With high activity and long-chain hydrocarbon selectivity, metal oxide promoted cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts are preferred in carbon monoxide selective hydrogenation to distillate oil with both application and research value. The effects of different metal oxide promoters on the structure, stability and Fischer-Tropsch reaction performance in metal oxide promoted cobalt-based catalyst are summarized. The promotion effects of different metal oxides on the reducibility and dispersion of cobalt-based catalysts are analyzed, and the influence factors on promotion effects are also discussed. The promotion mechanism is discussed in particular. Fundamental research on the metal oxide promotion mechanism should be strengthened, with more attention on the influence factors of promotion effects.

Boron trifluoride is an important doping ion source for semiconductor ion implantation. In order to achieve electronic level requirements, purification technologies for boron trifluoride have been paid more attention. The commonly used purification methods were compared, such as cold trap, cryogenic rectification, selective adsorption, chemical conversion and combined methods. Cold trap technology had the superiorities of simple operation and low cost, but the amount of impurities from it was high. Cryogenic rectification had better separation result, but its energy consumption was large and operating conditions were strict. Selective adsorption and chemical conversion technologies had simple conditions, however, the performance of the adsorbent was not stable and the adsorption efficiency needs to be improved. Based on the purification background of high abundance boron trifluoride, the selective adsorption and cryogenic rectification combined method was emphasized. The purity of boron trifluoride obtained was not less than 99.995%. At last, a combined technology of cold trap, adsorption and cryogenic rectification was proposed. The purified gas obtained from it could be applied to electronics industry.

Flocs formed during flocculation process have the characteristics of self-similarity and scale invariance, and are recognized as typical fractal objects. However, the conventional flocculation theories did not involve the effects of floc fractal structure. This paper, the advances in flocculation morphology and flocculation dynamics incorporating fractal theories were reviewed. The relations between floc fractal structure and floc size, strength, density and settling velocity, as well as the improvement in Smoluchowski equation and conventional floc growth model by incorporating fractal theories, were elaborated. In addition, it was pointed out that general conclusions in some respects haven’t be drawn in the case of fractal theory applications in flocculation process, and that especially the nonlinear flocculation kinetics still needs to be further developed.

This paper introduced the experimental researches on mixing time of jet mixers, overviewed the applications of CFD technologies in the evaluation of mixing efficiency and flow field structure, and summarized the correlations for mixing time proposed by different researchers. By analyzing the effect of parameters on jet mixing efficiency, it was found that mixing time increased with the increasing of tank diameter and was proportional to the height of tank. The increasing of jet velocity can effectively reduce the mixing time. The optimum diameter and shape of jet nozzles were decided by the concrete structures of jet mixers, but the optimum position of jet nozzle depended on the height-to-diameter ratio of tank. Multiple opposed jets can improve the mixing efficiency obviously. This research indicated that the research and development process of jet mixing enhancement mechanism and novel jet mixing reactor can effectively promoted by combining CFD methods with experimental methods such as pressure fluctuation signal (PFS), PIV and PLIF technology.

Absorption and desorption experiments were performed to screen the suitable resin from 6 types of macroporous absorbent resins for the purification of tobacco polyphenol from discarded tobacco leaves. Results indicate that macroporous resin D101 possesses the strongest absorption and desorption capacity. The optimal absorption and desorption condition of macroporous resin D101 is the concentration of feeding solution 2.5 mg/mL, pH value 4.0, feeding rate 2.0 mL/min, elute ethanol concentration 80%, elution rate 2.0 mL/min. The dynamic recovery of tobacco polyphenol was 70.37% under the optimal condition.

On the basis of pseudo-temperature enthalpy diagram and genetic/simulated annealing algorithms (GA/SA), an optimization method with system level reliability analysis was presented for flexible heat exchanger network (HEN). Flexible arrangements of HEN were obtained via pseudo-temperature enthalpy diagram scheme, the connections of heat exchangers and independent subsystems in the HEN were analyzed by the connection matrix, then the system level reliability was measured by the independent subsystem that included maximum quantity of heat exchangers in the HEN. As for the HEN that didn’t meet system level reliability, the heat exchanger (HEX) connected most extensively with other HEX was deleted to decouple the HEN, and the independent subsystems in the HEN were changed, therefore system level reliability was increased. Heat duty redistribution based on the relevant elements of the heat load loops and HEX areas were then calculated in genetic/simulated annealing algorithms (GA/SA). Then the favorable network configurations which matched economical measurement were located. The proposed method can promote the system level reliability to reach the design tolerance, thus can be suitable for flexible HEN synthesis that includes system level reliability. Computational examples proved the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.

By taking the succinic acid fermentation broth as the research object，the adsorption process of the pigment from succinic acid fermentation broth on activated carbon was studied by static absorption method，and the effects of pigments concentration and rotation speed on adsorption were also discussed. The results showed that the adsorption was endothermic process，and physical adsorption was the dominant，the isosteric heat of adsorption is 12.54 kJ/mol，suitable temperature is helpful to increase the adsorption efficiency. The activated carbon can be reused by using hot water. The initial absorbing rate of the activated carbon increased with the rotation speed. Film diffusion was the major rate-controlling step in the fast adsorption phases，the thickness of liquid film decreased with rotation speed，and the effective diffusion coefficient increased，which suggested the adsorption properties of activated carbon column could be improved by optimizing flow rate. And the result showed that the suitable flow ratio was beneficial to improve the utilization ratio of activated carbon.

This research focused on the application of reverse osmosis membrane to treat the condensate water containing formic acid，acetic acid，propionic acid，butyric acid，pentanoic acid，carproic acid，isobutyric acid and 2-methyl-butyric acid. The effects of water temperature，pressure and pH on retention rate of organic acids，as well as the retention mechanism were discussed. The results indicated the concentration of butyric acid，pentanoic acid and 2-methyl-butyric acid in producing water were below detection limit when the experimental conditions of water temperature at 20— 40 ℃，pressure at 0.5—1.5 MPa，pH at 4—10. The retention rate of formic acid，acetic acid，propionic acid and carproic acid decreased with the increase of water temperature and increased with the increase of pressure and pH. The water production rate increased when both water temperature and pressure increased. The mechanic screening of reverse osmosis membrane and the charge effect between organic acid and membrane should have important influences on the retention effect of organic acids.

In order to investigate single-tube heat transfer enhancement principles of heat exchange tube with helical coil inserts，the flow and heat transfer characteristics were simulated using Fluent software. The effects of spring application on flow field，pressure drop and heat transfer performance were investigated. The pitch of coil spring was set as 2 mm，4 mm，5 mm. The effects of spring pitch on the heat transfer enhancement performance were analyzed. The numerical results showed that the fluid in tube with helical coil inserts presents the helical flow，the cutting speed and the radial velocity of flow near the wall had been improved to some extent. Thus the fluid was mixed completely，boundary layer was disturbed fully and heat was exchanged thoroughly. And the temperature difference between inlet and outlet increased as well, with the maximum increase of 0.9 ℃. Under the conditions of the same Reynolds number，the Nusselt number in tube with helical coil inserts was higher than plain tube，but pressure drop and friction factor increased obviously. With the reduced spring pitch, heat transfer was enhanced and friction factor was increased.

Soft impurities are widely present in organic solutions, and could have significant effects on filtration process. Soft impurities can be deformed to any angel under differential pressure, resulting in penetrating，plugging and other problems in the filtration system. An onsite testing method based on automatic differential pressure monitoring was described in this paper. This method is suitable for both solid and soft particles. Filtration power, a newly developed factor was introduced to indirectly express the content of soft impurities. It is regarded that soft impurities are higher when filtration power is higher while solid particle levels remains normal.

Advances of ionic liquid polymer electrolytes for high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells and their application to high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells are reviewed. The existing problems of this type of electrolyte are pointed out，including imidazole type ionic liquid poison Pt base catalysts and the long-term stability of ionic liquid in composite membrane. The future development of ionic liquid polymer electrolyte used for high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells is prospected. It is recommended to develop new ionic liquid polymer electrolyte compatible with Pt based catalysts and to prevent the loss of ionic liquids in the composite membrane，so as to improve the performance and long-term stability of high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell and then to improve the life of high temperature fuel cell.

In this paper, La-Ni-Mo-B and La-Co-Mo-B amorphous catalysts were prepared by the chemical reduction method and their hydrodeoxygenation （HDO） activities were determined by using benzaldehyde and acetophenone as model compounds. The results showed that La-Ni-Mo-B and La-Co-Mo-B had amorphous structure and both conversion and deoxygenation rate reached to 100.0% on these two catalysts. The deoxygenation products such as toluene or ethylbenzene could be further hydrogenated to the corresponding cycloalkanes on La-Ni-Mo-B amorphous catalyst because of its high hydrogenation activity due to electron transfer between Ni0 and B0, leading to low aromatic content in the product, which met the demand of clean fuel.

This paper described the influences of the type and content of active metal and promoter in catalytic performances, and summarized the regulating mechanisms of active metal and promoter on the catalyst’s metal-carrier interaction, acids distribution and surface properties. To prepare a catalyst with good performance, two aspects should be considered, i.e. an excellent carrier with proper pores distribution and acids distribution, and a loaded active metal with high dispersion degree and outstanding reduction performance. We discussed the suitable hydrotreating catalyst for coal tar, mainly focusing on preventing catalyst poisoning, carbon deposit, and deactivation, as well as inactivating the hydrotreating catalysts synchronously in order to prolong the operation cycle of entire unit. The paper aims at providing some theoretical guidance for the research (design) of coal tar hydro-refining and hydrocracking catalysts so as to avoid the research and development blindness.

Catalytic cracking reaction is an important secondary processing of crude oil, involving hundreds of species and chemical reactions. It is a typical complex reaction system, and construction of these complex reaction kinetic models at the molecular level is one of the important kinetic model research fields. Development of molecular level kinetic models has important theoretical and practical significance for understanding cracking reactions and process development. Recent development in molecular level kinetic models at home and abroad is reviewed in this paper, and the characteristics of single event kinetic model, structural oriented lumping, KMT, entropy approximation factor model and structural model, and their scope of use as well as pros and cons are summarized. Developing a more detailed molecular level kinetic model to predict the yield of key components, composition and properties of products would be the main direction of future research.

The research progress of heterogeneous W-based catalysts in olefin metathesis field, is reviewed, focusing on catalysts preparation, reaction mechanism and process conditions for heterogeneous WO3 catalysts, and also heterogeneous organic tungsten catalysts. Several key factors influencing catalyst performance are summarized, such as metal valence, configuration of oxide, acidity and dispersity. The research direction of heterogeneous W-based metathesis catalysts is proposed, to give guidance and advice for the development of high-performance tungsten catalysts.

Chirally modified metal catalysts are one of most developed and promising heterogeneous enantioselective catalysts. The recent progress of the enantioselective hydrogenation of β-ketoesters on tartaric acid modified nickel catalysts, the enantioselective hydrogenation of α-ketoesters using cinchona alkaloid modified platinum, and the enantioselective hydrogenation of carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen double bonds using cinchona alkaloid modified palladium catalysts are summarized. The influential factors of the catalyst systems are briefly introduced, and the enantioselection mechanism in tartaric acid modified nickel catalysts and cinchona alkaloids modified platinum catalysts are also discussed. In addition, further research work in heterogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation should be focused on development of high efficiency catalysts and investigation of reaction mechanism.

Friedel-Crafts acylation is a very important category of organic synthesis reactions in both academic and industrial fields, and the mostly used catalysts are Lewis acids, super acids and their metal salts, ionic liquids, zeolites and supported catalysts. This paper introduces the development history, current application, and advantages or disadvantages of the aforementioned catalysts, and especially focuses on zeolites and supported catalysts. Zeolites and supported catalysts are worthy of further study, since they have better overall properties and industrial catalysis prospects from the view of green chemistry and sustainable development.

Residue hydroprocessing technology is a significant residue upgrading technology, and the development of catalysts with high performance is the core issue. In this paper, a novel activated carbon supported molybdenum-based catalyst (Mo/AC) for hydroprocessing of residue was prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method using (NH4)6Mo7O24?4H2O as precursor. The effect of preparation conditions, including MoO3 loading, calcination temperature and pH value on catalytic activity was investigated. The catalyst was characterized by means of XRD, SEM, XPS, and the characterization results indicated that Mo atoms were monolayer-dispersed on the surface of activated carbon. Under the following conditions：impregnation time 4 h, calcination temperature 440 ℃, loading amount of MoO3 8%, the prepared Mo/AC catalyst achieved high levels of residue conversion (＞79%) and distillate yield (＞75%) and low coke yield (＜1.5%) .

Pt/SO42?/ZrO2-Al2O3 (PSZA) catalyst was prepared by impregnating SO42?/ZrO2-Al2O3 with H2PtCl6. The effect of activation condition on n-hexane isomerization activity of PSZA catalyst was investigated. The catalyst was characterized by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO-MS), temperature-programmed nitrogen treatment (TPN-MS) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR-MS). The n-hexane isomerization activity of the catalyst was evaluated in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor. The experiment results showed that the conversion of n-hexane over PSZA was about 85% when it was activated in air at the temperature ranging from 200 ℃ to 500 ℃. However, the catalyst hardly possessed the isomerization activity when PSZA was activated in nitrogen at above 300 ℃. The reduction pretreatment at a high temperature above 300 ℃ led to the great decrease in catalytic activity. It was proposed that the role of activation in air at a high temperature was not only removal of water on the catalyst, but also re-oxidation of catalyst surface, which led to high catalytic activity. However, the pre-treatment in hydrogen gas at a high temperature led to the loss of sulfur species over PSZA, resulting in significant decrease in catalytic activity. The suitable activation condition was as follows：pretreatment in air at the temperature ranging from 300 ℃ to 500 ℃ and reduction in hydrogen gas at 250 ℃.

The environment-friendly frost resisting plasticizer ( bis(2-butoxyethyl) sebacate ) was synthesized by reaction of sebacic acid(SA) with 2-butoxyethanol(EB) using HZSM-5 as catalyst. The effects of Si/Al ratio, dosage of catalyst, dosage of water-entrainer, raw materials ratio and reaction time on the yield were investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were as follows：n(EB)∶n(SA)=2.5∶1, catalyst (5% of mass of SA), water-entrainer (15% of mass of SA), reaction time (3.5 h) and reaction temperature (170～200℃), the esterification rate was 91.91%. After five times of repeated use, the esterification yield still maintained above 90% over HZSM-5. The apparent kinetics model of esterification was established, and the equation of reaction rate was： .

Polylactic acid (PLA) has attracted great attention because of its biodegradability, excellent functional performance and wide application area. Two kinds of chemical synthetic methods of PLA, ring-opening polymerization of lactide (ROPL) and condensation polymerization of lactic acid (CPLA), are reviewed. High molecular weight PLA can be obtained with simple equipment by ROPL route, whereas high cost, complicated technique and long procedure are associated. Alternatively, CPLA route is favorable on the basis of abundant source of cheap raw material, high monomer conversion rate and simple synthetic technique. Meanwhile, the process of intermediate purification is not needed, which leads to low production cost. However, high molecular weight polymer cannot be obtained by this route. Currently, the important research area of PLA includes developing new synthetic technology to further reduce the manufacturing cost. It is imperative to make a breakthrough to find a simple and easy way to prepare PLA with high molecular weight.

The appearance of post-transition-metal catalysts breaks the history of preparing branched polyolefin. Not only do these catalysts synthesize hyperbranched polyethylene, but also they could control the topology and molecular weight of polyethylene. In this paper, we summarize the advance in preparing branched polyethylene by following the route of Ni and Pd-based post-transition-metal catalysts. We illustrate the methods and influencing factors of controlling the topology and structure of polyolefin. Furthermore, we introduce the present application of hyperbranched polyethylene as polymer processing aids and lubricant improvers, which provide new ideas for further studying the application of polyethylene on materials processing aids.

Graphene, an atomic thick nanosheet of covalently organized two-dimensional lattice of sp2 bonded carbon atoms, has recently received tremendous attention as a hot point in the field of new photocatalytic materials. Of particular interest is its efficient charge conductivity in electron-transfer process and large theoretical specific surface area. Thus, graphene has been seen as an ideal substituent of carbon nanotubes with photocatalysts to improve photocatalytic performance. Herein the research achievements on photocatalytic reactions based on grapheme are reviewed. Five factors impacting the photocatalytic efficiency of semiconductors are first analyzed. They are the bandgap, the position of the energy band, the recombination probability of the excited electon/hole pair, the crystallinity of the photocatalyts and the absoptive capacity of the photocatalyts. Then, the fundamental mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activity is discussed, and the advance in compositing method, coating method, and self-photocatalytic reactions of grapheme to adjust the bandgap of the photocatalyts is summarized. At the end, the evidence from both theory and experiment of regulating the bandgap is presented.

The key role of tissue engineering scaffolds is the guidance of cell reproduction, cell growth, and the promotion of the tissue repair. Recently, much interest has been generated in the area of nano-fibrous scaffold in tissue engineering. It is mainly due to the nano-effects of nano-fibrous scaffold which improved the cell adherence, proliferation, migration and differentiation for various cell types. This study summarized the progress in the application of the nano-fibrous scaffold on the research of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering includes skin and wound dressing tissue engineering, blood vessel tissue engineering, neural tissue engineering, bone tissue engineering, cartilage tissue engineering. The application of the nano-fibrous scaffold in Controlled Drug Release is also introduced. It can be seen that the current nano-technology has not matured yet. The problem of nanofiber scaffolds in tissue engineering will be solved through the optimization of preparation process, introduction of genetic engineering and evaluation of safety performance of nano-materials and so on.

A novel chitosan amphiphilic derivative with high degree of substitution, N,N-dilauryl-3,6-O-sulfopropyl chitosan (SPDLCS), was synthesized. PTX-loaded SPDLCS micelles were prepared by a dialysis method. The impact of the feed ratio of SPDLCS to PTX on drug-loading concentration and its efficiency, together with the mean diameter and Zeta potential were investigated. The morphology and stability of micelles were further studied. The results show that SPDLCS self-assembled nanomicelle with amorphous PTX inside was successfully prepared. The drug loading concentration (DLC) and drug loading efficiency(DLE) of PTX-loaded SPDLCS micelles with the average size of 141.1 nm, zeta potential of -34.1 mV and spherical shape were as high as 50.36 % and 92.2 % respectively under the optimal feed ratio of SPDLCS∶PTX = 1∶1.1. The results of stability test show that the micelles system with the DLC of 50.36 % displays good stability and the PTX concentration of 6.08 mg/mL was found in this aqueous solution, which has not been reported yet. It suggests that the product SPDLCS may be used as a carrier material with a high solubilization capacity for hydrophobic drug.

Based on the analysis of Infrared Spectroscopy curve obtained from different traits asphalts, we used the principal component analysis to make a cluster analysis on the spectrum data, and established the discrimination model for different asphalt with different traits by using the extracted principal component as the input value of the BP neural network. We took the first three principal components of the model as the input variables of the neural network, which accelerated neural network training of and improved the precision of the model. We randomly selected total 110 data samples from asphalt samples from each kind of trait to form a training set, the remaining 30 samples formed the prediction set. Then we established the training model and used the samples of prediction set to verify the model, and determined the standard deviation as ± 0.01. The result showed that only one unknown sample beyond the deviation range and the correct rate of this method was 96.7%. The satisfactory result suggested that the Infrared Spectroscopy curve had excellent effect on classification and identification, and provided a new method for the rapid identification of different traits of asphalts.

he effect of using sugarcane molasses and whey powder to prepare succinic acid by the fermentation of Actinobacillus succinogenes NJ113 was investigated. When the concentration of glucose was 40 g/L, the production of succinic acid reached to 26.04 g/L, and which was 28.27 g/L when using the same concentration of molasses as carbon source. It indicates that the production of succinic acid using sugarcane molasses was improved by 8.57%. When whey powder and extract yeast was used as nitrogen source, the optimal concentrations of whey powder and extract yeast were 8 g/L and 2 g/L respectively. With 40 g/L molasses, 8 g/L whey powder and 2 g/L yeast powder in a 3 L fermenter, the production of succinic acid was 32.54 g/L and the yield of succinic acid reached to 81.13%.

Due to its special molecular structure, Gemini surfactants possess many excellent properties over traditional surfactants, such as surface activity, critical micelle concentration, wettability, water solubility at low temperature, solubilization, rheological property, and lime soap dispersing power. Research and developmental prospects of bio-based Gemini surfactants were emphatically analyzed because of its combined characteristics of Gemini surfactants and natural products. Synthesis and applications of Gemini surfactants made from sugar, oil and rosin were introduced respectively. It is pointed out that convenient synthetic methods and effective mixed systems of Gemini and traditional surfactants will be the research focus in the near future.

The thio-diethylene glycol and 3,5 - di-tert-butyl-4 - hydroxyphenyl propionate are used to synthesize 2,2-thio-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate in solvent. The effects of technique parameters on the product yield were studied, including catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and the ratio of raw material. Results show that catalyst loading should be 3.5% of 3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionate in mass fraction, reaction temperature should be within 155～160℃, the mole ratio of raw material should be 1.77∶1(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl propionate：thio-diethylene glycol). Spectrophotometry was used to test the rate of scavenging effects of the hydroxyl free radical based on Fenton Oxidation experiment and results shows that the rate of scavenging effects of the hydroxyl free radical was higher than 99%. Antioxidant was also applied to gasoline and oxidation induction time was measured. The result showed the great effect of antioxidant 2,2-thio-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) was achieved when it was applied to gas.

Polymethyl glycolate (PMG) with high molecular weight was synthesized via melt/solid polycondensation with methyl glycolate as the starting material. By an orthogonal test, different catalysts, the amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, time and other factors were examined in the polymerization, and the optimal condition of the melt/solid polycondensation synthesis of high molecular weight ploymethyl glycolate was obtained as follows：reaction temperature 180℃，0.5% tin(Ⅱ) chloride dihydrate, 70 Pa , reaction time 100h. The intrinsic viscosity of PMG can reach 0.802 dL/g. The typical absorption peaks of PMG in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured, and the glass transition temperature, crystallization temperature and melting point were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

This paper reviewed the research situation and technology features of three-phase biological fluidized bed, including hydrodynamics, gas-liquid mass transfer process, reactor structure and bio-carrier. Analysis show that internal hydrodynamic characteristic and mass transfer characteristic in the reactor are more complicated than those in other bio-reactors, and its treatment efficiency are strongly influenced by reactor structure, operation parameters and the carrier. Studies on this type of reactor in oil wastewater treatment were also summarized in this paper. Future research and development should be focused on constructing mathematical model in the reactor design and making the design available to industries.

The urgent demand of water conservation in our country is introduced. The recent progresses in water conservation and waste water reduction of chemical and refinery industries are retrofitted and summarized as 7 aspects. They are：“Three steps methodology for water conservation” popularized；applications of water network integration method；water saving in cooling water systems；high temperature recovery technologies of condensing water；zero liquid discharge；online real time monitory management of water network. The common problems in this area are listed and studied and thus directions of future development are pointed out.

The adsorption of phenol from simulated coking water on activated carbon fiber（ACF） was studied. The chemical and thermodynamics factors affecting adsorption, such as ACF does, temperature, pH, inorganic substances, organic compound were investigated. The results showed that phenol adsorption capacity on ACF was 107.11 mg/g and adsorption efficiency decreased with an increase of temperature. ACF was adsorbed well when pH<5 and the presence of inorganic and organic substances inhibited the sorption efficiency. Both ΔH0 and ΔG0 were negative, so the adsorption was considered as spontaneous and exothermic.

Dynamic membrane bioreactor (DMBR) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) were used to treat aquaculture wastewater. The results showed that the CODMn removal rates by DMBR and MBR for treating aquaculture wastewater achieved above 95%. TN removal rates by DMBR and MBR were 71.4%，75.8%，when DO was 0—1 mg/L. When DO was 2—3 mg/L，TN removal rates by DMBR and MBR were 46.3% and 44.1% respectively. DMBR and MBR had high contaminant removal efficiencies. Trans-membrane pressure (TMP) of MBR was much higher than the TMP of DMBR. The operation time of MBR was 5 days when the DO was 0—1 mg/L. The effluent of DMBR depended on gravity，therefore the TMP was 3.97 kPa，and the operation time of DMBR could reach about 10 days. The results showed DMBR can effectively overcome some defects of MBR，such as high membrane cost and fouling.

Based on the good denitrification effectiveness of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrifier H1, this paper investigated the metabolic pathways and the heterotrophic nitrification characteristics of H1 under different conditions including dissolved oxygen concentration, wastewater composition and the metal ions. The results showed that when the dissolved oxygen concentration was 4.7 mg/L in the simulated NH4+ wastewater, the removal pathway of ammonia was NH4+—→ NH2OH —→N2O—→N2, which was the fast removal pathway. In the simulated NH4+ and NO2? wastewater, NH4+-N was removed by short - cut nitrification and denitrification, not showing priority denitrification by H1 in the whole process. In the simulated NH4+ and NO3? wastewater, NO3? induced hydroxylamine oxidase to produce NO2?-N, thus NH4+-N was removed by the nitrite levels of denitrification pathway. In the simulated NH4+ wastewater, 1 mmol/L Cu2+ and Fe2+ can significantly activate the activities of heterotrophic nitrification.

BR0.015F plate heat exchanger was used to investigate the fouling characteristics using the water from Songhua River.A. The fouling characteristics were studied under different experimental conditions. Scanning electron microscope was used in the observation of the fouling surface of the heat exchanger. The results showed that the fouling gradually accumulated without induction period. The fouling resistances reduction decreased with the increase of flow velocity. The fouling resistances were greater when the temperature of the cooling water was at 27.5—28.5 ℃. The fouling attached to the heat transfer surface with some crystal-like salts.

In order to improve the 1500t/a propylene oxide pilot plant energy utilization level, process simulation software PRO/II was used to simulate the solvent recovery distillation and investigate the operation conditions on its steam consumption. The verification by the pilot plant demonstrated that the practical consumption under optimized operating conditions could be reduced from 10.0t/tPO to 9.4t/tPO by 6%. Considering the unsatisfactory effect of energy saving in a single tower, a double-effect distillation process was proposed and calculation results showed that the simulated consumption could be cut from 9.27t/tPO to 5.68t/tPO by 38.6% comparing with the optimized single-effect distillation.

The process configuration is one of the key factors for a grass-root refinery with a high level in design. PIMS software with modular and open programming environment was used to develop some special LP models, which was closely integrated with the knowledge of all kinds of refining processes. These LP models were then applied in the design of a real refinery project to optimize the overall process configuration. The main conclusions were introduced including crude selection, process of heavy residue, evaluation of new technology. The results showed that LP model was an instructive tool to improve the refinery design level.

Based on the theory of cloud computing, a new technology system of virtual factory was proposed aiming at the chemical process. The key technologies were discussed and existing resources were virtualized as services. Three-dimensional environments were developed using virtual reality technology to simulate the real process in chemical industry. The case study of virtual factory for an ethylene glycol showed that the system has the scalability and openness. Process can be simulated quickly. Also the developed system can provide effective support for the simulated operation of the plant.