The rapid increase of oily wastewater production from both industry process and daily life has highlighted the worldwide challenge to separate oil water mixtures,especially oil/water emulsions. With respect to high separation efficiency and simple operation process,membrane separation has been acknowledged as an advanced technology for treating oily wastewater. This paper introduces recent progress in developing advanced membranes with high flux,high selectivity and anti-fouling properties for effectively treating oily wastewater,including traditional polymer-dominated and ceramic-based filtration membranes,as well as recently developed nanomaterial-based functional filtration membranes. The separation efficiency and anti-fouling properties of different type membranes are described and compared in details. Finally,the remaining challenges and future directions for developing high performance oil-water separation membrane are proposed.

With the energy shortage getting more and more serious and solar energy as one of the important sustainable energy,the utilization and performance of photovoltaic(PV)cells is becoming a promising solution for economics and energy security. While,the conversion efficiency of PV module lies in reducing the cell's operating temperature and temperature gradient. In this paper the summary and sorting were made of recent research progress for PV cooling technologies,mainly including traditional plat PV cooling technologies as air cooling and water cooling and advanced cooling technologies as evaporative cooling,thermoelectric cooling,radiation cooling and phase change materials cooling. The heat transfer resistance between PV panel and environment was introduced to characterize the heat transfer amount. The thermal resistance or temperature difference between PV panel and environment of all the above cooling technologies was calculated in order to emphatically analyze cooling performance from thermal resistance perspective. Moreover,the advantages and disadvantages of different cooling methods were also evaluated from points of thermal resistance or temperature difference,efficiency improvement and operating temperature in order to provide reference for the further research.

Food testing as an important guarantee of food safety has attracted much attention in recent years. Especially,with simple,sensitive and accurate means and methods of food testing,it has been one of hot research topics. In this paper,basic content and testing method of food analysis were described. Furthermore,on the basis of introducing construction principle of two kinds of colorimetric sensor based on nanomaterials with enzyme activity and nanoparticles,the applications of those nanomaterials colorimetric sensors in food additives as well as biotoxin,chemical toxin and other contaminants detection were summarized,especially for metal ions,agricultural/veterinary drug residues and illegal additives and other chemical toxins. Finally,the development trends for colorimetric sensor in the future were prospected. Nano colorimetric sensors could visually detect various types of substances in food by the color changing of solution,which had high sensitivity,rapid response and amenable miniaturization advantages. In the future,these sensors should be strengthened in conjunction with such biocomposites and improved the stability,while achieved rapid and precision detection technology.

Lithium isotopes(lithium-6 and lithium-7),as important raw materials required in the development of nuclear energy,play a great role in energy,environment,defense-national security,and other fields. The chemical exchange methods for lithium isotopes separation include amalgam exchange process,solvent extraction,chromatography and membrane method. The separation mechanisms,advantage and disadvantage of various lithium isotopes separation methods,have been systematically analyzed,classified and summarized in this paper. The results indicated that lithium isotope separation is related to the bond effect of complexing agent and lithium ionic in the chemical exchange separation system;and lithium amalgam exchange process will be replaced by other non-mercury separation systems due to environmental concerns. In addition,the lithium isotopes separation methods of using solvent extraction,ion exchange chromatographic and membrane are very promising,which all are relatively effective separation. Based on the summarization of the current research progresses,the future researches on the separation of lithium isotopes are highlighted,such as the design and synthetics of new chelating agent,the combination of different separation process and the separation mechanism in different experiment condition.

Tung oil with conjugated fatty acids and diisooctyl maleate were employed as raw materials to study the synthetic process of C₂₂-tricarboxylic diisooctyl-monomethyl ester and conversion rate calculation of D-A reaction of methyl eleostearate and diisooctyl maleate. Three test methods were used including analysis of yield,gel chromatography,and ultraviolet. The test results showed that all three methods can be used to evaluate the progress of D-A reaction. However,the yield measurement was least accurate. The gel chromatography was the most precise to calculate conversion rate. The UV method could calculate the 270nm absorption reaction progress but the calculation results was too high. The UV method was able to use the band absorption characteristics to judge the reaction type effectively. Combining the analytical results from the gel chromatography and UV concluded that the optimum technological conditions were:the molar ratio of tung oil methyl ester to diisooctyl maleate is 1:1,the reaction temperature is 220℃,reaction time is 5h,and the conversion of tung oil methyl ester can be up to 97.4%.

Air storage chamber is the main gas storage device in the AA-CAES,and its properties have important impact on the variation of the air temperature and pressure. To describe the thermal variation of air during the operation process and accurately explore the influence of the thermodynamic properties on the system performance,a model of diabatic storage chamber with constant wall temperature was established in this paper. The results show that the designed chamber had the energy storage efficiency of 0.58 and has the energy storage density of 1.59kW·h/m³. The overall performance of the air storage chamber in the operation process is exothermic. Highest energy storage efficiency was obtained with the adiabatic model,and the energy storage density reached maximal under the constant temperature model. However the system performance parameters were lower in the actual operation,so the thermal properties of the air storage chamber need to be optimized. The energy storage efficiency can be improved by increasing the amount of energy storage and power released. It was found that the change of storage power had greater effect on storage efficiency.

After the components of high-temperature Fisher-Tropsch C₈-cut was determined by chromatography-mass spectrum,the azeotropic distillation was carried out to remove the oxygenates from high-temperature Fisher-Tropsch C₈-cut. PRO-Ⅱ was applied to simulate the distillation process by NRTL thermodynamic method. The separation process of the azeotropic distillation with ethanol/water solution as solvent was established. The effect of water content, theoretical stage number and feed stage number on the separation effect was investigated so as to get the best operational parameter for azeotropic distillation tower. Then,a bench-scale distillation column was used to verify the simulation for value by high-temperature Fisher-Tropsch C₈-cut. The result showed that the oxygenates at the top was not detected and the mass fraction of the 1-octene at the bottom is less than 0.1%. The best operational parameters were as follows:water content in solvent was about 14% with the theoretical stage number of 30,the feed stage number of 17 and the solvent ratio of 1.2:1. The experimental data matched well with those of the simulation.

Constrained by technical problems such as ice barrier,the production method of ice slurry is currently difficult to guarantee the large scale steady production. In order to improve the current method and apparatus,a new dynamic ice slurry making apparatus named spiral scraping ice slurry generation was developed. It combines the supercooled ice-making method and scraping ice-making method. Taking glycol solution as the ice-making solution,the performance of the new apparatus was analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The results showed that the new apparatus runs steadily and can be easily operated. The ice slurry as product has good flowability,with the maximum ice packing factor of 13.684%. The ice crystal particles in ice slurry distributes uniformly,and generally present as strip or oblate,with an average area of between 10^-9m² and 10^-8m². The IPF of the ice slurry would increase over time firstly and then decrease,and finally it would keep stable at a constant value. Decreasing the flow of ice-making solution or reducing the initial inlet temperature of the coolant would shorten the initiation time of apparatus producing ice slurry and increase the IPF of ice slurry. While increasing the flow of ice-making solution or accelerating the rotary speed of spiral slicker would make the ice crystal particles in ice slurry smaller.

Gas-liquid flow technology was applied to enhance air-gap membrane distillation in seawater desalination. Modified hydrophobic tubular ceramic membrane was adopted in the process and sodium chloride aqueous solution was used as the model seawater in the present experimental study. Effects of solution temperature,solution concentration and gas flow rate on permeate fluxes were examined. Results showed that flux improvement efficiencies for deionized water and sodium chloride solution are 30.36% and 28.57%,respectively,after the formation of two-phase flow by gas piping in the membrane pipe. As the solution temperature is raised,the flux increases significantly and is 12%-44% higher than that without gas piping. As the solution concentration is increased,the flux decreases gradually. With the increase in the gas flow rate,the flux increases before 40 L/h,and then decreases slightly. When volume gas holdup is 0.5,the enhanced effect of two-phase flow is the best under the experimental conditions. Two-phase flow patterns were observed with a high-speed camera,which explained the experimental results well. This fundamental research would establish the foundation for further exploring enhancing methods of membrane distillation in seawater desalination.

Uniform and stable Al₂O₃/R141b for 0.05% to 0.4% was prepared by ultrasonic vibration in order to comprehensively investigate the influence of nanoparticles concentrations on heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluid. Single-factor test and orthogonal test experiment were investigated in micro heat exchanger by direct metal laser sintering(DMLS) under the conditions of different heat flux from 24-42kW/m²,mass flow rate from 183.13kg/(m²·s) to 457.83kg/(m²·s),system pressure 176kPa and inlet temperature 40℃,respectively. Meanwhile,comprehensive evaluation of nanoparticles concentration on influence of heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluid flow boiling by homogeneity of variance test and multi-index comprehensive evaluation method. Results showed that nanoparticles concentrations has significant impact on heat transfer of Al₂O₃/R141b. The performance is nonlinear with the increase of nanoparticles concentration,heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of particle concentration between 0.05% and 0.1%,and the heat transfer coefficients decrease with increased concentration while the concentration is greater than 0.1%. Considering the influence of nanoparticles concentration on heat transfer and pressure drop,and the impact of nanoparticles on heat transfer and pressure drop weight were 0.285,0.715 using entropy value method. Based on the multi-index comprehensive evaluation method for nano fluid particle concentration was 0.2%,in which the heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids is the best,and pressure drop is the minimum.

Currently,the ways to handle industrial waste salt is single. The treatment has not achieved good results. To solve these problems,a fluidized-bed was used to treat industrial waste salt. A self-made fluidized-bed was used to fluidize industrial waste salt. Gas-solid fluidized bed pressure fluctuation signal was detected. The relations between fluidization number and fluidized bed pressure fluctuations were studied. The effects of temperature on the critical fluidized velocity were described and correlations of critical fluidized velocity and temperature were proposed. Bubbles generated in the process of fluidization were studied,and morphology and size were discussed. A method to study material fluidization effect was introduced. Using improfile function,particles mixing from three-dimensional space was transformed into a function. The degree of back-mixing was described by strength and time. The industrial waste salt bed collapsing process was also described. In conclusion,fluidized-bed can handle industrial waste salt by comparing organics on the surface of waste salt via SEM.

In this study,bipolar three-dimensional electrocatalytic reactor was applied to benzothiazole degradation and its structural parameters were investigated in order to improve the pollutant removal efficiency and reduce the energy consumption of electrochemistry reactor.Firstly,the electrode form was improved by comparing the degree of mineralization,mineralization current efficiency and energy consumption in the reaction system.Then response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was successfully applied to analyze the effect of the structural parameters and their interaction on benzothiazole degradation.The effects of three variables,impressed voltage,electrode distance and particle electrodes filling ratio upon the total organic carbon removal were evaluated and the prediction model of multivariate quadratic regression equation was acquired.The results showed that electrode distance played the most important role in total organic carbon removal,followed by impressed voltage and particle electrodes filling ratio,among which the interaction of electrode distance and the impresses voltage was remarkable.Optimized condition was obtained at 9.9V,4.2cm and 60% particle electrodes for the reactor.Under the optimal condition,98.18% of total organic carbon removal was achieved and the experimental value was in an accordance with the predicted value with 1.71% deviation.

Wet compression used in R32 refrigeration system can reduce compressor discharge temperature effectively,but its impacts on system performance need more studies. Based on the theoretical analysis of cycle thermodynamic calculation,this paper studies the variation trends of R32 refrigeration system parameters under different operating conditions for seeking the optimal of suction refrigerant. Utilizing the frequency conversion rolling rotor compression refrigeration cycle test bench,a series of experiments were done by changing the electronic expansion valve and compressor's frequency. Theoretical analysis shows that,when compressor sucks vapor-liquid mixed refrigerant,the system shows better performance than that with superheat suction refrigerant;when the suction refrigerant transforms from superheating vapor to two-phase flow with little liquid,the discharge temperature rapidly reduces,cooling capacity and COP increase firstly and then decrease. When compressor suction refrigerant quality ranges from 0.90 to 0.93,the theoretical maximum COP exists. Experimental results showed that,when the suction refrigerant quality ranged from 0.96 to 1.0,cooling capacity was improved by 5%-10% over conventional refrigeration applications that the control superheat degree was at 5℃. Meanwhile,the discharge temperature decreased by 8%-16%,COP increased about 5%-8%,and system pressure ratio was decreased,and system performance reached the optimum state.

Mixing flammable and explosive powder at a low packing ratio has great significance for safety mixing. Research on mixing characteristics of rotary drum at a low packing ratio has not been reported yet. A gas-solid three-phase flow model was built to simulate the mixing progress of two kinds of powder in rotary drum at low packing ratio. Syamlal-O'Brien formula was used to compute the force between the particle and the air and Syamlal-O'Brien-Symmetric formula for the force between particles. The weighted components proportion variance was used to evaluate the uniformity of the mixture. Calculation results showed that the rotary drum at a low packing ratio exhibits high efficiency mixing characteristics and excellent mixing uniformity. Changing powder packing ratio,rotating speeds,numbers and length of the fins,several preliminary simulation were investigated and calculation results was analyzed. Finally,experiment of a 1000mm-diameter rotary drum at a low packing ratio was carried out. The distributions of the particle when they flowed past the fins were recorded and the samples were analyzed by chemical. The accuracy of the calculation results was verified by the experiment data,proving the accuracy of the gas-solid three-phase flow model. Rotary drum at a low packing ratio is safe for flammable and explosive powder and has a good prospect in industrial production.

Recent years,with the continuous decline of consumption diesel to gasoline ratio and increasingly stringent of environmental regulations,it is a great challenge to the refineries how to produce high-value products from low-value light cycle oil(LCO). LCO has the characteristics of high density,high content of aromatic hydrocarbon and low content of hexadecane. It's difficult to produce clean diesel through conventional hydrogenation technology from LCO. This paper described the mechanism and technical characteristics of producing more gasoline of high octane content through hydrogenation from LCO,systematically discussed the research progress of relevant technologies employed by well-known petroleum companies worldwide,such as LCO unicracking technology developed by UOP,MAK-LCO technology jointly developed by Mobil-Akzo-Kellogg,FD2G technology developed by FRIPP,RLG,and LTAG technology developed by RIPP. Using optimal combination of catalyst and novel process,heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be directly converted into high octane gasoline blending component of a single ring aromatic hydrocarbon. The results indicate that the technology of producing more gasoline of high octane content from LCO is flexible,and it can produce 35%-65% high octane content gasoline according to requirements of market,reduce the ratio of diesel to gasoline and increases additional value of LCO products. This technology has an extremely broad prospect of commercial applications.

In this paper,Aspen Plus was used to simulate Fushun type retort for oil shale processing using a user-defined model with gasification kinetics of Fortran subroutines to replace Gibbs reactor.The accuracy of results was verified by comparing document of the experimental data and simulation of the data,which indicated that the results were in good agreement.Meanwhile,the effects of the air volume as well as saturation of feeding air on the gas component,the calorific value of the gas,the gasification efficiency and the thermal efficiency were systematically studied.The results showed that the increase of gasification temperature could decrease H₂ and CH₄ fractions and promote the generation of CO. Furthermore, the high temperature gasification would lead to a decrease of heating value. The increase of the air volume could raise the gasification efficiency and the thermal efficiency(η_w)as well as the thermal efficiency(η_d). Because the excess air may cause oil firing,it was suggested that the air volume was best in the range of 7.38×10⁴-8.61×10⁴m³/h. The gasification temperature declined linearly when the saturation of feeding air increased. When the saturation of feeding air maintained 90℃,the thermal efficiency(η_w)reached the maximum value of 37.08%.But considering the reasonable operation in the actual process,the saturation of air of 80℃ was recommended.

The visualization experiments of natural gas hydrate formation on suspended gas bubble surfaces were carried out under the condition of initial temperature of 275.2K. The influence of impurities on the nucleation time,growth time and growth shape of natural gas hydrate were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the distilled water and tap water had little effect on hydrate nucleation time and growth time,but the hydrate film formed on the surfaces of the gas bubble in the distilled water was relatively smooth,dense and tends to crack,but the crack would be quickly filled with new hydrate crystals. There were many holes cannot form hydrate on the hydrate film of gas bubbles because of the tap water contains many impurities. Aqueous solution with SDS significantly reduced the nucleation time and growth time of the hydrate formation on the suspended gas bubble surfaces,improved the rate of hydrate formation and had a great influence on the hydrate growth morphology. The natural gas hydrate crystals formed on the suspended gas bubble surfaces in the aqueous solution with SDS were darker and the texture was more smooth and dense under the same driving force conditions.

Replacing the N₂ in carrier gas with CO₂ would lower N₂ level in the product gas which is good for CO₂ capture. However,the lower O₂ diffusivity in CO₂ would affect char reactivity,thus gasifier operation performance. To clarify the effect of carrier gas on gasification performance of a two-stage entrained-flow coal gasifier,a modified char reaction model is proposed by combining the shrinking core model with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic rate expression which considers the inhibitive effect of CO on char gasification reaction. The predictions of the flow,temperature,species distributions are provided and the results consiste with the operating data. In addition,at two coal feed rates of the 2nd stage(3817kg/h,11104kg/h),the effect of carrier gas(N₂,CO₂) on the gasifier operating performance is evaluated by comparing with the distributions of carbon conversion efficiency (CCE),gas temperature and species mole fractions in the gasifier. The results indicate that in the injection region of the 1st stage,the substitution of CO₂ for N₂ results in decreases in the gas temperature and CCE due to the lower O₂ diffusivity in CO₂. And the enhanced char-CO₂ reaction caused by the increased CO₂ has only a minor effect on CCE. Above the injection region of the 1st stage,the O₂ diffusion effect is weaken due to lower O₂ concentration,and the enhanced char-CO₂ reaction increases CCE. Meanwhile,the results also confirmed that replacing the N₂ in carrier gas with CO₂ results in an increase in CO formation and a decrease in H₂ formation.

In order to study the effect of process conditions on the loop system of methanation equipment,the kinetics model of multi-stage adiabatic methanation reactor loop system was established using the Aspen Plus,in which the kinetics equations were embedded using Fortran. The simulation results had been verified with actual operating data. The results showed that the recycle ratio significantly affected the exit temperature,hotspot locations,and the exit CO₂ and CH₄ contents in all reactors,but it had little impact on CH₄ purity in the final product gas. Hotspot location moved backward as feed flowrate increased,while exit temperature,exit gas components and CH₄ purity were hardly affected by the feed flowrate. As feed temperature increased,both exit temperature and exit CO₂ content increased,while exit CH₄ content decreased and CH₄ purity decreased slightly. The H/C ratio significantly influenced the exit gas composition and CH₄ purity. It also affected the exit temperature of the 4th reactor,but not for 1st,2nd and 3rd reactors. The CH₄ content in the final product gas increased first,then decreased as the H/C ratio increased from 2.8 to 3.2. The H/C ratio of 3 was concluded as the optimum value for methanation system.

Furfural and its derivatives are widely used as raw materials in industries of resins,pharmaceuticals,pesticides,petrochemicals,and renewable energy. The development of furfural synthesis appears especially important currently as the utilization of renewable resources has attracted great attention worldwide. Acid catalysts play critical roles in improving the yield of furfural. In this review we summarized the advances in conversion of biomass to furfural by using different types of catalysts(mineral acids,organic acids,Lewis acids,solid acids),and discussed their problems as well. Then,we gave a prospective on potential approaches for the furfural production in efficient,economic and green ways. Integrating furfural production with biorefinery industries,integrating new manufacturing processes with new catalyst system and strengthening industry-study-research cooperation are suggested as the future development ways for furfural enterprises.

SSZ-13 and SAPO-34 are excellent zeolites for the catalyzation of MTO(methanol to olefins,MTO). From the respects of acidity,coke deposition,hydrocarbon pool species and the MTO reaction pathway,the differences of acid strength and acid site density between SSZ-13 and SAPO-34 and their effects on catalytic performance in MTO process are discussed. The catalyzation mechanism and the deactivation mechanism of SSZ-13 and SAPO-34 are also reviewed. It is found that although SSZ-13 and SAPO-34 have the same CHA framework topology,the acidity of SSZ-13 is stronger than that of SAPO-34,which is more favorable to produce carbonium ions. Compared with the paring mechanism,the side-chain methylation mechanism is more predominant and the methylation rate for SSZ-13 is approximately 3 orders of magnitude higher than that for SAPO-34. There are also some differences in the rate and nature of coke formation,which are influenced greatly by temperature. Therefore,from the perspective of the catalysts,controlling the acid strength and acid site density reasonably,developing a new type of structure that can prevent catalyst deactivation and preparing a typical catalyst of high yield of ethylene or propylene will be the future trend of research. Regarding the reaction mechanism,for SSZ-13 and SAPO-34,the formation of active intermediate compounds, their further transformation and the evolution of active species to coke species should be further studied. In addition,direct observation of the carbonium ions of high reactivity during the reaction of MTO is a great challenge.

Exhaust emissions containing ammonia (NH₃) have very serious influence on human health and the environment. Ammonia selective catalytic oxidation (NH₃-SCO) has a good application prospect in pollution control of waste gas containing NH₃. Copper-based catalysts have been widely studied because of their excellent catalytic performance. This paper summarized and analyzed the recent progress of copper-based catalysts in NH₃-SCO. The effects of active component,support and other factors on the performance of the catalysts were discussed respectively. The mechanism of NH₃-SCO was briefly described,with the emphasis on the catalyst with copper as the main active site. Modifying the catalyst by different methods,studying the practical application of catalyst and using in situ spectroscopic techniques to further probe the mechanism will be the hotspots in the field.

In this paper,the desulfurization effect of several common flue gas desulfurization metal oxides(SO₂) and the influence factors were studied,from the aspects of dry,wet and semi-dry desulfurization factors in detail. Dry desulfurization mainly includes adsorption reaction and oxidation reaction,while wet desulfurization mainly has liquid phase catalytic oxidation,and the main components of desulfurization of semi-dry desulfurization is calcium oxide. Dry desulfurization catalyst has the disadvantages of complex regeneration operation and high preparation cost,while wet flue gas desulfurization technology has high desulfurization efficiency,and wide range applications,which makes it a major method of flue gas desulfurization. However,wet desulfurization also requires large space,and complicated technology,and has the resource wastes and other issues. In this paper,we also compare and summarize the common metal oxide desulfurization characteristics and industrial application situation,analyze the feasibility of pulp desulfurization. The prospects of pulp desulfurization research,which provide a foundation for the research of industrial waste gas purification.

A Kegin structure molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacids(PMoV-HPAs) was developed and used as the catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 2,5-diformyfuran(2,5-DFF) from fructose with oxygen as the oxidant under environmentally benign conditions. Mesoporous silica was prepared to be the carrier. The TEM mapping and other characterizations showed that the PMoV-HPAs was successfully supported on mesoporous silica. With DMSO as the solvent,the optimal reaction temperature was 120℃ and the best mass ratio of catalyst/fructose/DMSO was 1:10:100. In order to prevent the oxidation of fructose in the initial stage,the first one hour of the reaction was protected by nitrogen under atmospheric pressure,and the acidic site(H) offered by the PMoV-HPAs promoted the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF). During the next three hours,the metallic site(V) catalyzed the aerobic oxidation of 5-HMF to 2,5-DFF under atmospheric pressure of oxygen and finally a maximum yield of 48.4% for 2,5-DFF was achieved. In addition,H₄PMo₁₁VO/SiO₂ could be reusable after 5 cycles without significant loss of activity,and it can achieve the best activity after impregnated again.

[Rh(COD)Cl]₂ catalyst was prepared by using RhCl₃·3H₂O and 1,5-cyclooctadiene as raw materials and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Taking α-pinene hydrogenation as a probe reaction,we investigated the effects of COD/Rh molar ratio,reflux temperature and reflux time on the catalytic properties. The suitable conditions for preparing the catalysts were proposed through orthogonal experiment,which were COD/Rh molar ratio of 3.5:1,reflux temperature of 75℃ and reflux time of 3.5h. Then the conversion of α-pinene was above 97.3%,the enantioselective of cis-pinane was above 97.5% and the yield of cis-pinane was above 95.0%. Compared with other processes reported in the literature,the proposed process had features of mild hydrogenation conditions,high enantioselective,high catalytic efficiency and low energy consumption.

Desulfurization-hydrogenation of di-isobutyl phthalate was studied on a fixed-bed reactor,using di-isobutyl phthalate(DEHP,industrial grade)as raw material. The influences of pressure,temperature,liquid hourly space velocity and volumetric ratio of hydrogen to oil on the activity of desulfurizer and catalyst were investigated.The experimental results indicated that the optimal operating parameters were:pressure 14MPa,reaction temperature 110℃(desulfurization part),160℃ (hydrogenation part),liquid hourlyspace velocity 0.3h^-1 and volumetric ratio of hydrogen to oil 600:1,under which,the desulfurizer and catalyst exhibited excellent and stable activity during the 1000h running test,the sulfur content of DIBP was 3.5ppm and the conversion kept above 99.94%.

NiMnO₃ perovskite catalysts supported on cordierite honeycomb were synthesized by the citric acid method using Ni(NO₃)2·6H₂O and Mn(NO₃)2. The effect of the coating on the catalytic performance of VOCs in catalytic combustion was investigated. These catalysts were characterized by XRD,SEM,BET,and H₂-TPR. The results indicate that the different coating has different effects on the NiMnO₃ perovskite catalysts. The Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂ coating helps to improve carrier's specific surface area and the active ingredient's high temperature stability,and the load is more uniformly dispersed,while the grain size becomes smaller. At the same time,the synergistic effect between Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂ coating and NiMnO₃ perovskite catalysts can improve the Redox cycle rate of the reaction,and further improve the catalytic performance of the catalysts.

Cu-ZrO₂-CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts were prepared by the impregnation method using γ-Al₂O₃ as the support. The catalysts were characterized by means of XRD,N₂ adsorption-desorption,H₂-TPR,CO₂-TPD,NH₃-TPD and BET. Hydrogen production by the steam reforming of methanol over the Cu-ZrO₂-CeO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was studied in a fixed bed micro-reactor. The effects of reaction temperature,mole ratio of H₂O to methanol,WHSV on the catalytic performance and the stability of the catalysts were investigated. The experimental results showed that the methanol conversion rate reached 99%,the selectivity of hydrogen was 98%,while the selectivity of carbon monoxide was only 2.5% under the conditions of temperature 260℃,mole ratio of water to methanol of 1.2:1,and WHSV of 3.6h^-1. Characterization results showed that the addition of CeO₂ and ZrO₂ promoted the dispersion of the active component on the surface of the carrier,affected the pore structure and acidity of the catalysts,and increased their activity.

The technology of reverse electrodialysis(RED) generates electricity from salinity gradients of river and seawater. It has the advantage of clean,sustainable and high power density. Ion exchange membranes(IEMs) are the key element of the RED setup,their electrochemical and physicochemical properties determines the power generation performance of the process. This review described the requirements of membrane properties and summarized the key characteristics of ion exchange membranes that impact the power generation performance. In addition,the current preparation and modification methods for ion-exchange membranes specially used in RED,such as morphologically aligned IEMs,organic-inorganic nanocomposite IEMs,profiled IEMs and monovalent-ion-selective IEMs and their RED power generation performances were reviewed. Simultaneously,the research trends of IEMs for RED were prospected. Combining IEM preparation with other component of RED equipment and optimizing the performance with tools as hydrodynamics simulation is one of the directions of IEM research. The other potential direction is the research on anti-fouling membrane.

Microfibrillated Cellulose(MFC) is a renewable macromolecular material derived from lignocellulosic fiber,which possesses the characteristic of natural cellulose and nanomaterials. Recently,many studies have been carried out in the preparation,modification,and application of MFC. However,its application is hampered by the high cost,dry methods and re-dispersability,especially in large scale production of MFC. To better understand the properties and progress of microfibrillated cellulose preparation,the characteristic and definition of MFC were firstly investigated,and the different mechanical preparation methods of MFC were discussed,including high pressure homogenization treatment,microfluidization treatment,ultrafine grinding treatment,cryocrushing treatment and high intensity ultrasonication treatment. Subsequently,the problems of mechanical preparation of MFC were analyzed. The pretreatment methods for MFC preparation were also presented,including cellulase pretreatment,alkaline-acid pretreatment,carboxymethylation pretreatment,TEMPO oxidation pretreatment,and periodate oxidation pretreatment. Finally,the problems existing in the preparation and dry process of MFC in large scale were summarized.

Magnetorheological fluid is a type of smart material which exhibits fast(less than milliseconds),continuous,reversible changes in their rheological properties with low power requirement. These outstanding properties make them very promising for applications in machinery,automobile,precision machining,and active control engineering etc. Based on the latest research achievements,this paper reviewed the characteristic and application of magnetorheological fluid and discussed the problems that need to be resolved. The conceptual definition of magnetorheological fluid was conducted from the aspect of complex fluid,smart fluid,and structured fluid,respectively. Special emphasis is paid to the understanding of their magnetization,rheology,stability,redispersibility,and tribology performance of MRF. Finally,the future developments of magnetorheological fluid are also presented from the view of physical state and structural rheology.

Graphite,an important non-metallic mineral resource, has the features of high temperature resistant,high corrosion resistant,high plasticity and special conductive. It has been widely used in chemical,metallurgical,nuclear power,aerospace and defense industries. With the growing applications of graphite,the requirements for high purity of graphite are also increasing. Meanwhile,more and more attention also has been paid to the aphanitic graphite purification. Various methods for graphite purification are described in detail,including flotation, alkali-acid processing method,hydrofluoric acid washing,chloridizing roasting and high temperature purification. The basic principles,research progresses,practical applications,and the advantages and disadvantages of various method are explained systematically. Some key points in aphanitic graphite purification, such as efficiency,energy saving,consumption,and green environmental protection,are put forward. The development directions of aphanitic graphite purification,including the selection of environmental friendly,high-efficient,energy-saving equipment and the application of wet-fire joint technology,are also pointed out.

Phase change materials have high latent heat and high heat storage density. Due to the very slight temperature change when phase change occurs,they can improve the system operation efficiency. Based on their applications in water heater,the selection principles of phase change materials were summarized,and the characteristics of organic and inorganic phase change materials were reviewed. The methods to improve heat transfer of organic material,and to solve the phase separation and supercooling of the inorganic material were also introduced. Analysis was emphasized on their application in solar water heater and heat pump water heater. Finally,the arrangement problem using phase change materials in water heater was pointed out. The optimization of phase change materials properties,the way of applying phase change material into water heater,and the effective combination of solar water heater and heat pump water heater should be further studied in the future.

The electrolyte for vanadium redox battery was prepared using chemical reduction method with vanadium pentoxide as raw materials. The conversion rate,reducing rate and electrochemical properties of electrolyte prepared by oxalic acid,ascorbic acid,tartaric acid,citric acid,hydrogen peroxide,formic acid,and acetic acid were compared. It was found that oxalic acid had higher conversion rate,higher reducing rate,and better electrochemical activity. The reaction kinetics analysis indicated that the reaction of oxalic acid reduction is exothermic reaction,and could proceed spontaneously at room temperature. The parameters of preparation process was optimized,under the conditions of n(H₂C₂O₄):n(V₂O₅)=1:1,reaction temperature 90℃,reaction time 100min and n(H₂SO₄):n(V₂O₅)=5:1,the conversion rate and reducing rate reached 94.8% and 93.55%,respectively. The electrochemical analysis of electrolyte showed that the electrolyte prepared by oxalic acid could inhibit the oxygen evolution reaction. It also showed that the mass transfer and charge transfer process and reaction rate were improved. Using oxalic acid as reducing agent could prepare electrolyte efficiently in lower temperature,and the prepared electrolyte has good electrochemical properties and stability.

Lithium fast ion conductor Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ with NASICON structure is prepared by solid state reactions using NH4H₂,Li₂CO₃,TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ sintered at 900℃ for 5h. The powders are then pressed into tablets and calcined to prepare separators for conducting lithium ions. The effects of pressure, sintering temperature and the thickness on the ionic conductivities are studied. The phases and features of the membrane are investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, respectively. The ionic conductivities are measured by AC impedance spectra. Optimal conditions referenced to fabricate the membrane are as follows:the pressure is 10.0MPa;the sintering temperature is 900℃ and the thickness is 0.500mm. The prepared membrane is employed to separate the cathode and the anode electrolytes apart,where lithium ions can freely pass through whereas other ions cannot. In this way we successfully assemble a rechargeable Cu-Zn battery. The working voltage of the resulting battery is 0.800-1.50V,and the charge capacity remains over 99% of its original capacity after 100 cycles,which shows a good cyclic stability.

It is of extensive interest in developing a simple,selective,sensitive and rapid approach for anions sensing,as anions play a significant role in biological systems and environment. A simple and sensitive detection method based on the deoxycholic acid modified silver nanoparticles has been developed for the determination of H₂PO₄^- in aqueous solution. The deoxycholic acid modified silver nanoparticles were synthesized by reduction method with sodium borohydride. The research indicates that those Ag NPs allowH₂PO₄^- to be visually detected with high selectivity because of the hydrogen bonding interaction between H₂PO₄^- and the ligand. Moreover,the assay method showed a linear response range of 6×10^-7-6×10^-6mol/L for H₂PO₄^- with colorimetric detection limit being 7×10^-7 mol/L,which allows the method to be applied for the colorimetric detection of H₂PO₄^-.

Surface organic magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles were prepared by one-step double precipitation method with surfactant and using magnesium chloride hexahydrate as raw material and sodium hydroxide as precipitant. Moreover,the settlement property of the magnesium hydroxide slurry were improved. The oil absorption and contact angle were selected as parameters to characterize the effect of surfactant on the modified magnesium hydroxide and its slurry's settlement property. The particle size and molecular structure were characterized by laser particle size analyzer(LPSA) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR),respectively. Experimental results indicated that the magnesium hydroxides modified by different surfactant were different. Among the surfactants,OA was the best for the modification of magnesium hydroxide,because the oil absorption and contact angle were significantly increased,and the settlement property was improved after OA modification. FTIR results indicated that OA had indeed been bonded on the surface of magnesium hydroxide.

ZIF-8 was calcined in nitrogen,and the calcined samples were characterized by XRD,FESEM,BET,and HRTEM. The adsorption and photocatalytic properties of the calcined samples were tested through the removal of methylene blue. The results showed that the structure and morphology of ZIF-8 were maintained when the calcination temperature was less than 500℃. When the temperature reached 600℃,ZIF-8 began to decompose,the Zn in the structure changed to ZnO,and the complex ZnO@C was formed. Unfortunately,the photocatalytic activity of ZnO@C was not high,because the formed ZnO was covered by C,which reduced tits contact with methylene blue molecules. With the further increase of the temperature,porous carbon of graphite structure was formed. The higher the calcination temperature,the more the particles' agglomeration and blocks of large particle size were formed by the aggregation of nano-sized particles. The increase of calcination temperature also led to the increases of specific surface area and the number of mesoporous and large pores of the calcined samples. The methylene blue removal experiments showed that the removal efficiency was significantly increased with the increase of carbonization temperature. The removal efficiency of porous carbon formed by carbonization at 1000℃ was better than that of commercial activated carbon,which is mainly because the former had the surface area and larger pore size.

Rhodanine compound cyanine dye is a kind of widely used organic dyes that have high molar absorption coefficient,wide range of spectral response,and the high quantity of fluorescent rate. However,there are few reports on the direct applications in the field of biomedical dye types. This paper discussed the latest biomedical applications of rhodanine compound of cyanine dyes. Because of single component,well defined structure,and the stable properties,rhodanine compound cyanine dye has been applied to fight malaria,antitumor,photodynamic therapy,cell imaging,etc. It showed a certain activity in malaria and antitumor activity detection,and can be used as potential photosensitizer for light photodynamic therapy,and in vitro cell imaging. The rhodanine compound of cyanine dyes have good potential applications in biomedical field. The development of the novel structure and excellent performance of cyanine dyes will extend its application in the field of biomedical.

Vitamin K₃ (VK₃),an important intermediate for the synthesis of vitamin K,medicine and feed additive,can be obtained only by the artificial synthesis. β-methylnaphthalene (β-MN) can be directly oxidized to VK₃ by green method but with many difficulties. Research on the catalytic oxidation of low-cost β-MN to VK₃ by different oxidants,such as hydrogen peroxide,oxidizing salt and oxygen,is reviewed in this paper. The review is focus on the catalytic oxidation reactions using green oxidant,hydrogen peroxide. The latest research results on gas phase oxidation,electrolytic oxidation and microwave oxidation are mentioned. Due to the simple operation and low energy consumption,liquid-phase oxidation and gas phase oxidation should be the first choice for industrial production of VK₃. Although the study on microwave oxidation is still at the early stage,the high-efficient and green microwave oxidation has drawn great attention. Finally,some suggestions for future synthesis of VK₃,such as preparation of catalyst,selection of oxidants and solvents,are suggested.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was successfully applied to study the synergistic effect of Pd/Al₂O₃ and Novozyme 435 on the dynamic kinetic resolution of 1,1,1-trifluoroisopropylamine(TFPA). The variables taken into consideration were reaction temperature,substrate concentration,the Pd/Al₂O₃ amount,and the Novozyme 435 amount. Experiments were designed and analyzed based on Box-Behnken principle. A statistical model was used to evaluate the influence of the variables on the conversion and enantiomeric excess(ee). It was found that the interaction between the Novozyme 435 and Pd/Al₂O₃ was a significant parameter that affected TFPA conversion. The optimum conditions for RSM were:reaction temperature of 50℃,TFPA concentration of 0.5mol/L,10g/L of Novozyme 435,and 5g/L of Pd/Al₂O₃. The actual experimental conversion rate under optimum conditions was similarly as the maximum predicted value of 98.56%. The product N-[(1R)-2,2,2-trifluoro-1-methylethyl]-acetamide was obtained with enantiomeric excesses of 96.69%.

With the further development of urbanization and industrialization in China,tremendous waste was generated every year. It is necessary to find a suitable way of waste disposal. This paper presented the survey of the waste globally and in China,general ways of waste disposal,especially discussed the current applications of alkyl polyglycosides(APG)for waste in waste-water treatment,food and agriculture. The feasibility of industrial application is addressed. Anaerobic digestion,as an effective WTE(waste-to-energy) approach for waste disposal,is the future's trend and direction. APG is fully biodegradable and has no harm to the environment. As a surfactant,APG can strongly enhance the solubilization and hydrolysis of organic waste and accelerate the progress of anaerobic digestion,thus can be applied to industrialization progress of anaerobic waste disposal. The technology of anaerobic digestion has been comprehensively used in the developed countries in Europe,America and Asia,but the adoption in China is relatively slow. Thus,some suggestions were proposed for the future's development of APG as a scientific and economic way to protect the environment.

The inhibition performance and adsorption mechanism of lauryl imidazoline sulfuric ester on the A3 steel surface have been studied using weight loss method,contact angle test,atomic force microscope,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The film-forming mechanism on the A3 steel surface was also discussed. The results indicated that LIMS molecules adsorption film could inhibit the corrosion of A3 steel significantly. Inhibition efficiency increased with the increase of mass concentration. The inhibition efficiency was above 90% at a mass concentration of 800mg/L at the temperature range of 298-318K. LIMS could form adsorbed film on metal surface,it was from hydrophobic film of long chain alkyl and strong effect between N,S,O and metal surface. Contact angle of film-forming steel surface increased with the mass concentration of LIMS. The contact angle was up to 103.51°. The higher the contact angle was,the higher the density of the adsorption film was.

A non-phosphorus and sulfur-free triazine derivative lubricant additive 2,4-bi(N,N-bihydroxyethylamino)-6-hydroxyl-sym-triazine(named as CDDA)was synthesized using cyanuric chloride and diethanol amine as raw materials. Another non-phosphorus and sulfur-free triazine derivative lubricant additive 2,4-bimorpholinyl-6-hydroxyl-sym-triazine(named as CMDA)was synthesized using CDDA as raw material. The structure of CDDA and CMDA were characterized by FTIR,elemental analysis and ESI-MS. The solubilities of CDDA and CMDA in water were tested and their thermal stabilities were studied by thermal analysis. The friction reducing,anti-wear and load-carrying capacities of CDDA and CMDA in water were investigated by four-ball testing. The surface morphology and the elemental composition of the tribofilms wereinvestigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),respectively. The results revealed that the synthetic products were the target compounds CDDA and CMDA. They were completely dissolved and had good soluble properties in water. The decomposition temperature of CMDA and CDDA ranged from 278.26℃ to 460.15℃,and from 110.46℃ to 457.58℃,respectively,the thermal stability of CMDA was better than that of CDDA. CDMA exhibited better tribological performances than CDDA under different experimental conditions of test loads and additive concentrations. The excellent tribological property of CMDA may be due to the nitrogen heterocyclic structure and more heterocyclic structure in its molecule,which plays an important role in extreme pressure and anti-wear of boundary lubrication.

With soybean phospholipid as raw material,first it was converted into sodium soy phospholipids and then reacted with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol 2000 tosylate (mPEG₂₀₀₀-OTs) to prepare soybean phosphatidyl methoxy polyethylene glycol 2000 ester(SP-mPEG₂₀₀₀). The experimental results were as follows:soybean phospholipid was reacted with 65mg NaH to obtain sodium soy phospholipids,m(sodium soy phospholipids):m(mPEG₂₀₀₀-OTs)=0.45:1,reaction time was 4 hours,reaction temperature was 90℃,and the conversion rate was 71.2%. The solid product is pale yellow color. Analyzed by ¹HNMR and IR,the product was proved to be SP-mPEG₂₀₀₀. This method has the characteristics of mild reaction condition and high utilization of soybean phospholipid. The critical micelle concentration of SP-mPEG₂₀₀₀ is 0.5g/L with surface tension of 42mN/m,The kinetic stability of SP-mPEG₂₀₀₀ was confirmed by emulsifying power of n-hexane and water,which indicated that kinetic stability of the product is superior to soybean phospholipid powder.

Adsorption has become a prevailing technique to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environment due to its low cost,easy operation and easy recovery. This paper reviewed the latest development of adsorption mechanism and the commonly used adsorbents for PAHs. The adsorption mechanisms including π-π interaction,acid-base theory,π-complexation and hydrophobic interaction have been well illustrated. Then we summarized the research progress on adsorbents,such as bio-materials,soil,carbon materials and mesoporous materials,etc. The influence of the material modification on the adsorption capacity was discussed from the perspective of adsorption mechanism. Furthermore,we analyzed the pros and cons and the applications of these adsorbents,which may provide a direction for the exploration of efficient adsorbents for the removal of PAHs. However,the main challenge is that the adsorbents are difficult to recycle and reuse and easy to produce secondary pollution,which is also the major obstacle for the large-scale industrial applications. Therefore,the development,modification,and recycling usage of novel and high-efficiency adsorbents,and the understanding of the underlying adsorption and regeneration mechanisms will be the main research directions for PHAs removal.

Preparation of calcium carbonate can achieve high value-added utilization of carbide slag,which is important to the sustainable development of chemical engineering of carbide. Preparation method,especially the process of leaching and carbonation were introduced. The progress in producing calcium carbonate with carbide slag as well as its surface modification and crystal controlling were reviewed. In leaching-carbonization method,ammonium chloride acting as leaching agent is recyclable,CO₂ from waste gas can be used as carbonation agent,which is considered to have great potential and prospects. In preparation of calcium carbonate,surface modification of nano-calcium carbonate can be made as well. Calcium carbonate with different crystals and amorphous can be achieved through crystal control. Utilization of carbide slag in preparation of calcium carbonate shows the trend of elevation of added value. Study in the future should focus on the improving of circulative technic and deepen the study on ultra-fining,surface modification and crystal controlling of calcium carbonate in the utilization of carbide slag.

Experimental studies on the mercury release characteristics under O₂/CO₂ atmosphere were carried out in a vertical tube furnace device. The effects of 21%O₂/79%N₂ and 21%O₂/79%CO₂ atmospheres,different O₂ and CO₂ concentrations on the Hg⁰(g) release were investigated. The experimental results show that the mercury mass balance ratio is 83.75%-114.1%,verifying the accuracy of the experimental results. (g) concentration under O₂/N₂ atmosphere is higher than that under O₂/CO₂ atmosphere at 250-400℃. Under O₂/CO₂ atmosphere,Hg⁰(g) release amount is slightly higher than that under O₂/N₂ atmosphere at 400-600℃. With the O₂ concentration increasing,the release amount of the Hg⁰(g) reduces,which indicates that O₂ can enhance Hg⁰(g) oxidation. Hg⁰(g) concentration changes little when CO₂ increases from 0 to 30%. However,Hg⁰(g) release amount increases with the rise of CO₂ from 30% to 50%. This may be because high CO₂ concentration inhibits Hg⁰(g) oxidation.

Oxygen-enriched combustion experiments of oily sludge in the horizontal tube furnace were studied. Trace element content in ash was measured by using AFS-933 atomic fluorescence meter. The migration characteristics of trace elements Hg,As,Pb and Zn was investigated at different temperature and atmosphere(including O₂/CO₂ and air atmospheres). The results showed that Hg release rate is close to 100% at the temperature above 500℃.The change of combustion temperature and atmosphere has little effect on the release of Hg. In O₂/CO₂ atmosphere,As,Pb and Zn release rate increases with combustion temperature increase,and the release rate increases from 35%,22%,15% to 65%,40%,16.5%,respectively. Pb release rate increases from 34% to 46% with the increase of oxygen concentration. As release rate decreases from 53% to 20% with the increase of oxygen concentration. Zn release rate first increases and then decreases with the increase of oxygen concentration from 14% to 19% and then to 15%. As,Pb,Zn release rate in air atmosphere is greater than that in 21%O₂/79%CO₂ atmosphere at the same temperature,and the release rate decreases from 54.5%,38%,17% to 53%,34%,14%,respectively.

Forced oxidation is a main slurry oxidation method in wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD),and there exists a series problems,such as deposition and slagging in WFGD system、inadequate oxidation and per-oxidation. Based on the nature of redox reaction in slurry oxidation process,this paper puts forward pH and oxidation reduction potential(ORP)dual control strategy to solve the above problems. The response for pH and ORP in calcium sulfite oxidation process was experimentally study of under heterogeneous conditions. the mechanism of response to the occurrence was analyzed in-depth. The results indicated that both pH and ORP showed a non-linear change characteristic in the oxidation process. pH determined by concentration of SO₃^2- ions,tends to gradually reduce from alkaline to neutral pH monitoring data reflects the actual concentration of the SO₃^2- ions. There is a revulsion in the ratio of ORP changes,and the time of the revulsion is accordance well with the platform of the oxidation rate. Calcium sulfite oxidation occurred mainly in the first two stages of potential changes,and the dissolved oxygen accumulates and saturates in the next two stages. ORP turns out subsequently steady after a short-term rise,which demonstrates calcium sulfite oxidation reaching a stable stage. The results provide an effective theoretical basis for pH and ORP oxidation dual control in WFGD.