现代煤化工产业发展路径分析

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1852

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

发展现代煤化工产业对保障国家能源安全、支撑国民经济发展和拓宽石化原料渠道有着重要战略意义。本文简要介绍了现代煤化工产业发展所取得的成绩与存在的问题，从原料特性、工艺技术及产品特性、成本竞争力、项目布局和规模、水耗、能耗、“三废”排放等方面系统分析了现代煤化工产业的竞争优势与劣势，指出与炼油和石化产业相比，现阶段现代煤化工产业仍以单项技术示范为主，多数产品存在交叉和重叠，且同类产品的水耗、能耗、碳排放更高，但在生产特种燃料、高碳低氢化学品、高碳高氧化学品等更符合煤炭原料组成结构和煤化学反应特性产品方面具有市场竞争力和发展潜力。在“双碳”目标下，现代煤化工产业应加快从“替代石化产品”的高碳排放产业向“发挥煤炭原料特性”的绿色低碳产业转型升级，构建具有比较优势的高端化差异化产品体系，坚持清洁低碳化生产，推进与清洁低碳能源、石油化工等多产业的耦合协同，打造具有竞争力的“煤、油、化、新材料、新能源”一体化基地，推动现代煤化工产业高质量可持续发展。

关键词: 现代煤化工, 竞争力, 发展路径, 高端化差异化产品, 碳减排

Abstract:

The development of modern coal chemical industry is of great significance for ensuring national energy security, supporting the development of national economy and expanding the channels of raw materials for petrochemical industry. The paper briefly introduces the achievements and problems in the development of modern coal chemical industry. The competitiveness of modern coal chemical industry are systematically analyzed from the aspects of raw material characteristics, process technology and product characteristics, cost competitiveness, project layout and scale, water consumption, energy consumption, and waste discharge. Compared with the oil refining and petrochemical industry, modern coal chemical industry currently is still in demonstration, which produced overlapped products with higher water consumption, higher energy consumption and higher carbon emissions. However, products in line with the composition and structure of coal and chemical reaction characteristics are believed to be competitive and potential, such as special fuel, high carbon with low hydrogen content chemicals and high carbon with high oxygen content chemicals. Under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, modern coal chemical industry should accelerate the transformation and upgrading from the high carbon emissions industry of replacing petrochemical products to the green and low-carbon industry based on the characteristics of coal. It should pay attention to build a high-end and differentiated product system, adhere to clean and low-carbon production, couple with clean and low-carbon energy, petrochemical industry and other industries, and build a competitive integrated base with coal, oil, chemicals, new materials and new energy, which contributes to promote the high-quality and sustainable development of modern coal chemical industry.

Key words: modern coal chemical industry, competitiveness, development path, high-end and differentiated product, carbon emission reduction

中图分类号:

TQ536.9

闫国春, 温亮, 张华. 现代煤化工产业发展路径分析[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(12): 6201-6212.

YAN Guochun, WEN Liang, ZHANG Hua. Analysis of development path of modern coal chemical industry[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6201-6212.

图/表 11

图1 Shinn 模型[10]

图2 减压渣油典型分子核心结构[11]

表1 不同来源石脑油性质对比

指标	石油基石脑油	煤直接液化石脑油	费托合成油石脑油	煤焦油加氢石脑油
密度(20℃)/kg $∙$ m^-3	713.1	745.2	692.2	760～790
链烷烃质量分数/%	70.59	25.3	99.18	—
环烷烃质量分数/%	20.86	—	0.82	—
芳烃质量分数/%	8.52	—	0	—
环烷烃和芳烃质量分数/%	29.38	74.60	0.82	≥70
烯烃质量分数/%	0.03	0.1	0	≤1
硫含量/mg $∙$ kg^-1	2.9	0.13	0	≤10

表1 不同来源石脑油性质对比

指标	石油基石脑油	煤直接液化石脑油	费托合成油石脑油	煤焦油加氢石脑油
密度(20℃)/kg $∙$ m^-3	713.1	745.2	692.2	760～790
链烷烃质量分数/%	70.59	25.3	99.18	—
环烷烃质量分数/%	20.86	—	0.82	—
芳烃质量分数/%	8.52	—	0	—
环烷烃和芳烃质量分数/%	29.38	74.60	0.82	≥70
烯烃质量分数/%	0.03	0.1	0	≤1
硫含量/mg $∙$ kg^-1	2.9	0.13	0	≤10

表2 不同来源柴油性质对比

指标	国Ⅵ车用柴油	煤直接液化柴油	低温费托合成油柴油	煤焦油加氢柴油
密度(20℃)/kg $∙$ m^-3	790～845	840～860	760～780	850～920
凝点/℃	-50~5	-70~-50	-6~10	—
十六烷值	≥51	45-51	55~77	35~57
链烷烃质量分数/%	—	8.0	93.9	—
环烷烃质量分数/%	—	89.2	5.4	—
总芳烃质量分数/%	—	2.8	0.7	—
多环芳烃质量分数/%	≤7	<2.0	<0.1	1.5~10
硫含量/mg $∙$ kg^-1	≤10	<2.0	<1	≤10

表2 不同来源柴油性质对比

指标	国Ⅵ车用柴油	煤直接液化柴油	低温费托合成油柴油	煤焦油加氢柴油
密度(20℃)/kg $∙$ m^-3	790～845	840～860	760～780	850～920
凝点/℃	-50~5	-70~-50	-6~10	—
十六烷值	≥51	45-51	55~77	35~57
链烷烃质量分数/%	—	8.0	93.9	—
环烷烃质量分数/%	—	89.2	5.4	—
总芳烃质量分数/%	—	2.8	0.7	—
多环芳烃质量分数/%	≤7	<2.0	<0.1	1.5~10
硫含量/mg $∙$ kg^-1	≤10	<2.0	<1	≤10

表3 不同煤化工路线对合成气规格要求

工艺路线	产品	合成气理论规格 [n(CO)∶n(H₂)]
煤制合成氨	氨	0∶1
煤制甲烷	甲烷	1∶3
煤制甲醇	甲醇	1∶2
煤-甲醇-烯烃	乙烯和丙烯	1∶2
煤-甲醇-芳烃	苯、甲苯、二甲苯	1∶1.5
煤-甲醇-乙醇	乙醇	1∶2
煤-草酸二甲酯-乙二醇	乙二醇	1∶2
煤-草酸二甲酯-乙醇酸甲酯	乙醇酸甲酯	1∶1.33
煤-甲醇-乙酸	乙酸	1∶1

表4 现代煤化工和石油化工工艺路线典型规模与投资强度

工艺路线	典型规模 /万吨·年^-1	政策门槛 /万吨·年^-1	投资额 /亿元	投资强度 /万元·吨^-1
煤直接液化	108	100	134	12400
煤间接液化	100~400	100	550	13750
石油炼制	1000~2000	1000	269	1700
煤制烯烃	30~137	50	210	35000
石脑油制乙烯	100~150	80	200	13000
煤制乙二醇	20~60	20	50	12500
石脑油制乙二醇	20~80	20	69	11500

表5 煤化工重点领域能效标杆水平和基准水平

重点领域	指标名称	指标单位	标杆水平	基准水平
煤制甲醇
褐煤	单位产品综合能耗	千克标煤/吨	1550	2000
烟煤			1400	1800
无烟煤			1250	1600
煤制烯烃
乙烯和丙烯	单位产品能耗	千克标煤/吨	2800	3300
煤制乙二醇
合成气法	单位产品综合能耗	千克标煤/吨	1000	1350

表6 不同煤炭利用方式CO2、SO2和NO x 排放强度

工艺路线	CO₂/t·标煤^-1	SO₂/kg·标煤^-1	NO _x /kg·标煤^-1
火力发电	2.64	0.33	0.50
煤直接液化	1.65	0.22	0.20
煤间接液化	1.94	0.23	0.21
煤制天然气	2.09	0.18	0.17
煤制烯烃	2.39	0.11	0.09
煤制乙二醇	1.89	0.39	0.36

表7 现代煤化工和石油化工单位产品排放量

工艺路线	CO₂/t·t^-1
煤直接液化	5.34
煤间接液化	6.86
炼油	0.36
煤制烯烃	10.52
石脑油制烯烃	0.93

图3 现代煤化工延链、补链、强链路径

图4 现代煤化工与其他产业耦合协同发展示意图

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