生物质碳气凝胶CO2吸附剂研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1143

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为应对全球气候危机，二氧化碳（CO₂）捕集技术受到广泛关注。吸附法作为一项有前景的低成本CO₂捕集技术，其研究核心在于吸附剂材料的开发。碳气凝胶材料具有比表面积高、孔隙结构丰富、孔径结构可调、再生能耗低等优点，同时拥有大量的表面活性位点，能够高效吸附CO₂。利用可再生的生物质资源作为原料制备高性能碳气凝胶CO₂吸附剂，是一种有效降低经济与环境成本的材料开发新途径。本文旨在整理和总结近年来国内外关于生物质碳气凝胶CO₂吸附剂的研究进展，包括碳气凝胶吸附CO₂的机理、制备方法以及性能表征，并着重关注其功能化方法。综合分析结果显示，生物质碳气凝胶凭借其高比表面积、良好的化学稳定性以及可调控的孔结构，展现出在CO₂吸附领域的巨大潜力和广阔应用前景。未来应进一步探索生物质碳气凝胶的规模化制备技术及其在复杂工业环境中的实际应用，推动其从实验室研究向实际应用转化。

关键词: 生物质, 碳气凝胶, CO₂捕集, 吸附, 多孔介质

Abstract:

In response to the global climate crisis, carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture technology has garnered widespread attention. As a promising low-cost CO₂ capture technology, the core of adsorption research lies in the development of adsorbent materials. Carbon aerogel materials possess advantages such as high specific surface area, rich pore structure, adjustable pore size and low regeneration energy consumption along with a large number of surface active sites capable of efficiently adsorbing CO₂. Utilizing renewable biomass resources as raw materials to prepare high-performance carbon aerogel CO₂ adsorbents is a new approach to material development that effectively reduces economic and environmental costs. This review aimed to organize and summarize the recent research progress on biomass carbon aerogel CO₂ adsorbents both domestically and internationally, including the mechanism of CO₂ adsorption by carbon aerogels, preparation methods and performance characterization with a focus on their functionalization methods. Comprehensive analysis results indicated that biomass carbon aerogels with their high specific surface area, good chemical stability and adjustable pore structure showed great potential and broad application prospects in the field of CO₂ adsorption. Future efforts should focus on exploring the large-scale preparation techniques of biomass carbon aerogels and their practical applications in complex industrial environments, promoting their transition from laboratory research to practical applications.

Key words: biomass, carbon aerogels, CO₂ capture, adsorption, porous media

中图分类号:

X705

张文静, 黄致新, 李士腾, 邓帅, 李双俊. 生物质碳气凝胶CO₂吸附剂研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(9): 5018-5032.

ZHANG Wenjing, HUANG Zhixin, LI Shiteng, DENG Shuai, LI Shuangjun. Biomass carbon aerogels for CO₂ adsorbents[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(9): 5018-5032.

图/表 12

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方法	工作原理	优点	缺点	案例
溶液吸收法	化学溶液与CO₂之间的化学反应	技术较为成熟，去除效果好，对CO₂选择性好	易腐蚀设备，能耗高，不易再生、易产生二次污染	醇胺溶液^[2]
膜分离法	膜材料的选择透过性	效果好，能耗低	技术尚不成熟，成本较高，安全性和稳定性有待提高	橡胶态聚合物、玻璃态聚合物、金属膜^[3]
深冷分离法	组分沸点和挥发度不同	可以产生用管道输送的液体CO₂	能耗高，分离效果差	收油田伴生气中的CO₂^[4]
固体吸附法	化学吸附和物理吸附	吸附剂再生能耗低，应用场景丰富	选择性不好、水蒸气影响严重	活性炭^[5]、沸石^[6]、金属有机框架^[7]、碳气凝胶

方法	工作原理	优点	缺点	案例
溶液吸收法	化学溶液与CO₂之间的化学反应	技术较为成熟，去除效果好，对CO₂选择性好	易腐蚀设备，能耗高，不易再生、易产生二次污染	醇胺溶液^[2]
膜分离法	膜材料的选择透过性	效果好，能耗低	技术尚不成熟，成本较高，安全性和稳定性有待提高	橡胶态聚合物、玻璃态聚合物、金属膜^[3]
深冷分离法	组分沸点和挥发度不同	可以产生用管道输送的液体CO₂	能耗高，分离效果差	收油田伴生气中的CO₂^[4]
固体吸附法	化学吸附和物理吸附	吸附剂再生能耗低，应用场景丰富	选择性不好、水蒸气影响严重	活性炭^[5]、沸石^[6]、金属有机框架^[7]、碳气凝胶

前体	TGA	SEM	TEM	XRD	吸附仪	FTIR	XPS	EDX
甘蔗渣^[60]	√	√			√	√
农业废弃物^[64]	√	√	√	√	√	√
纤维素^[65]	√	√			√	√	√
废纸^[66]		√		√	√	√	√
木质素^[67]	√	√			√			√
玉米秸秆^[68]		√	√	√	√	√	√	√
微藻^[69]		√	√	√	√		√	√
淀粉^[51]	√	√	√		√	√	√
黄麻线^[70]		√	√	√	√	√	√	√
纤维素^[71]	√	√			√	√	√	√

前体	TGA	SEM	TEM	XRD	吸附仪	FTIR	XPS	EDX
甘蔗渣^[60]	√	√			√	√
农业废弃物^[64]	√	√	√	√	√	√
纤维素^[65]	√	√			√	√	√
废纸^[66]		√		√	√	√	√
木质素^[67]	√	√			√			√
玉米秸秆^[68]		√	√	√	√	√	√	√
微藻^[69]		√	√	√	√		√	√
淀粉^[51]	√	√	√		√	√	√
黄麻线^[70]		√	√	√	√	√	√	√
纤维素^[71]	√	√			√	√	√	√

年份	单位	原料	制备方法	干燥方法	改性方法	吸附容量(1bar，25℃)/mmol·g^-1	CO₂-N₂选择性	吸附热/kJ·mol^-1
2014^[73]	凯斯西储大学	壳聚糖和聚苯并𫫇嗪	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	KOH	4.15	—	21.3
2016^[74]	国防科技大学	棉花纤维	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	氮掺杂	4.99	—	—
2016^[74]	国防科技大学	棉花纤维	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	3.56	—	—
2016^[75]	凯斯西储大学	壳聚糖	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	载胺	5.72	—	—
2016^[75]	凯斯西储大学	壳聚糖	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	2.13	—	—
2016^[76]	新加坡国立大学	纤维素	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	CO₂活化	3.42	—	—
2016^[76]	新加坡国立大学	纤维素	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	3.00	—	—
2018^[77]	南开大学	葡萄糖	水热法	冷冻干燥	氮掺杂	4.12	9.2	—
2018^[78]	斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉大学	甲壳素	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	KOH	3.44	—	—
2018^[78]	斯里贾亚瓦德纳普拉大学	甲壳素	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	0.76	—	—
2019^[79]	南京林业大学	桉树纸浆	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	载胺	2.09	—	—
2019^[79]	南京林业大学	桉树纸浆	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	0.28	—	—
2019^[80]	兰州理工大学	向日葵	冰模板法	冷冻干燥	KOH	4.09（0℃）	40	17~23
2020^[67]	普纳大学	废纸巾	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	空气	3.08	26	28.2~34.6
2020^[67]	普纳大学	废纸巾	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	2.62	—	—
2020^[81]	吕勒奥理工大学	木质素	冰模板法	冷冻干燥	氮掺杂	5.23	—	26.7
2020^[82]	南京工业大学	纤维素	溶胶-凝胶	超临界干燥	载胺	1.2（1%）	—	—
2020^[82]	南京工业大学	纤维素	溶胶-凝胶	超临界干燥	—	0.15	—	—
2021^[68]	吕勒奥理工大学	木质素和纤维素纳米纤维	冰模板法	冷冻干燥	氮掺杂	4.49	21	19.98
2022^[83]	山东科技大学	纤维素纳米纤维	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	载胺	7.74	—	7.08~21.92
2022^[83]	山东科技大学	纤维素纳米纤维	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	1.34	—	—
2023^[84]	内蒙古工业大学	香蒲	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	KOH	2.14（0.5bar），16（30bar）	—	—
2023^[84]	内蒙古工业大学	香蒲	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	1.79（30bar）	—	—
2023^[85]	华北电力大学	纤维素	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	载胺	5.58（40℃）	33.8	55~60
2023^[85]	华北电力大学	纤维素	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	3.5	—	—
2023^[65]	美国开罗大学	农业废弃物	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	载胺	2.83	—	—
2023^[65]	美国开罗大学	农业废弃物	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	—	1.99	—	—
2023^[64]	福建工业大学	纤维素	水热法	冷冻干燥	氮掺杂	3.65	19.69	11.96~21.35
2023^[64]	福建工业大学	纤维素	水热法	冷冻干燥	—	1.74	—	—
2023^[51]	苏黎世理工学院	食物蛋白	溶胶-凝胶	超临界干燥	载胺	0.58（400μg/g）	—	—
2023^[51]	苏黎世理工学院	食物蛋白	溶胶-凝胶	超临界干燥	—	0.25	—	—
2023^[64]	浙江大学	纤维素	冰模板法	冷冻干燥	载胺	6.45	—	—
2023^[64]	浙江大学	纤维素	冰模板法	冷冻干燥	—	2.62	—	—
2024^[86]	华中科技大学	废纸	溶胶-凝胶	冷冻干燥	氮掺杂	5.61（0℃）	11	—

生物质碳气凝胶CO₂吸附剂研究进展

Biomass carbon aerogels for CO₂ adsorbents

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Metrics

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胺试剂	相对分子质量	密度/g·cm^-3	标准沸腾温度/℃
2-氨基-2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇（AMPD）	105.14	—	544.5
乙醇胺（MEA）^[99]	61.08	1.01	170.9
四乙烯五胺（TEPA）^[100-101]	189.30	1.00	341
三亚乙基四胺（TETA）^[102]	146.23	0.98	266
聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）^[85]	—	1.05	645

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