2%,0.5% and 0.8% were working fluids,the two-phase frictional pressure drop was lower than pure refrigerant under the same experimental conditions,and the biggist drop were 11.6%,14.8% and 19.2%. Nanoparticles adhered to the surface after experiment and increased the surface energy of heat transfer surface by 1.26 times,1.44 times and 1.91 times,respectively. It reduced the roughness and improved the surface wettability of heat transfer surface,made two-phase frictional pressure drop decrease. Based on the comparison of experimental data with predicted value of models,modified Qu-Mudawar,the new correlation had a better predict ability. The mean absolute error decreased to 9.78%.

To have a better understanding of microscopic behavior of salting-out particles in a steam turbine,a high-pressure grade nozzle was employed in a supercritical steam turbine as a research object and simulated the distribution of salting-out particles in the flow field from a steam turbine nozzle using CFD-PBM method. The average diameter,component number and the concentration distribution of salting-out particles were obtained,respectively. The simulation results show that the salting-out particle diameter varied little near the nozzle entrance,while the particle diameter gradually increased along the flow direction,and the growth rate of the particle diameter slowed down gradually near the nozzle outlet. In addition,due to the salting-out particles interaction,the component number distribution of particles with 20μm diameter decreased gradually along the flow direction,while the component number distributions of particles with 80μm and 140μm diameters were opposite. A high component distribution with 20μm diameter particle existed in the suction side,and with 140μm diameter particle existed in the pressure side. From the suction side to the pressure side,the concentration of the salting-out particles gradually increased,and it eventually formed a high concentration area near the pressure side.

The formation kinetics of cyclo-pentane(CP)-methane hydrate in NaCl solution were studied using a bubbling equipment. The effect of gas-flow rate,temperature and pressure on the hydrate formation rate and the effect of gas-flow rate on the gas conversion rate were investigated. The results showed that increasing the gas-flow rate,pressure and decreasing the temperature could enhance the hydrate formation rate. But the gas-flow rate affected the gas conversion rate. If the gas-flow rate was too high,the gas entering the reactor was discharged before completing the reaction,which yielded the low gas conversion rate. The observation of the process of CP-CH₄ hydrate found thatthe hydrate crystals first generated in the CP/water interface,then grew gradually in internal gas phase until the hydrate shell broke and the bubbles escaped.

Internal heat recovery is a simple and effective way to improve the thermal performance of basic organic Rankine cycle(ORC). Thermodynamics regularity of the cycle is changed due to the process changes of the cycle. The heat recovery process and mechanism of the internal heat regenerator was deeply analysed and R245fa was used as working fluid. A new method that can calculate the performance of the internal regenerator was proposed based on logarithmic temperature difference. The effects of superheat and subcooling temperature on the thermal performance of the IHORC were thermodynamicly analyzed. The results indicated that the evaporation and condensation load was reduced and the thermal efficiency of the cycle was improved. The cycle efficiency and the expander work output were increased almost linearly with the increase of the superheating temperature. According to the subcooling temperatures,there were two kinds of sulbcooling:subcooling and deep subcooling. Under supercooling condition,cycle efficiency gradually decreased,evaporation and condensation load gradually increased with the increase of the subcooling temperature though the heat transfer and efficiency of the regenerator gradually increased. Under deep supercooling condition,for the reason of the heat recovery the cycle efficiency and the heat transfer and efficiency of the regenerator increased with the decrease of the evaperation and condensation load. The critical point of subcooling and deep subcooling depended on the outlet steam dryness. It was deep subcooling when the dryness of less than 1. The recovered heat was restricted by the exhaust gas. The internal regenerative ORC was suitable for conditions of high temperature difference between evaporation and condensation temperature,overheating and deep subcooling.

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of super hydrophilic/hydrophobic surface on the pool boiling heat transfer. The superhydrophilic surface was prepared by H₂O₂ oxidation and the superhydrophobic surface was prepared by ammonia immersion and high molecular material modification. In the experiments a high speed camera was used to record the process of bubble growth,using water as the working fluid at atmosphere pressure. It is found that for superhydrophobic surface the bubbles were easy to generate and not easy to detach at the onset of nucleate boiling accompanied by good heat transfer performance and low surface superheat. The surface superheat was only 2.4K. With the increase of heat flux,the bubbles were easy to merge and form large ones,which block the heat transfer and make surface have low critical heat flux(CHF). However,for superhydrophilic surface the existence of micro-nano sheet structure increased the surface roughness,it not only increased heat transfer area and the number of nucleate sites,but also made surface have superhydrophilic characteristic. So the bubble departure frequency was large and the boiling heat transfer was enhanced greatly. The maximum heat transfer coefficient was nearly 1.7 times than that of plain surface and the CHF can be improved to 131.0W/cm²,which showed better heat transfer performance in pool boiling.

Epoxy glass fiber reinforced plastic(Epoxy-GFRP) tube was designed in accordance with the engineering experience currently,but it was lacking of systematic study. In order to effectively evaluate the safety of Epoxy-GFRP tube support structure and to design and check it reasonably,the numerical simulation and experimental research was carried out in this paper. At first,low temperature mechanical properties test of Epoxy-GFRP material was carried out according to the test methods of GFRP properties. Then the vessel was simulated by using nonlinear finite element method,taking the strain-strengthening transportable vacuum insulated vessel as research object and considering the different transportation environment. Epoxy-GFRP tube was checked by using the Tsai-Hill strength theory. Experimental results showed that Epoxy-GFRP material has good compressive properties in low temperature environment,but low shear resistance. The simulation results showed that Mises equivalent stress of support structure was larger than that of other conditions when low temperature liquid tanker suffers bumper-to-bumper traffic conditions in the process of actual transportation. The Mises equivalent stress of Epoxy-GFRP tube near the fixed end support in the lower vessel was larger than that of other locations under different conditions. As the strain-strengthening transportable vacuum insulated vessel's main support structure,Epoxy-GFRP tube conforms to the requirements of transportation safety that its intensity checking value is far less than one under different conditions.

There were few researches about the flow and heat transfer characteristics of fountain based on thermal comfort of micro-regional,so a new kind of fountain model named "nano-fountain" was established in a limited cylinder space to investigate the associated characteristics,which has high thermal conductivity and two phases(H₂O-air and diamond-ethylene glycol[EG]/H₂O nanofluid-air). Then the flow and heat transfer characteristics of H₂O-air and diamond-EG/H₂O nanofluid-air were studied respectively with different nanoparticle volume fractions and Re numbers. The effects of local temperature,streamlines distribution,average temperature as well as the flow and heat transfer characteristics were discussed. In addition,thermal comfort was evaluated according to the ASHRAE standard 55-1992 and standard ISO7730. The results showed that heat transfer enhancement increases with the increase of Re numbers and volume fractions in different degrees,and thermal comfort also increases. Diamond-EG/H₂O nanofluid showed larger enhancement than H₂O,and could enhance the heat transfer by 1.5% and 2.8% respectively at Re=1.0×10⁵ and Re=1.2×10⁵;In addition,it could enhance the heat transfer by 11.5% when nanoparticle volume fraction increases from v=3% to 5% at Re=1.4×10⁵. Thus it showed larger enhancement in lower volume fraction at lower Re number,and heat transfer enhancement showed more obvious in large volume fraction at larger Re number.

The dynamic behavior of droplets impacting on micropillared and micropored surfaces was investigated in this paper. The results showed that when the droplet impacted on the micropillared surface,the droplet appeared the spreading and retraction processes. With the increase of Weber number(We),the spreading diameter increased. Meanwhile,the satellite droplets appeared. However,the time to reach the maximum spreading diameter was the same. When the droplet with the same velocity(the same We) impacted on micropillared surfaces with different pitch between micro pillars,the maximum spreading diameter decreased with the increase of the pitch,and the wetting state was instability. The wetting state transited from the Cassie state to the Wenzel state during the spreading process. When the pitch was small,The smaller the adhesion work is,the more likely to occur to the Cassie state. Moreover,the dynamic behaviors of a droplet impacting on micropored hydrophobic surfaces were compared with the micropillared surfaces. The droplet was spreading and retracting on micropored surfaces. In the impacting process,the wetting state did not transit into the Wenzel state. The phenomenon was analyzed by using the established physical model.

The global optimization of heat exchanger network(HEN)is significantly difficult resulting from the non-convexity and non-linearity of the model and constraints in the problem. A performance evaluation factor of heat exchanger network was established from the perspective of uniformity principle based on the field synergy theory to simplify the synthesis process of heat exchanger network and obtain efficient optimal HEN structure. Firstly,the performance evaluation factor of heat exchanger network namely was derived from the uniformity factor in a single heat exchanger to describe the uniformity of temperature difference field. Secondly,the efficiency of the performance evaluation factor of heat exchanger network was verified by three different cases,evaluating the performance of heat exchanger networks under the corresponding conditions of given network configuration and given area of heat exchangers,respectively. Finally,the results showed that the uniformity factor of temperature difference with weights,which has an obvious relation with the total heat load,could accurately describe the performance of heat exchanger networks. Generally,the performance of heat exchanger network configurations gets better under smaller value of uniformity factor.

Non-isothermal falling film flow is common in distillation process,which has great effect on the mass and heat transfer process on the surface of packing due to its particular property. In this paper,visualization device was set up and morphologic change of non-isothermal falling film flow on structured packing surface,in which liquid phase was heated by packing,was observed and analyzed through laser induced fluorescence system. Wetting area and film thickness were compared under different condition. Wetting area decreased remarkably with the increase of packing temperature,leading to dry plate phenomenon. The increase of local film thickness in wave trough of packing and formation of rivulet and irregular droplets were captured by LIF as well. Liquid aggregation and dispersion trajectories disappeared,weakening the redistribution and surface renewal ability. As a result,the shrinkage of non-isothermal falling film on structured packing surface is significant,which calls for enough attention to pay in industrial production for the weakening of heat and mass transfer capability.

Korea is an important country of manufacturing petrochemical products. Korean process safety management (PSM) level of petrochemical industry is in advanced one all over the world. In the paper the background for legislation of PSM system in Korea is introduced and the contents concerning PSM law are presented. Grading system is an unique feature of Korean PSM,so the evaluation procedure of the workplaces subject to the PSM regulations and grading standards are emphatically introduced. The authorities conduct an inspection or take other administrative measures taking into account the grading results. Finally,the effectiveness of KOSHA PSM is confirmed by comparison of safety situation before and after implication of PSM. The petrochemical industry in China has developed quickly in the recent two decades,especially construction of the chemical industry park. Thus,the risk management has been a key issue for Chinese government and petrochemical enterprises. Understanding the growing way of KOSHA PSM has a reference value to start and develop the process safety management for Chinese petrochemical enterprises.

As global energy shortages and environmental problemsgetting worse,developing new sustainable green energy technology has become the focus attention in the world. As a new technology for sustainable development,microbial fuel cells(MFCs)constructed by algae can achieve energy saving and environmental protection. Based on the mechanism and the selection of algae species in the MFCs,this paper reviewed the state of art of MFCs constructed by algae in terms of the different roles which algae played. The capability of generating electricity and removal of water pollutant from a practical application of MFCs was illustrated in this paper. the effect of main environmental factors on the electricity output was analyzed and the current problems of algae built MFCs,such as the economic benefits,industrial and electricity production efficiency,were summarized. The prospect of future research was present to provide basics for further studying MFCs constructed by algae.

In recent years,CO₂ capture technologies are going through a rapid development stage from single process of CO₂ separation to integrated synergy processes of CO₂ separation,storage or utilization. Such a development trend also poses a higher challenge to the integration solution of solar-assisted CO₂ capture technologies. This paper overviewed three innovative solar-assisted CO₂ capture technologies(chemical looping combustion,hydrate-based CO₂ capture and thermal chemical cycle)and made an in-depth analysis in terms of integration solution,operational parameters and performance,et al. Then based on the theory of ideal separation minimum work and second-law efficiency,a performance evaluation and comparison are conducted between innovative and conventional technologies. The results showed that,for gas mixtures with CO₂ concentration from 5%~20%,absorption and thermal chemical cycle are relatively mature applications with higher second-law efficiency,and it is easy to achieve separation for hydrate-based CO₂ capture because of the lowest minimum work. The innovative solar-assisted CO₂ capture technologies can promote the production of carbon products and take an important step for the construction of global carbon cycle.

An organic Rankine cycle(ORC)was designed to recover the exhaust energy from the ship diesel engine. Considering the cooling water circulation,the effects of evaporation temperature and expansion ratio on the system performance were analyzed. The economic objective function is defined as the ratio of heat exchanger area required to the system net power output. The comprehensive evaluation function is the weighted sum of the economic objective function and exergy efficiency. The optimum condensation temperature is determined by taking different optimization objectives. The results showed that the thermal efficiency increased first with the rise of evaporation temperature and then decreased. There is the optimal evaporation temperature under a constant expansion ratio. The system has different optimal condensation temperatures with different optimization objectives. It is better to determined the optimal condensation temperature using the comprehensive evaluation function as the optimization objective. The optimal evaporation temperature of the ORC system with R245fa as working fluid is 390K and the optimum condensation temperature is 316K. Besides,the expansion ratio of the system is 6.6 and the thermal efficiency can reach 12%. It was also found that the choice of working fluids had a great effect on the system performance.

To study the desulfurization performance of methyldiethanolamine(MDEA)+monoethanolamine(MEA)and MDEA+diethylenetriamine(DETA) mixed amine solution and provide formula and basic data for industrial gas desulfurization,a small reaction kettle was used to conduct the absorption testing. The impact of absorption temperature,absorption pressure,and regeneration temperature on the performance of amine solution removing H₂S was investigated using single methyldiethanolamine(MDEA)amine solution. The experimental results showed that the optimal absorption temperature is 50℃,the optimal absorption pressure is 5MPa,and the optimal regeneration temperature is 125℃. Based on the optimized process parameters,the effect of different annexing agents to amine solution on the absorption and regeneration performance was investigated. The results showed that adding diethylenetriamine(DETA)and monoethanolamine(MEA)to the single MDEA amine solution helped improve the absorption efficiency but had a negative effect on the regeneration. The optimized formulation is 2.4mol/L MDEA+0.6mol/LMEA,2.4mol/L MDEA+0.6mol/L DETA mixed amine solutions.

The conversion of mannose and galactose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)was investigated under aqueous conditions at a wide range of temperature(100~200℃)and time(10~240min)without catalyst. The results showed that higher temperature favored the decomposition of hexoses and increased the yield of HMF. At 200℃,the maximum yields of HMF for mannose and galactose were 26.82% and 22.86%,respectively,and their levulinic acid(LA)yields were at a low level below 3%. The lower yield of HMF from galactose because isomerization to tagatose is easier than that to fructose. A reaction model that hexose firstly decomposed to HMF and Humin,followed by the degradation of HMF to LA and Humin,was used to analyze the reaction kinetics. The model predicted the experiment results well. The obtained kinetic parameters revealed the varied mechanisms of HMF and Humin formation from different types of hexose. Finally,structural characterization of the Humins based on the Van Krevelen diagram and FTIR spectra showed that the Humins were furanic polymers formed by dehydration and condensation,and their structure were closely related to monosaccharide types.

An analytical pyrolyzer coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) had been proposed to investigate the interactions among the pyrolysis of biomass components. Pyrolysis experiments of cellulose,xylan(molding compound of hemicellulose),lignin,and two-component mixing components were carried out. Results showed that the primary pyrolysis product of cellulose at 600℃ and 10s was laevoglucose. The primary pyrolysis products of xylan were furfural and acetic acid,while that of lignin were phenols. In addition,the cellulose promoted the pyrolysis of xylan to yeild more acetic acid and furfural. The xylan and lignin strongly inhibited the production of levoglucose from cellulose pyrolysis. The presence of cellulose and xylan strongly contributed to the generation of phenols from lignin pyrolysis,whille lignin inhibited the pyrolysis of xylan to produce acetic acid and furfural. Experiments also discovered that the interactions among the mixing components were affected by temperature and residence time.

Oil sands bitumen obtained from solvent extraction contained a great amount of mechanical impurities(MI),which was harmful to the post processing of bitumen. The characterization of mineral components of MI by XRD and particle size distribution of MI by laser particle analyzer were presented. Compound reagent was developed for the removal of MI and the reaction mechanism was presented. The technology consisted of three steps,namely,dilution of bitumen by diluent(P1),purification of diluted bitumen by compound reagent(P2) and recovery of diluent(P3). In P1,under the optimal reaction conditions of 70℃,10min,m(diluent)/m(bitumen)=0.3g/g,the viscosity of diluted bitumen at 70℃ was 3.2Pa·s. In P2,under the optimal reaction conditions of V(HCl,6%)/m(diluted bitumen)=0.2mL/g,m(CaCl₂)/m(diluted bitumen)=0.01g/g,70℃,mixing time 10min,settling time 20min,the mechanical impurities removal rate(MIRR)could reach 93.5%. In P3,the recovery rate of diluent was 98%,MIRR remained above 92% after diluent being recycled 5 times. The technology has the advantages of short settling time and thorough removal of MIRR in bitumen.

1.0G hyperbranched macromolecule was synthesized with R₁₂-0.5G and butanediamine as starting materials. Then a novel hyperbranched salicylaldimine nickel catalyst was synthesized by Schiff's reaction and complex reaction with salicylaldehyde,nickel chloride hexahydrate and the 1.0G hyperbranched macromolecule as raw materials. The structure of the 1.0G hyperbranched macromolecule,salicylaldimine ligand and catalyst were characterized by FTIR,¹H NMR,UV and MS. The performance of the hyperbranched nickel catalyst in ethylene ologomerization was also investigated. The effects of solvents,reaction temperature,reaction pressure and ratio of Al/Ni on catalytic performance in ethylene oligomerization were investigated. The results showed that the complex displayed high catalytic activity in selective ethylene oligomerization with toluene as solvent and MAO as the cocatalyst. The catalytic activity always increased with the increase of reaction pressure and Al/Ni ratio,but firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of reaction temperature.The highest activity of 5.03×105g/(mol Ni·h) was achieved and 89% of the product were C4 and C6 olefins. The reaction conditions were that temperature was 25℃,pressure was 0.5MPa,and the Al/Ni ratio was 1500. Under the same polymeric conditions,the catalytic activity of novel hyperbranched salicylaldimine nickel catalyst was lower than that of the "Broom molecule" nickel catalyst with a similar structure in ethylene oligomerization.

To solve the environmental problem of NO_x in diesel exhaust,a series of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 molecular sieves catalysts were prepared by liquid ion exchange(IE),incipient wet-impregnation (IWI) and solid-state ion exchange(SSIE)methods respectively. The catalytic performances for selective catalytic reduction (NH₃-SCR) were examined and the catalysts were characterized using XRD,BET,FTIR,UV-Vis DRS,H₂-TPR. The characterization results indicated that the catalysts could be used under a high space velocity,and had wider temperature range,prefect hydrothermal stability,and better high temperature SCR ability. The denitration activity of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts was affected by their preparation method. From 150℃ to 400℃,the activity order of the SCR catalysts was:Fe(5.5%)-IE >Fe(5.4%)-SSIE >Fe(5.5%)-IWI. However,above 400℃,the activity order became:Fe(5.5%)-IE >Fe(5.5%)-IWI >Fe(5.4%)-SSIE. Moreover,the catalyst prepared by IE,with Fe concentration of 5.5%,showed the best hydrothermal stability,the largest specific surface area and the best catalytic activity,with NO conversion over 90% from 175℃ to 500℃,So Fe(5.5%)-IE was the best NH₃-SCR catalysts.

Currently low viscosity PAO(poly-alpha-olefin) synthesis technology monopoly is acquired by foreign producers,and domestic researches in this area are rarely reported. Using 1-decene as raw material,we carried out polymerization experiments in a 1L autoclave and investigated the effects of process conditions of reaction pressure,reaction temperature,reaction time and initiator on the conversion rate and the distribution of the polymerization product. The pilot test was carried out with the optimized conditions in 200L low viscosity PAO pilot plant. Experimental results showed that when the reaction was taken place at pressure of 0.2MPa,temperature of 20℃,catalyst addition of 850g,initiator addition of 685mL(mass ratio of the 1-decene was 0.5%),reaction time of 2h,the conversion rate was more than 95% and the key component of trimers and tetramers content were greater than 80%,and the released reaction heat was approximately 6.3×10⁴kJ. The kinematic viscosity of the obtained product at 100℃ was 4.3mm²/s,and the viscosity index was 132,while low-temperature dynamic viscosity at -40℃ was 2318mm²/s,the pour point was -60℃.The key performance indicators of the obtained product were comparable to those of foreign products.

Fe-modified SiO₂ were successfully synthesized via a moderate one-pot hydrothermal process using tetraethoxysilane(TEOS)as silicon source,and Pluronic triblock copolymer P123 or tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide(TPAOH)as structure directing agent. Then supported catalysts of 0.3%Pd -3%Fe/SiO₂ were prepared by incipient impregnation method. The phase structures,texture properties were characterized by XRD,N₂ adsorption-desorption,CO pulse adsorption and the catalytic performance towards hydrogenation of 2-ethylanthraquinone was evaluated in a micro slurry bed reactor. The results showed that the prepared catalysts possess preferably mesoporous structure,structured channel,narrow pore size distribution and medium specific surface area. In the 2-ethylanthraquinone hydrogenation reaction,the prepared catalysts exhibited a high hydrogenation efficiency of 13.1g/L and a high selectivity of 66.1%,and all the catalysts still had an hydrogenation efficiency of 11g/L after 4h. In contrast,industrial catalyst was unable to work after 1.5h due to excessive side reactions,and its hydrogenation efficiency and selectivity were only 5.4g/L and 26.2%, respectively. The study also showed that when P123 was used as the structure directing agent,the doped Fe-could increase the selectivity of the catalyst,and when TPAOH was used as structure directing agent,the doped Fe-can significantly improve both the activity and selectivity of the catalyst.

Four catalyst supports of different pore structures,namely attapulgite(ATP),activated carbon(AC),mesoporous silica(MCM-41)and titanium dioxide(TiO₂),were used to prepare a series of Sn-Fe supported catalysts by the hydrothermal synthesis method with the Fe₂O₃ as active component,and SnO₂ as auxiliary active component. The materials before and after preparation were characterized by BET and SEM. The denitration performance of the prepared catalysts for artificial flue gas were tested in a catalyst evaluation device in a temperature range of(80-280℃)and space velocity range of(32000-48000h^-1). Meanwhile,the impact of SO₂ and H₂O on the catalyst(1/2SnFe/ATP)was investigated. The results showed that carriers might provide a large number of Brønsted acid sites,which was beneficial for the gas adsorption reaction. Among all the test catalysts,the 1/2SnFe/ATP had the best SCR denitration performance. At 200℃,the conversion of NO could reach by 96.4%. It was also found,when there was only SO₂,the NO removal efficiency decreased slowly,and would still be higher than 85% if SO₂ input was cut off. But when H₂O and SO₂ were simultaneously added,the NO removal efficiency fell sharply and would went back to above 70% if H₂O and SO₂ input was cut off.

The top-porous/bottom-tubular TiO₂ nanotube arrays(TiO₂ NTs)were prepared via a facile two-step anodization method for efficient decomposition of VOCs(volatile organic compounds)in air. The gas phase photocatalytic activity of conventional 1-step TiO₂ NTs and top-porous/bottom-tubular TiO₂ NTs were estimated by decomposing of methanol vapor. The results show that,a heterojunction structure formed in top-porous/bottom-tubular TiO₂ NTs composite plays an important role in the dynamics of photogenerated charges. The top-porous/bottom-tubular TiO₂ NTs combined structure significantly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of decomposition of VOCs,which is due to the enhanced electrons transfer and the reduce of the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. The mechanism for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of top-porous/bottom-tubular TiO₂ NTs was discussed according to our experimental results.

MoO₂/g-C₃N₄ catalysts with different MoO₂ content were prepared by direct calcination of mixtures of g-C₃N₄ and MoO₂. The structure and properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD,FTIR,SEM,N₂ adsorption-desorption. The desulfurization performance of the reaction system was investigated by using MoO₂/g-C₃N₄ as the catalyst,H₂O₂ as oxidant,and ionic liquid as extractant. The effects of calcination temperature,content of MoO₂,amount of hydrogen peroxide,dosage of catalyst,reaction temperature,amount of ionic liquid and the type of sulfur-containing compounds in oil,on the desulfurization efficiency were investigated. The result showed that under the optimal reaction conditions of V(H₂O₂)=0.2mL,m(catalyst)=0.03g,V(ILs)=1.0mL,reaction temperature 70℃ and reaction time 60min,the desulfurization efficiency of 24%-MoO₂/g-C₃N₄ catalyst was 94.8% and the catalyst could be recycled 5 times without significant loss of activity. Furthermore,the catalytic oxidation reaction mechanism of MoO₂/g-C₃N₄ in ionic liquid was studied in detail.

In recent years,fluorinated polymers have attracted much attention because of their excellent properties of high resistance to heat and oxygen,superior weatherability,good chemical inertness,low dielectric constants,and low surface energy,and broad application prospect in fields of hydrophobic materials,antifouling materials,surfactant,and contrast agent. Fluorinated copolymers of various topologies have been synthesized and applied in related fields. In this paper,firstly,the properties and current research status of fluorinated polymers are briefly introduced. Secondly,the new research progress of well-defined fluorinated copolymers synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization(RAFT),atom transfer radical polymerization(ATRP),iodine transfer radical polymerization(ITP),reverse iodine transfer polymerization(RITP),single electron transfer living radical polymerization(SET-LRP),nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization(NMP),and living anionic polymerization(LAP)are reviewed in detail respectively. In addition,the mechanism,advantage and disadvantage of polymerization,and the properties and applications of the fluorinated copolymer obtained are also summarized. Finally,the research foreground and practical application of the design and synthesis of well-defined fluorinated copolymers based on controlled/"living" polymerization are prospected. We put forward that environmentally friendly functional fluorinated polymers will be the research focuses in the future.

The research history and current situations of preparation of potassium chloride from K-feldspar with calcium chloride as additive agent is reviewed in this paper. Utilizing the K-feldspar derived from Baoxing county of Sichuan province as raw material,we evaluated and compared two processes of high temperature activation K-feldspar to fix carbon and hydrothermal alkaline decomposition K-feldspar from the perspectives of reaction principle,resource consumption,energy consumption,environmental compatibility and products. The results showed that both processes are feasible in principle,but the resource consumption,energy consumption and CO₂ emission by calcination K-feldspar for carbon fixation process is 1.59 times,2.45 times and 4.10 times of those by hydrothermal alkaline method,respectively. The calcination K-feldspar for carbon fixation process produces KCl products as well as a large amount of hydrochloric acid and solid waste,while the hydrothermal alkaline method could completely transform the K₂O,Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ in K-feldspar of the ores into valuable products and thus maximize the utilization of K-feldspar resources,and minimize the consumption of relevant mineral resources. What's more,the calcination K-feldspar for carbon fixation process has low efficiency of carbon fixation,and the fixed carbon is even less than that discharged due to the energy consumption for fix carbon. Therefore,the calcination K-feldspar for carbon fixation process is still far from the practical engineering application.

With the features of superparamagnetism,high selectivity,high adsorption and specific recognition,magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer is synthesized by molecular imprinting technique on the magnetic particle surface. Furthermore,it is a new type of polymeric material which achieves rapid separation and directional movement in external magnetic field. This paper describes three preparation methods for magnetic particles,including physical,chemical and templating methods,and molecular imprinting technique for magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer. Additionally,this paper discusses the research progress of the three polymerizations,which are suspension polymerization,emulsion polymerization and precipitation polymerization. Finally,we summarize the applications of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers in the analyses of pesticide residues,veterinary drug residues,heavy metal residues and biomedicine aspects. It is demonstrated that magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer has great prospects in biomedical science,especially in the treatment of antibacterial disease.

Cu-BTC,a metal-organic framework,is widely used as dispersion filler of mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)for gas separation. To accelerate the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes,the precursors of Cu-BTC were individually mixed with ethanol solution of ethyl cellulose (EC) at first and then reacted,achieving the rapid synthesis of Cu-BTC in EC. Cu-BTC/EC MMMs were fabricated accordingly,and characterized via SEM,XRD,and FTIR. The effect of EC concentration on the yield of Cu-BTC was studied,and it showed that EC had promoted the synthesis of Cu-BTC. Thermal,mechanical and gas permeation properties of the Cu-BTC/EC membranes were investigated. The CO₂ permeability of MMM with 26wt% Cu-BTC was 112.3 barrer,69% more than that of pure EC,while the CO₂/CH₄ and CO₂/N₂ selectivities were almost unchanged. Moreover,the Cu-BTC/EC membranes showed higher resistance to CO₂-induced swelling than pure EC membrane.

Two boron-chelating resins containing aliphatic 1,2-diols and 1,3-diols were prepared from porous chloromethyl polystyrene(CMPS)functionalized by 3-amino-1,2-propanediol(3-APD) and 2-amino-1,3-propanediol(2-APD),respectively. The newly synthesized resins were characterized by FTIR,EA,MIP and LPS. The FTIR spectra showed that the functional monomers were successfully grafted onto the polymer matrix. The effect of pH of boron solution,initial boric acid concentration,and foreign ions on the boron adsorption on the synthesized sorbents were studied in batch model. The maximum boron capacities of PS-3-APD and PS-2-APD could be obtained when the pH of boron solution was in the range of 9.15-9.20. Besides,the presence of foreign ions such as Na⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺ would deteriorate the adsorption performance due to the competitive adsorption. Kinetic studies showed that both resins adsorbed boric acid from aqueous solutions very quickly and their kinetic curves could be fitted well with pseudo second order model. Boron adsorption isotherms on both resins were better correlated with Langmuir model than with Freundlich model. The calculated maximum boron capacities of PS-3-APD and PS-2-APD by Langmuir equation were 0.730mmol/g and 0.868mmol/g,respectively. This study may offer helpful guidance in the development of novel high-performance boron adsorbents.

Researchers have found that multiple oncogenic driver multations are closely related with the progression and prognosis of NSCLC. In the era of molecular targeted treatment,rearrangements in anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)gene and echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4(EML4)gene were applied in patients with non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Crizotinib,an ALK inhibitor,is effective in treating advanced ALK-positive NSCLC,and the US Food and Drug Administration(FDA)approved it for treating ALK-positive NSCLC. Several mechanisms of acquired resistance to crizotinib have recently been reported. Second-generation ALK inhibitors were developed to overcome these resistance mechanisms and showed activity against ALK positive NSCLC. The latest development of crizotinib,ceritinib,alectinib etc. were reviewed.

Tumor is one of the severe threats to human health. The death rate of malignant can mainly reduced through early diagnosis and treatment. Therefore tumor markers are of significant clinic value in the early diagnosis. With the rapid development of nanotechnology,electrochemical sensor based on nanomatericals can make the detection of tumor markers with high sensitivity and selectivity. The protocol focused on the construction principle of electrochemical immunosensors using new nanomaterials such as carbon nanomaterials,noble metal nanoparticles,oxide nanomaterials,and quantum dot nanomaterials. It also focused on the applications of those immunosensors in the detection of alpha-fetoprotein,prostate antigen,carcinoembryonic antigen,and other tumor markers. The advantages and disadvantages of electrochemistrical sensors constructed on different nanomaterials in the detection of various tumor markers are analyzed and summarized. It is concluded that future development of the electrochemical immunosensors should be focus on miniaturization,high capacity,and commercialization of fast repoense,on-line,and real-time detection of tumor markers.

Rosin is one of the most important forestry resources in China. The main components of rosin include different resin acids. As raw material,it can take part in various reactions to synthesize functional monomers in polymer science field because of its unique chemical structures including double bond and carboxyl group. The rosin can be widely applied in painting,adhesive,aerospace,and other fields. Due to low cost,superior mechanical and thermal properties,as well as environmental friendly and renewable alternative,rosin has drawn wide public attention in polymer science field. This article reviewed the rosin-based functional monomer containing acrylate group,vinyl group,and allyl group,respectively. Its application was mainly discussed in polymer and other new material areas including polyurethane resins,epoxy resins,phenol-formaldehyde resin,organic silicone resin and unsaturated polyester. Based on the rosin-based functional monomers,a series of rosin derivatives as application of new application materials were explored,and provided new perspectives for the novel surfactants,cross-linking agents,shape memory materials and other new fields. Moreover,the prospective direction of rosin-based polymer materials was given.

This work provided a method for developing hydrate anti-agglomerant based on the analysis of active components of a plant extract with anti-agglomeration effect. The preliminary analysis on a plant-extract with anti-agglomeration performance demonstrated the active components mainly exist its ethyl acetate extraction section,which was proved to have the effect of preventing hydrate agglomeration by testing in a high pressure transparent sapphire cell. The Fourier Infrared Spectrometry(FTIR)and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS)were used to further analyze the functional group and molecular structure. Finally,a series of active materials were identified,most of which were plasticizer,emulsifier,stabilizer,and surfactant intermediate. The standard corresponding commercial materials were then purchased from commercial market and their effectiveness of preventing hydrate agglomeration was verified. Compared with the single material,the mixture of these materials performed better and could be directly used as an effective hydrate anti-agglomerant.

A synthesis process of dimer acid di(2-butoxyethyl) ester from dimer acid and ethylene glycol butyl ether was studied. The process was carried out with the catalyst of tetrabutyl titanate and employed the direct esterification method. The effect of the ratio of reactants,dosage of catalyst,dehydrating agent and reaction time was investigated. The result showed that the esterification yield was 99.6%. when the molar ratio of ethylene glycol butyl ether to dimer acid was 2.5:1,the dosage of catalyst was 1.0% on the basis of the mass of dimer acid,the amount of dehydrating agent was 17.5% on the basis of the mass of dimer acid,and the reaction time was 5h. The apparent kinetics model of esterification was developed,and the equation for reaction rate is:r=9.2×10⁵e^-49.1/RTc_A. The product was characterized by FTIR and ¹H NMR. PVC test pieces was prepared by adding the dimer acid di(2-butoxyethyl) ester and DOP into the PVC resin separately. Dimer acid di(2-butoxyethyl) ester has good oil and water resistance and thermal stability which can be used as DOP upgrade products.

Nitrous oxide(N₂O)emitted during biological nitrogen removal process is a potent greenhouse gas and can result in the destruction of the ozone layer. This paper summarizes the mechanisms and influencing factors of N₂O production during wastewater biological nitrogen removal process. Hydroxylamine oxidation and nitrifier denitrification are two main pathways to produce N₂O for nitrification,and factors such as dissolved oxygen,ammonium nitrogen and nitrite mainly affect microbial activity or enzyme activity that influences indirectly N₂O emission from nitrification process. Denitrification process is another important source for the production of N₂O,and the quantity of N₂O emission has a direct connection with nitrous oxide reductase,whose activities can be affected by factors such as dissolved oxygen,organic carbon,and nitrite. New biological nitrogen removal technologies have become potential sources of N₂O,but further research on mechanisms of N₂O production is needed. Although N₂O emission is closely related to the changes of surrounding environment,the main cause for N₂O emission is the effect of microbial actions and enzyme activities. The future research on the wastewater biological nitrogen removal process should focus on the control and reduction strategy of N₂O,and shows some suggestions.

Currently,the fast-growing consumer electronics,electric vehicles and stationary energy storage,have spurred a surge demand for lithium-ion battery(LIB),which occupies the largest share of battery market. Accordingly,both the number and weight of spent LIBs have greatly increased. In view of their large quantities,and the environmental preservation and resources regeneration,the recycling of spent LIBs is highly desirable. In this review,we summarized the disposal and recycling processes developed in both laboratory industrial scales,especially for the research of re-synthesis of new electrode materials in the recycling process. The issues of existing recycling processes lie in the difficulties in separation and purification due to the complexity of the spent materials,secondary pollution problems and insufficient economic motivation. The research in the future should be focused on developing highly efficient,green and low-cost recycling processes.

In recent years,bioelectrochemical system(BES) which based on electroactive biofilms(EAB)is proposed as one of hot topics in environmental field for pollutants degradation of wastewater and energy recovery.According to the different roles of EABs between anode and cathode,we presented the direct and indirect electron transfer mechanisms of anode EABs with an ability of electron recovery from various pollutants'. The cathode EABs had a high diversity and specificity for catalytic reductive degradation of the refractory pollutants. Meanwhile,we also analyzed the deficiencies of EABs at the present stage,including the lower power density of electrogenesis in anode and the unclear extracellular electron transfer in cathode. These analyses indicated that the EABs community structures need to be controlled for the cooperation of different functional microbes in EABs according to the difference of actual wastewater composition,and the catalytic process of EABs can be assisted to achieve the aim of efficient pollutants removal from waste water by the pretreatment of actual wastewater or improving the electrode materials.

As a scarce metal,indium plays a major role in high-tech industry,which has high values in industrial application. Indium reserve is only about a sixth of the gold reserve. Without independent field,pittance of indium is mixed with lead,zinc etc. In the process of main metal smelting,indium is enriched in all kinds of smelting slag according to the physical and chemical properties. At present,many raw materials for recovering indium are the abandoned zinc smelter slag and leaching residues. Because of the complex composition of smelting waste residues,the processes to extract indium from residues have long periods and low recovery rates. According to the different treatment methods,these processes are divided into direct acid leaching and acid leaching after pretreatment. Direct acid leaching includes conventional acid leaching,hot acid leaching and oxidizing acid leaching. The pretreatment methods can be divided into two types:acid pretreatment and alkali pretreatment. The new methods and studies of enhancing the Indium leaching are mainly based on the physical methods. The conventional acid leaching is easy to be industrialized,but the recovery rate of indium is low. The hot acid leaching polluted environment. The extraction of indium from residues can be enhanced effectively by both the oxidizing acid leaching and the pretreated leaching. New laboratory studies have focused on the effects of acid leaching and various physical enhancement of Indium leaching,and have made great progress. Therefore,it is necessary to combine various methods featured with high efficiency and environment friendly in the future.

The traditional mist cyclone separator was improved,to possess a comprehensive function of gas-liquid injection,absorption and separation. The new type of cyclone separator was used in flue gas desulfurization experiment. The gas phase included SO₂ flue gas,the liquid phase was NaOH or Na₂CO₃. By adjusting experimental parameters such as absorbent concentration,sulfur concentration,gas injection velocity,desulfurizer injection velocity and solid holdup to obtain the corresponding changes of the desulfurization efficiency. The results showed that the removal efficiency of SO₂ increases first with the increase of the absorbent concentration,then keeps almost unchanged after the absorbent concentration reaching a certain concentration. The removal efficiency of SO₂ declined with the increase of SO₂ imported concentration. With the increase of imported gas velocity,the removal efficiency of SO₂ also increases to a certain extent. With the increase of liquid jet speed,the removal efficiency of SO₂ increases first and then tends to be unchanged to a certain degree. The best removal efficiency of SO₂ can reach 85% and 73% when using NaOH and Na₂CO₃ as the absorbent. When the other parameters being unchanged and adding a certain amount of CaCO₃ solid particles,the removal efficiency of SO₂ increases 1%-2%. The liquid jet-absorption coupled gas cyclone-separation device has high desulfurization efficiency,low loss of desulfurizer. The investment and operation maintenance costs of the new type of liquid jet-absorption coupled gas cyclone-separation device were lower than flue gas desulfurization tower with the same capacity. The new type of liquid jet-absorption coupled gas cyclone-separation device has a good application prospect.

Based on the demands of the development of low-carbon economy,the CO₂ emissions in several typical processes of modern coal chemical industry were analyzed in this paper,and it was put forward that scientific comparison of CO₂ emissions in the processes of modern coal chemical industry should be studied. For coal-based chemicals,such as coal to olefin,coal to ethylene glycol,etc.,using CO₂ emissions per unit of heat value as the evaluation index was not suitable. Based on the different characteristics of coal-based fuel products and chemicals,combining with the control target of carbon emission intensity in our country,using CO₂ emissions per unit of output value and CO₂ emissions per unit of industrial added value as supplementary indexes for comparative study on the level of low carbon and carbon emission intensity of different processes of modern coal chemical industry were explored. The studies showed that the results were different when using different indicators to measure the CO₂ emissions of different processes of modern coal chemical industry. For coal to methanol and coal to dimethyl ether,the CO₂ emissions per ton product were lower as 3.85 t and 5.0 t,respectively,but the CO₂ emissions per unit of heat value were higher as 0.159 t/GJ and 0.160 t/GJ,respectively. Under the crude oil price system of 80$/bbl and 40$/bbl,the CO₂ emissions per unit of output value and industrial added value of coal-based synthetic natural gas and coal to methanol were both higher than other modern coal chemical products.

Removing mercury technology of activated carbon in flue gases is very mature. However, the mechanism of the mercury reaction is seldom.Experiments on mercury capture by a commercial activated carbon and a 1% NH₄Br-modified activated carbon were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor under simulated flue gas to study the reaction path among the mercury,flue gas and activated carbon. The effect of single component such as O₂,CO₂,SO₂ and NO was investigated. Then the temperature programmed desorption technique was used to identify the mercury species on the adsorption products. The results showed that the bromine impregnation on the activated carbon has a great promotion on the mercury capture. O₂ and CO₂ play a positive role in the mercury capture process,while the SO₂ plays a negative function. According to the TPD analysis results,NO promotes mercury capture significantly because of the formation Hg₂(NO₃)₂ on the activated carbon surface. The elemental mercury was oxidized to generate HgO when O₂ was injected.SO₂ competed with Hg⁰ on the surface functional groups of activated carbon and HgS was formed because of C-S was formed to react with Hg⁰.CO₂ has little effect on the adsorption mechanism of NBAC.

The mechanical activation method was employed to process bagasse. The effect of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis was studied effect when the raw material accessibility changed. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were used to determine the crystal structure and surface morphology of bagasse,to characterize the raw material accessibility,and analyze the influence of the possible mechanisms. The results showed that the effect of lignin on bagasse enzyme hydrolysis was related to bagasse accessibility. The higher raw material availability was,the smaller the effect was. When the accessibility of bagasse was relatively low,lignin affected the rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of bagasse in two ways (limiting cellulose accessibility and unproductive binding of the enzymes) simultaneously. When the availability of raw material increased to a certain level (for example,2 hours by mechanical activation of bagasse) and lignin adsorption of cellulose was virtually eliminated. The main effect of Lignin on bagasse enzymatic hydrolysis was limiting enzyme accessibility.

In order to further improve methylene blue (MB) removal efficiency,a method of discharge plasma combined with photo-catalyst was adopted in this research. A compound photo-catalyst(TiO₂-HNTs) was made by a sol-gel process,which was characterized by XRD,FTIR and GTA. Photo-catalytic ability and influencing factors were tested. The kinetics of the reaction was studied. The results showed that TiO₂-HNTs has a synergetic effect when combined with dielectric barrier discharge,and significantly increases methylene blue removal rate. The removal rate of methylene blue was 85.37% after a 60 minutes reaction. The degradation of methylene blue is in accordance with the apparent pseudo-second-order. The degradation of methylene blue is influenced by many factors,including MB concentration,TiO₂-HNTs concentrations,calcination temperature,discharge power and air flow. The degradation is optimal when MB concentration is 100mg/L,TiO₂-HNTs concentrations is 70mg/L,calcination temperature is 300℃,discharge power is 200W and air flow is 200mL/min.

Focused on separation of methanol(MEOH)and dimethyl-carbonate(DMC)azeotrope,the extractive distillation process employing ionic liquid 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate([omim] [BF₄]) as solvent was designed and simulated based on Aspen Plus. To verify the reliability of simulation results,binary interaction parameters were correlated by NRTL using vapor-liquid equilibrium data. The flow rate of[omim] [BF₄],reflux ratio,feed stage and operation conditions of flash tower were optimized to obtain MeOH and DMC with purity above 99.5%,respectively. Compared to the dimethyl oxalate(DMO)process,[omim] [BF₄] process presents lower requirements for towers,lower solvent and energy consumption. Economy analysis indicates that the column cost and packing cost of[omim] [BF₄] only account for 78% and 37% of DMO process respectively,while the energy consumption increase 4% and solvent cost is 6.5 times higher than DMO process. As a result,the total annual cost of[omim] [BF₄] is comparable with DMO process. Hence,the[omim] [BF₄] process shows application potential in MeOH and DMC separation.

It is an important way to increase the efficiency of a thermal power plant by recovering the waste exhaust gas heat at boiler cold-end with a stepwise integration with the heat regenerative system of steam turbines. In this paper,an in-service 600MW lignite-fired supercritical power unit was used as a reference unit to calculate and compare the thermal economy and techno-economic performances of three kinds of typical heat recovery processes at boiler cold-ends:low-temperature economizer,segmented air heating and bypass flue. The results showed that,with the recovery of boiler exhaust heat from 148℃ to 90℃,the three above-mentioned processes can make the net standard coal consumption rate reduced by 4.43g/(kW·h),5.84g/(kW·h) and 6.48g/(kW·h),respectively. Meanwhile,25.62 million CNY,23.48 million CNY and 22.61 million CNY are needed as the initial costs of the three heat recovery projects. If the 600MW unit runs 5500 hours per year with the rated load,the three processes can annually increase the earning of the unit by 9.94 million CNY,13.50 million CNY and 15.14 million CNY from coal savings,meaning that their dynamic payback periods are 3.12 years,2.00 years and 1.71 years,respectively. Those results indicate that the efficiency of a lignite-fired power unit can be significantly increased via an exhaust heat recovery process. Among the three processes,the bypass flue process shows the best thermal economy and techno-economic performance,therefore,it is recommended for preferential applications.

The background,research status,research tasks and goals of the National Key Research and Development Project "Basic research on low rank coal direct conversion to high quality liquid fuels and chemicals" were introduced in this paper. The researches were expected to make a great progress in further understanding the mineral characteristics and weak bonding structure of low rank coal and mechanism of free radical reactions;clarifying the direct conversion process approach,product controlling mechanism and directional catalytic conversion principles;constructing new coal pyrolysis reactor for high quality and high yield of oil and gas,new coal hydrogenation liquefaction technology for rich aromatics production,and new technology of coal liquid product to high performance jet fuel and chemicals,etc.,thus to improve the technology system for low rank coal directly into high quality liquid fuels and chemicals.

In this paper,the research background,general idea,main contents,technology roadmap and expected outcomes of a National Key Research and Development Project "Key technologies study and application demonstration of near-zero-liquid-discharge and resource recovery of coal chemical industry wastewater" are briefly introduced. Hopefully,through this project,the common key technologies with "4-high"(high pollutant removal,high water recycling,high resource recovery and high technical stability)and "2-low"(low treatment cost,low investment cost)features will be established,the whole chain technology innovation system related to treatment,reclamation and resource recovery of coal chemical industry wastewater will be constructed,and the technology framework for the optimal combination of long-process-flow and short-process-flow treatment will be formed.

The production of basic chemical materials including calcium carbide and acetylene is an important approach to realizing the value-added conversion of low-rank coal. However,current production technologies usually suffer from many problems including severe pollution,large energy consumption and high cost. This project is intended to reveal the basic science in the processes of mass transfer and chemical conversion under the extreme conditions in an electric field-coupling reaction system,and give deep understanding of the principles of process control,scaling-up and energy recovery. Then,many key technologies in the production are expected to be greatly improved,including the technology of industrializing the rotating arc plasma torch,the power supply with large current for hydrogen plasma and the arc starting at low voltage,the design of long-life electrode and the ablative compensation technology,the low-cost molding of powdery raw materials and the high-temperature transportation of materials. Based on these achievements,a highly efficient,energy-saving and low-cost process for the production of calcium carbide and acetylene from low-rank coal will be developed,and a 5000t/a demonstration plant of producing acetylene from coal by plasma pyrolysis and a 800000t/a industrial plant of the regenerative production of calcium carbide will be established.