数值模拟在高放废物处置中的应用：放射性核素迁移机制及其影响因素

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0121

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (9): 5391-5405.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2025-0121

• 资源与环境化工 • 上一篇

数值模拟在高放废物处置中的应用：放射性核素迁移机制及其影响因素

段先哲¹^,²(), 毕文婷¹, 李南²^,³, 豆佳乐¹, 邵冰清¹, 汪佳伟¹, 吴鹏¹, 黄欢¹, 唐振平¹^,²()

^1.南华大学资源环境与安全工程学院，湖南衡阳 421001
^2.稀有金属矿产开发与废物地质处置技术湖南省重点实验室，湖南衡阳 421001
^3.南华大学化学化工学院，湖南衡阳 421001

收稿日期:2025-01-21 修回日期:2025-04-13 出版日期:2025-09-25 发布日期:2025-09-30
通讯作者: 唐振平
作者简介:段先哲（1985—），男，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为放射性废物处置。E-mail：duanxianzhe@usc.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家原子能机构高放废物地质处置创新中心基金(CXJJ21102211);湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ30505);湖南省教育厅科研项目重点基金(23A0327);衡阳市指导性计划(202121014464);南华大学科研项目(CX20230966);南华大学科研项目(20224130214)

Numerical simulation for disposal of high-level radioactive wastes (HLWs): Mechanisms and influencing factors of radionuclide migration

DUAN Xianzhe¹^,²(), BI Wenting¹, LI Nan²^,³, DOU Jiale¹, SHAO Bingqing¹, WANG Jiawei¹, WU Peng¹, HUANG Huan¹, TANG Zhenping¹^,²()

^1.School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
^2.Hunan Key Laboratory of the Rare Metal Minerals Exploitation and Geological Disposal of Waste, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
^3.School of Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China

Received:2025-01-21 Revised:2025-04-13 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-09-30
Contact: TANG Zhenping

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

核能的开发与利用产生大量高放废物，这些废物具有强放射性、高毒性、热量显著并且半衰期长，很难用传统的物理、化学、生物手段有效去除。目前，深地质处置被广泛认为是高放废物最有效的处理方案，其安全评估的关键在于深入研究放射性核素在地下水中的迁移行为。近年来，数值模拟技术与高放废物处置不断深入结合，以计算机驱动的数值模拟在高放废物处置核素迁移领域取得了巨大进展。本研究通过广泛的文献调研，介绍了高放废物处置中核素迁移的机制与过程，回顾了该领域的数值模拟研究经验，并归纳总结了核素迁移的影响因素，同时对未来高放废物地质处置中核素迁移研究的发展方向提出了展望。研究结果表明，核素迁移模型的选择应综合考虑研究区域的规模和裂隙发育程度；核素的形态与性质是决定核素迁移行为的关键因素，而岩石裂隙网络、胶体存在、地下水成分等因素会显著影响核素的迁移路径和速率。尽管取得了显著进展，数值模拟在实际应用中仍面临诸多挑战，如精确模拟多尺度、多相流动，处理复杂地质结构和异质性材料等。此外，模型验证和不确定性分析也是亟待解决的重要问题。未来研究应着力优化数值模型，提高模拟精度，推动多学科交叉研究，以更好地应对高放废物处置中核素迁移的复杂性和不确定性。

关键词: 高放废物, 深地质处置, 数值模拟, 放射性核素迁移, 安全评价, 地下水环境

Abstract:

The development and use of nuclear energy has generated a substantial amount of high-level radioactive nuclear wastes (HLWs), which are characterized by strong radioactivity, high toxicity, high heat generation and long half-life. These characteristics make it difficult to effectively manage HLWs using traditional physical, chemical or biological methods. Deep geological disposal is generally considered to be the most feasible option for disposal of HLWs, with the key scientific challenge being the in-depth study of the radionuclide migration behaviour in groundwater. In recent years, numerical simulation technology has become deeply integrated with disposal efforts. Significant progress has been made in application of computer-driven numerical simulations to study nuclide migration in HLWs disposal. This study reviews the mechanisms and processes of nuclide migration in disposal of HLWs based on an extensive literature review, summarizes the influencing factors and the research experiences in this field, and discusses future research directions. The research results suggest that the scale of the study area and the degree of fracture development should be comprehensively considered when selecting an appropriate model, and that the speciation and properties of nuclides are the key determinants of migration behaviour, while factors such as rock fissure networks, colloidal presence, and groundwater compositions significantly affect the migration paths and rates. Despite notable progress, numerical simulations face significant challenges in practical applications. These challenges include accurately simulating multi-scale and multiphase flows, and addressing complex geological structures and heterogeneous materials. Additionally, model validation and uncertainty analysis remain pressing issues. Future research should focus on optimizing numerical models, improving simulation accuracy, and promoting interdisciplinary studies to better address the complexity and uncertainty inherent in radionuclide migration during HLWs disposal.

Key words: high-level radioactive wastes (HLWs), deep geological disposal, numerical simulation, radionuclide migration, safety evaluation, groundwater environment

中图分类号:

TL942

段先哲, 毕文婷, 李南, 豆佳乐, 邵冰清, 汪佳伟, 吴鹏, 黄欢, 唐振平. 数值模拟在高放废物处置中的应用：放射性核素迁移机制及其影响因素[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(9): 5391-5405.

DUAN Xianzhe, BI Wenting, LI Nan, DOU Jiale, SHAO Bingqing, WANG Jiawei, WU Peng, HUANG Huan, TANG Zhenping. Numerical simulation for disposal of high-level radioactive wastes (HLWs): Mechanisms and influencing factors of radionuclide migration[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(9): 5391-5405.

图/表 7

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基本原理		基本思想	特点
滞留-衰变	核嬗变法	将高放废物转变为低放废物	过程繁杂且耗能大，嬗变后仍然需要处置放射性废物
浓缩-封隔	隔离法
	宇宙隔离	将核废物送出地球以外的宇宙空间	花费大，受国际形势与技术条件的限制
	海洋隔离	将高放废物容器置入深海底部黏土沉积物深处	违反国际法
	岩石融化隔离	直接将高放废液注入钻孔或深部岩硐中	耗资巨大，技术复杂，目前只是设想
	冰层隔离	将核废物球放入较为稳定的冰原	冰原会发生移动，违反国际法
	深地质处置隔离	将核废物埋入地层深处	可行，且下一代有重新处置废物的选择
稀释-分散	稀释法	对核废物净化或衰减到排放标准以下再稀释扩散到环境中去	不能处置乏燃料产生的废物

基本原理		基本思想	特点
滞留-衰变	核嬗变法	将高放废物转变为低放废物	过程繁杂且耗能大，嬗变后仍然需要处置放射性废物
浓缩-封隔	隔离法
	宇宙隔离	将核废物送出地球以外的宇宙空间	花费大，受国际形势与技术条件的限制
	海洋隔离	将高放废物容器置入深海底部黏土沉积物深处	违反国际法
	岩石融化隔离	直接将高放废液注入钻孔或深部岩硐中	耗资巨大，技术复杂，目前只是设想
	冰层隔离	将核废物球放入较为稳定的冰原	冰原会发生移动，违反国际法
	深地质处置隔离	将核废物埋入地层深处	可行，且下一代有重新处置废物的选择
稀释-分散	稀释法	对核废物净化或衰减到排放标准以下再稀释扩散到环境中去	不能处置乏燃料产生的废物

类别	低放废物（LLWs）	中放废物（ILWs）	高放废物（HLWs）
放射性水平	较低，无需屏蔽	中等，需要屏蔽	高，需要严格屏蔽并管理
主要来源	铀矿生产、核电站运行、防护用品、医疗废物、科研实验	核燃料前处理、乏燃料后处理、污染管道、冷却水沉积物	乏燃料、高活性废液、核武器试验
处理复杂度	简单，压缩、固化或浅层填埋	复杂，需固化及深地质处置	高度复杂，需玻璃固化和深地质处置
环境风险	低，规范管理下影响小	较高，若管理不当可能污染地下水	极高，管理不当可能造成严重环境和健康危害
体积比例	大，占大部分废物体积	较小	小，但活度极高
代表核素	⁸⁶Rb、⁹⁰Y	⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs	⁷⁹Se、⁹⁹Tc、²³⁷Np、²³⁹Pu、²⁴¹Am

类别	低放废物（LLWs）	中放废物（ILWs）	高放废物（HLWs）
放射性水平	较低，无需屏蔽	中等，需要屏蔽	高，需要严格屏蔽并管理
主要来源	铀矿生产、核电站运行、防护用品、医疗废物、科研实验	核燃料前处理、乏燃料后处理、污染管道、冷却水沉积物	乏燃料、高活性废液、核武器试验
处理复杂度	简单，压缩、固化或浅层填埋	复杂，需固化及深地质处置	高度复杂，需玻璃固化和深地质处置
环境风险	低，规范管理下影响小	较高，若管理不当可能污染地下水	极高，管理不当可能造成严重环境和健康危害
体积比例	大，占大部分废物体积	较小	小，但活度极高
代表核素	⁸⁶Rb、⁹⁰Y	⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs	⁷⁹Se、⁹⁹Tc、²³⁷Np、²³⁹Pu、²⁴¹Am

主要模型	适用条件	优点	缺点	常用模拟软件
等效连续介质模型	大区域、裂隙发育程度较高	所需数据易于获取技术成熟、操作性强	求解精度低、无法细致描述裂隙介质的不连续性和各向异性	Modflow、GMS、Porflow
离散裂隙网络模型	小尺度、单裂隙	精度高、拟真性好	工作量大、耗时长	Connectflow
双重介质模型	岩块的渗透率远小于裂隙渗透率	计算和概念上要求更低反应渗流特征更全面	溶质交换项难以确定、适用范围有限、计算复杂	Though2
等效-离散耦合模型	分区域使用：裂隙密度大时使用等效连续介质模型；裂隙密度小时采用离散裂隙网络模型	精度高、拟真性好	水量交换难以确定、耦合操作技术难、数学计算难	Feflow、Hydrogeosphere

数值模拟在高放废物处置中的应用：放射性核素迁移机制及其影响因素

Numerical simulation for disposal of high-level radioactive wastes (HLWs): Mechanisms and influencing factors of radionuclide migration

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