The post-petroleum epoch is approaching as indicated by resources，energy and environmental crises. Bio-energy，bulk chemicals and biomaterials could be produced from renewable biomass by bio-refineries. It will integrate the sustainable industries into the global mass cycle，forming a kind of new civilization including new industries and agriculture driven by solar energy. Industrial bio-technology is the support for bio-economy. Its applications will bring forth bio-energy，bulk chemicals and biomaterials. A new creative mode should be set up with the enterprises as the core surrounded by universities and research institutes. It will promote the creativities of industrial bio-technology，and China will be on a successful way to green modernization.

Biocatalysts are important for the industrial processes of biocatalysis. The production processes are carried out at a high concentration of substrate or product，high ion concentration，in an acidic or alkaline solution，even in an organic medium for some special substrates，and are of considerable economic significance because of high conversion efficiency. The discovery and development of effective biocatalysts are the key point of practical processes of biocatalysis. Extremophiles have been considered as an important source of effective biocatalysts. This review focuses on the discovery and development of some useful biocatalysts from thermophiles，halophiles，radioresistance extremephiles，organic-solvent tolerant microorganisms. The main emphasis is put on some comprehensive examples concerning some unique biocatalysts and their effective bio-conversion. The future prospects of extremophiles as abundant resources for the industrial effective biocatalysts are addressed.

In order to achieve high yield，high concentration and high productivity of metabolite production，a series of optimization strategies for the fermentation process were developed：(1) Nutrition and environmental conditions optimization strategy based on microorganism metrology; (2) Environmental conditions shift strategy in batch fermentation based on physiological characteristics; (3) Optimization strategies based on reaction kinetics model; (4) Optimization strategies based on metabolic flux analysis; (5) Optimization strategies based on bio-technology system. These optimization strategies were successfully applied to many metabolites production. Therefore，a simplifying，quantifying，modeling and grading principle for fermentation process optimization was summarized. This principle may provide an approach to enhancing the development of biotechnology and fermentative food.

Heavy carbon resources (HCRs) are the most abundant organic resources globally and their efficient utilization is crucially important for the sustainable development of national economy，whereas the key issue restraining efficient utilization of HCRs is lack of understanding of the compositions and structures of organic macromolecular components in HCRs. Investigating the compositions and structures in soluble organic matter，especially macromolecular organic species，from HCRs in molecular level under the direction of molecular coal chemistry theory and using related separation and non-destructive (or slightly destructive) methods can provide reliable theoretical basis for developing new technologies of directly separating value-added chemicals from HCRs or directionally converting HCRs to clean and highly calorific fuels along with value-added chemicals.

Mixed oxygen ion-electron conducting (MIEC) oxides have both the oxygen ion and electron conductivity at elevated temperatures，and have shown promising applications in oxygen separation，membrane reactors and solid oxide fuel cell. In this paper，the recent progress in the design of perovskite-type MIEC oxides and their application in the partial oxidation of methane (POM) is reviewed in detail，especially the authors’ work in this field.

As a raw material for making polyesters，ethylene glycol (EG) has a specification of UV transmittance. At present，some impurities that cause commercial ethylene glycol to low UV transmittance have been detected. In this paper，some kinds of commercial adsorbents such as activated carbon，attapulgite clay and activated aluminum oxide were used as adsorbents in liquid phase adsorption to remove the impurities and to improve the UV transmittance of ethylene glycol. It was found that the activated carbon treated with ammonia at a high temperature (800℃) showed the best capability to improve the UV transmittance of ethylene glycol. After adsorption treatment，the UV transmittance of EG sample at maximum absorption wave length of 220 nm，275 nm，350 nm were 81.23%，91.67%，99.23% respectively，meeting the fiber grade EG specification.

A catalyst based on CuO/γ-Al2O3 and H2O2 as oxidant for the catalytic wet hydrogen peroxide oxidation of phenol in aqueous solution was investigated. The effect of H2O2 concentration and temperature on phenol removal rate and total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate was studied. The results showed that the phenol removal rate and TOC removal rate increased with increasing H2O2 initial concentration and temperature. Under the conditions of phenol initial concentration 200 mg/L，H2O2 concentration 600 mg/L and pH 5.0，phenol removal rate reached 100% and TOC removal rate reached 96.6% at 50 ℃ after treatment for 120 min. The Cu2+ concentration increased slightly with increasing H2O2 concentration and temperature，which might be the results of CuO reacting with the carboxylic acid from phenol degradation as shown by HPLC analysis.

A new type of CuBrnLm complex catalyst for dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis by oxidative carbonylation of methanol in liquid-phase was reported. The reaction properties and stability of the catalyst was studied. CuBrnLm complex catalysts were characterized with FTIR，XPS and EPR. The results showed that the introduction of complex L could promote the substantial formation of Cu(I) species for DMC synthesis. With the method of orthogonal design，the process conditions (temperature，concentration of catalyst，pressure and reaction time) were optimized. The results indicated that under the optimum conditions (temperature 100—110 ℃，pressure3.0—3.5 MPa，4—6 h，the mass concentration of catalyst (by volume of methanol) 0.15—0.20 g/mL)，the conversion of methanol could reach 23% and the selectivity of DMC could exceed 95%.

An environmentally benign method for the synthesis of heteropoly acids H3+nPMo12-n VnO40•xH2O (PMoVn，n=1—3) was developed by the reaction of an aqueous slurry which contained stoichiometric amounts of MoO3，V2O5 and H3PO4. Characterization of the as-synthesized catalysts with ICP elemental analysis，TG，XRD and IR spectroscopy，indicated that V ions substituted for Mo ions in Keggin-type phosphomolybdic acid. The as-synthesized samples were found to be an efficient catalyst for hydroxylation of benzene which was carried out in a mixed solvent of acetonitrile and acetic acid with aqueous hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. PMoV2 exhibited the highest benzene conversion of 34.5% with phenol selectivity of 100%.

La and Ce were loaded on Cr2O3-CuO-K2O/Al2O3 catalyst. The effect of rare earth on the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride was studied and the promotor effect of n(La)/n(Cr)，n(Ce)/n(Cr) and lanthanum mixed with cerium on the catalyst was discussed. The better mole ratio of La/Cr was 0.1—0.3，and the better mole ratio of Ce/Cr was 0.2—0.3. It is feasible to substitute Cr2O3 by CeO2，and harmless production of the catalyst could be achieved.

L-lactic acid is the most useful organic acid. In this study，89 strains producing lactic acid were isolated from soil，silage，hot spring water and surrounding soil. The concentration and enantiomeric purity of lactic acid produced by these strains were determined by HPLC. Based on the ability of the strains to produce L-lactic acid，three effective strains S-18，S-32 and S-44 which grew at 50℃ and 55℃ were selected. After 72 h of fermentation，75.0 g/L，81.9 g/L and 86.5 g/L of L-lactic acid were produced from 100 g/L glucose by the three strains，respectively. The enantiomeric purity of the products was 96.3%，96.6% and 97.7%，respectively. Strain S-44 was mutated by the N+ ion beam implantation，and more efficient mutants were obtained. By using the mutant strain Y-4，178.7 g/L of L-lactic acid was produced with the molar yields of 178.7% to the substrate glucose.

The technology for membrane fouling control and flux recovery is the key issue to improve the separation properties of the ceramic membrane and it can bring forth great economic benefits. Ultrasound cleaning technique was applied to the removal of fouling of ZrO2 ceramic microfiltration membrane，which was used to treat emulsification wastewater. The results showed that the effects of membrane cleaning were influenced by ultrasonic power，cleaning time and the level of membrane fouling. The flux recovery rate was increased by enhancing ultrasonic power provided condition that it was safe for the ceramic membrane. The suitable cleaning time was about 20 minutes. The water cleaning assisted with ultrasound was proved to be an effective way to clean membrane surface fouling which came from concentration polarization and gel layer on the membrane surface，but was less effective for membrane pore blocking. The chemical cleaning assisted with ultrasound could recover membrane flux effectively and shorten cleaning time.

The characteristics of heated/cooled liquid films flowing over a vertical solid plate were experimentally investigated with a highly sensitive infrared camera，Therma CAM ™ SC3000 (FLIR Systems，Inc.，Portland，OR). For different heating conditions，the temperature profile of the falling liquid film over a heated/cooled solid plate and the effect of heating temperature difference on the liquid distribution were determined. By using the infrared camera，the film width and the interfacial transfer area could be conveniently obtained. It was found that the transverse temperature gradient was much larger than that in the streamwise direction，resulting in significant Marangoni effect that drove the liquid particles from hot (low surface tension) to cold points (high surface tension)，inducing novel shrinkage/expansion of the heated/cooled film. The lateral Marangoni effect could therefore strongly affect the interfacial area and thus the transfer process of falling liquid films.

The gold film electrodes were prepared by using two different methods. The surface modality of electrodes，and the self-assembling performance of single-strand DNA on the surface of electrodes were characterized with scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical characterization was made with cyclic voltammetry. The result showed that the performance of the electrodes prepared by using different methods was greatly different. When the elements diffused into each other on the surface of gold film electrodes，such phenomenon would adversely influence the electrochemical characterization of electrodes and the self-assembling performance of single-strand DNA on the surface of electrodes.

2,2-Dimethylolpropanoic acid was synthesized by the mixed aldol condensation and oxidation from formaldehyde and propaldehyde. A mixture of formaldehyde 2.4 mol，propaldehyde 1 mol and K2CO3 as catalyst at 35 ℃ was stirred for 10 h .Then H2O2 0.9 mol was added and the mixture was stirred at 95 ℃ for 10 h to obtain 2,2-dimethylolpropanoic acid. The yield of the product was 53.5% and the purity was over 99%.

A process suitable for large-scale preparation of 3-amino-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate hydrochloride was developed. The title compound was synthesized through four steps, which include the condensation of ethyl formate with acetonitrile by using NaH as the promoter, condensation with diethyl 2-aminomalonate hydrochloride, cyclization in the presence of NaOEt, and reaction with hydrogen chloride. The characteristics of the title compound was investigated with 1HNMR and elemental analysis. The results showed that the optimum molar ratio of n(HCOOC2H5)∶n(CH3CN)∶n(NaH)∶n(NH2CH(COOC2H5)2HCl) was 1∶1.2∶1.3∶0.5，the reaction temperature was 20 ℃ and the reaction time was 24 and 48 hours respectively. The procedure was a suitable alternative to the traditional processes due to safety, stability, and handling concerns.

The effects of activated carbon，Ni and Pd/C catalysts on the hydrogenation of Shenfu coal were examined by using methanol as the solvent for both reaction and extraction under mild reaction conditions (140 ℃，initial hydrogen pressure 0.7 MPa，microwave irradiation 15 min). The results showed that the solubility of Shenfu coal in methanol increased in the order: non-catalytic hydrogenation

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the antioxidation performances of sulfur- and phosphorus-free organic molybdenum (MoSB) and dibutyldithiocarbamate antioxidant (V 7723) in polyalphaolefin synthetic lubricant (PAO). The static and dynamic DSC oxidative results indicated that the combination of MoSB with V 7723 could improve oxidation induction time（OIT）and incipient oxidation temperature (IOT)，exhibiting good synergistic antioxidation properties in PAO.

Cephradine crystallization in different kinds of precipitating systems was studied. An orthogonal design test with 4 factors showed that the best conditions were as follows: the volume of water was 2 times of cephradine weight, ratio of TEA and DMF was 1.2∶1, initial crystallization temperature was 30℃, cooling temperature was 5 ℃. The yield of cephradine crystallization is about 92% in this condition. The production in this crystallization process was analysised with HPLC and EM. It shows that the purity of product is over 98% and the model of crystal is good and well-distribted. By chemical stability test under 40 ℃，it shows that the stability of product meet criterion of drugs.

o-nitrophenylacetic acid was synthesized by C2H5ONa-catalyzed condensation of o-nitrotoluene with diethyl oxalate and subsequently by hydrolysis，oxidation with H2O2 and acidation with HCl. The yield was about 62％. It was further converted to o-halophenylacetic acid by FeO(OH)-catalyzed reduction with hydrazine hydrate in 20% NaOH aqueous solution，diazonation and substitution with haloatoms. The yield was 65％～73％. The overall yield was about 40％～45％.

A strain of rhodopseudomonas sp synthesizing 5-aminolevulinic acid was screened and the affecting factors for biosynthesis were investigated. The experiment results showed that the culture with light and no oxygen was the best culture mode for the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Sodium glutamate was the best carbon source and yeast extract was the best nitrogen source for the strain. According to the results of orthogonal design test，the optimal culture medium for the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid was decided. The best concentration of sodium glutamate was 2.0 g • L－1. The best concentration of yeast extract was 1.5 g • L－1. The best inoculum size was 30%，The best pH was 7.0. The experiment results showed that the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid could be increased greatly as compared with literature. Under this optimal conditions，the production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by this strain was as high as 49.39 mg • L－1.

Macro-intermediate with Br-end Poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) (PtBMA-Br) was synthesized by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)，with ethyl-2-bromopropionate as initiator，a compound system of CuCl/ N,N,N′,N″,N″-penta-methyldiethylenetri-amine (PMDETA) as catalyst. Then hydrophobic macromonomers were synthesized through introducing C=C double bond to the end of poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) by nucleophilic substitution with methacrylic acid. The results of spectral methods (FTIR and 1H-NMR) showed clearly defined structure of macromonomers and high introduction rate of C=C double bond. The molecular weight and polydispersity of the macromonomers were controllable because of the living nature of the atom transfer radical polymerization. Further，polymeric microspheres were prepared by dispersion copolymerization of macromonomers and styrene，with azo-bis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator，ethanol as solvent. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showed regular shape of copolymeric microsheres.

Surface modification with silicon coupling reagent was used to treat ultrafine silicon dioxide waste material in fiber manufacturing. Then mesoporous powder of SiO2 was synthesized by using the modified material. The experimental results with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer showed that the surface Si－OH bonds infrared intensity of ultrafine silicon dioxide decreased and thermogravimetric loss increased，indicating reaction of the surface Si－OH bonds of ultrafine silicon dioxide with silicon coupling reagent. By laser light scattering (LLS) determination the particle size of ultrafine silicon dioxide decreased and the dispersibility was obviously improved，indicating enhanced hydrophobic property of ultrafine silicon dioxide after modification. The structure appearance of silicon dioxide powders was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that it was possible to synthesize ordered porous material of SiO2 at an appropriate temperature. This surface modification provides a wide market to reuse ultrafine silicon dioxide waste material.

Based on the amino acid sequence information of Candida parapsilosis (rCR) by tryptic digestion，and gene encoding，the enzyme (rcr) was cloned and sequenced. It was shown that the rcr comprised 1008 nucleotides and encoded a polypeptide of 35，977 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme performed high similarity with those of proteins of the zinc-containing medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (MDR) superfamily with the cofactor-binding motif Gly-x-Gly-x-x-Gly. The rcr was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by constructing the expression vector of pETRCR without the induction of IPTG and the recombinant E. coli expressing rCR possessed the capability of catalyzing asymmetric reduction of 2-hydroxyacetophenone to (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol. After optimization of the reaction conditions，a feasible approach was developed to convert 2-hydroxyacetophenone to (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol with high optical purity of 95.5% enantiomeric excess and yield of 92.6% by the recombinant E. coli bearing pETRCR as the catalyst with unusual stereospecificity.

A slow-release aeration biomembrane made from fiber media unit was used to dispose benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) pollution in the river caused by accidental release from a chemical plant.The slow-release aeration biomembrane system was developed to treat wastewater containing BTEX effectively, when the bioreacter was inoculated with co-culture of pure microorganism and recycled with a medium content of BTEX. The biomembrane system showed good performance after 30 days of start-up period. At a high BTEX concentration in the river, the fiber media unit could effect adsorption treatment due to its tremendous specific surface. When the original BTEX concentration was 50—100 mg/L, it could drop to below 5 mg/L after 24 h of disposal. When the BTEX concentration was low in the water, the microbe in the slowly-released aeration biomembrane could effect biodegredation. When the initial BTEX concentration in the water was between 0.5—1.5 mg/L , the removal rate of BTEX could reach above 90% after 15 days of disposal.