水处理过程中膜污染问题及其预处理技术研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0994

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

膜技术是一种高效、先进的废水处理技术，在颗粒物、有机物、微生物等去除上具有独特优势。然而，在实际使用时随着膜污染的不断累积，膜的污染物去除能力会逐步下降，极大地影响了水处理效果，并导致膜维护成本居高不下。本文围绕膜污染问题，介绍了影响膜污染的主要因素以及实际运行过程中的膜污染类型；概述了膜污染主要机理，并对其完善历程展开回顾；简述了减缓膜污染的各种措施，并且在此基础上，重点介绍了膜污染预处理技术及各类预处理技术的特点。

关键词: 膜技术, 膜污染, 预处理技术, 水处理

Abstract:

As an efficient and advanced wastewater treatment technology, membrane technology has a unique advantage in particle, organic matter, and microorganism removal. However, the removal capacity of membrane will decline gradually as the accumulation of membrane fouling. The water treatment effect will be affected by the membrane fouling, and further result in a high maintenance cost in membrane. This paper focused on the issue of membrane fouling, introduced the influence factors, types, and mechanisms of membrane fouling, and reviewed the improvement process of membrane fouling mechanisms. The methods of alleviating membrane fouling were also discussed, and then mainly introduced the pretreatment technology of membrane fouling.

Key words: membrane technology, membrane fouling, pretreatment technology, water treatment

中图分类号:

X703

聂煜东, 李金, 张贤明. 水处理过程中膜污染问题及其预处理技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2021, 40(4): 2278-2289.

NIE Yudong, LI Jin, ZHANG Xianming. Research progress on membrane fouling and its pretreatment technology in water treatment[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40(4): 2278-2289.

图/表 3

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分类依据	膜污染类型	污染类型介绍
膜类型^[36]	微滤膜污染	过滤精度一般在0.1~5μm，用于简单的粗过滤，难以去除大分子有机物、无机盐，但能阻挡悬浮颗粒、部分微生物、大尺寸胶体穿透^[37]
	超滤膜污染	过滤精度在0.001~0.1μm，是一种利用压差的膜法分离技术，能够截留住分子量≥10000的有机物、全部胶体及微生物等^[37]
	纳滤膜污染	过滤精度介于超滤和反渗透之间，运行压力为0.3~1.4MPa，能有效去除水中的二价及高价离子、无机盐及低分子有机化合物^[38]
	反渗透膜污染	过滤精度为0.0001μm左右，能够截留大部分无机离子^[38]
可逆性^[39]	可逆膜污染	由污染物颗粒所引起的浓差极化和表面附着等污染，可以通过水力冲洗、气泡冲刷等物理方式去除污染物，恢复透水能力^[40]
可逆性^[39]	不可逆膜污染	由溶解性有机物所引起的吸附、附着等污染只能采用化学方式才会恢复膜的初始性能^[40]
污染产生位置^[39]	膜表面覆盖污染	一般是指胶体颗粒物质、大分子有机物等污染物在膜表面堆积形成的污染
污染产生位置^[39]	膜内部堵塞污染	指部分小分子有机物通过堵塞和吸附的形式沉积于膜孔内部
污染物种类^[41]	颗粒物污染	悬浮颗粒及胶体颗粒在膜表面上聚集，主要造成膜孔堵塞以及后续形成滤饼层
	有机污染	主要是蛋白质、多糖、脂质等有机聚合物在膜表面附着，且水体中的溶解性有机物发生浓度极化现象，在膜表面积累^[42]
	无机污染	主要污染源是含钙和镁等的硫酸盐或碳酸盐，是盐溶液在膜表面浓缩的结果。水体中无机污染物的增加将会加速颗粒污染物、有机物等在膜表面的积累^[42]
	微生物污染	主要是微生物及其代谢产物组成的生物粘泥黏附在膜表面，主要引起纳滤（NF）和反渗透（RO）膜污染^[41]

分类依据	膜污染类型	污染类型介绍
膜类型^[36]	微滤膜污染	过滤精度一般在0.1~5μm，用于简单的粗过滤，难以去除大分子有机物、无机盐，但能阻挡悬浮颗粒、部分微生物、大尺寸胶体穿透^[37]
	超滤膜污染	过滤精度在0.001~0.1μm，是一种利用压差的膜法分离技术，能够截留住分子量≥10000的有机物、全部胶体及微生物等^[37]
	纳滤膜污染	过滤精度介于超滤和反渗透之间，运行压力为0.3~1.4MPa，能有效去除水中的二价及高价离子、无机盐及低分子有机化合物^[38]
	反渗透膜污染	过滤精度为0.0001μm左右，能够截留大部分无机离子^[38]
可逆性^[39]	可逆膜污染	由污染物颗粒所引起的浓差极化和表面附着等污染，可以通过水力冲洗、气泡冲刷等物理方式去除污染物，恢复透水能力^[40]
可逆性^[39]	不可逆膜污染	由溶解性有机物所引起的吸附、附着等污染只能采用化学方式才会恢复膜的初始性能^[40]
污染产生位置^[39]	膜表面覆盖污染	一般是指胶体颗粒物质、大分子有机物等污染物在膜表面堆积形成的污染
污染产生位置^[39]	膜内部堵塞污染	指部分小分子有机物通过堵塞和吸附的形式沉积于膜孔内部
污染物种类^[41]	颗粒物污染	悬浮颗粒及胶体颗粒在膜表面上聚集，主要造成膜孔堵塞以及后续形成滤饼层
	有机污染	主要是蛋白质、多糖、脂质等有机聚合物在膜表面附着，且水体中的溶解性有机物发生浓度极化现象，在膜表面积累^[42]
	无机污染	主要污染源是含钙和镁等的硫酸盐或碳酸盐，是盐溶液在膜表面浓缩的结果。水体中无机污染物的增加将会加速颗粒污染物、有机物等在膜表面的积累^[42]
	微生物污染	主要是微生物及其代谢产物组成的生物粘泥黏附在膜表面，主要引起纳滤（NF）和反渗透（RO）膜污染^[41]

类型^[51]	常用手段	优点	缺点	能耗及成本	适用膜类型
类型^[51]	常用手段	优点	缺点	能耗及成本	微滤膜^[55-60]	超滤膜^[61-64]	纳滤膜^[59,64-66]	反渗透膜^[67-69]
混凝预处理	投加混凝剂（铝、铁、钛系混凝剂等）	高效去除有机污染物和颗粒物，降低工艺成本^[70-71]	具有选择性，难以去除亲水性有机物^[72]；产生大量化学污泥^[73]	运行成本低，但传统混凝剂混凝后会产生大量化学污泥，导致多余成本及能耗^[73]	**	***	**	*
吸附预处理	添加吸附材料（粉末活性炭、树脂、热化氧化铝颗粒等）	高效去除低分子有机污染物，减少消毒副产物^[74-75]	基建投资费用高、占地面积大^[76]	基建投资费用高^[76]，成本较高，能耗低	***	***	**	*
氧化预处理	添加氧化剂（臭氧、液氯等）^[77]	高效去除水体中的颜色及悬浮固体和微生物^[78]	残留氧化剂会破坏膜材料^[79]	运行成本低，但残留氧化剂会破坏膜材料^[77]，加大成本	**	***	**	*
化学沉淀预处理	投加化学药剂	去除水中有机物、无机物、操作简便^[59,80]	造成二次污染、处理效率低^[80]	成本低^[80]，无能耗	**	**	***	*
电化学预处理	添加电极^[81]	去除难降解有机污染物，工艺灵活、环境友好型预处理法^[82]	电催化效率低影响防污性能、电极易腐蚀^[83-84]	成本较低，能耗较高^[85]	*	**	*	*
生物预处理	膜前培养微生物	有效去除“三致”前体物、绿色低碳^[86]	不能去除难生物降解性物质；易堵塞滤头和曝气头^[87]	成本低，低能耗^[88]	*	**	**	*
组合工艺	各种预处理方法进行组合	最大限度发挥各个预处理方法的优点	工艺较复杂，各预处理方法之间可能存在互斥现象	根据组合工艺不同，成本有较大差异	**	**	*	**

类型^[51]	常用手段	优点	缺点	能耗及成本	适用膜类型
类型^[51]	常用手段	优点	缺点	能耗及成本	微滤膜^[55-60]	超滤膜^[61-64]	纳滤膜^[59,64-66]	反渗透膜^[67-69]
混凝预处理	投加混凝剂（铝、铁、钛系混凝剂等）	高效去除有机污染物和颗粒物，降低工艺成本^[70-71]	具有选择性，难以去除亲水性有机物^[72]；产生大量化学污泥^[73]	运行成本低，但传统混凝剂混凝后会产生大量化学污泥，导致多余成本及能耗^[73]	**	***	**	*
吸附预处理	添加吸附材料（粉末活性炭、树脂、热化氧化铝颗粒等）	高效去除低分子有机污染物，减少消毒副产物^[74-75]	基建投资费用高、占地面积大^[76]	基建投资费用高^[76]，成本较高，能耗低	***	***	**	*
氧化预处理	添加氧化剂（臭氧、液氯等）^[77]	高效去除水体中的颜色及悬浮固体和微生物^[78]	残留氧化剂会破坏膜材料^[79]	运行成本低，但残留氧化剂会破坏膜材料^[77]，加大成本	**	***	**	*
化学沉淀预处理	投加化学药剂	去除水中有机物、无机物、操作简便^[59,80]	造成二次污染、处理效率低^[80]	成本低^[80]，无能耗	**	**	***	*
电化学预处理	添加电极^[81]	去除难降解有机污染物，工艺灵活、环境友好型预处理法^[82]	电催化效率低影响防污性能、电极易腐蚀^[83-84]	成本较低，能耗较高^[85]	*	**	*	*
生物预处理	膜前培养微生物	有效去除“三致”前体物、绿色低碳^[86]	不能去除难生物降解性物质；易堵塞滤头和曝气头^[87]	成本低，低能耗^[88]	*	**	**	*
组合工艺	各种预处理方法进行组合	最大限度发挥各个预处理方法的优点	工艺较复杂，各预处理方法之间可能存在互斥现象	根据组合工艺不同，成本有较大差异	**	**	*	**

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