生物质基平台分子转化升级的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1657

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物质基平台分子的转化升级在实现生物质原料高值化过程中具有重要意义，已成为生物质领域的研究重点之一。本文首先介绍了生物质的组成成分以及多种预处理技术，同时阐述了生物质基平台分子催化转化的研究进展，特别是均相催化、非均相催化转化体系以及不同溶剂催化体系的应用与优势，涵盖了它们在提高转化率和目标产物选择性方面的贡献。其次，总结了几种典型的生物质基平台分子的性质、生成途径和转化升级的研究进展，并对其在燃料及化学品等高附加值产品中的应用潜力做了简要评估。最后，通过对当前研究现状的总结，指出生物质基平台分子转化升级过程中面临的若干挑战（如催化反应机理不清晰、催化剂的选择性和稳定性不足以及催化剂成本高昂等），并对未来发展进行了展望。

关键词: 木质纤维素生物质, 平台分子, 生物燃料, 催化, 高值化学品

Abstract:

The conversion and upgrading of biomass-derived platform molecules are essential for achieving high-value utilization of biomass. This review firstly introduces the constituents of biomass and various pretreatment technologies, and further elaborates on the research progress of biomass catalytic conversion, especially the applications and advantages of homogeneous catalytic and heterogeneous catalytic conversion systems as well as different solvent catalytic conversion systems, covering their contributions to the improvement of conversion and selectivity of the target products. Secondly, the properties, generation pathways, and current research progress of several typical biomass-derived platform molecules are summarized, and their potential applications in high-value-added products such as fuels and chemicals are briefly assessed. Finally, by summarizing the current research status, it points out several challenges in the conversion of biomass-derived platform molecules, such as the unclear catalytic reaction mechanism, the need to improve the selectivity and stability of the catalysts, as well as the high cost of the catalysts. And a brief look at its future direction is given.

Key words: lignocellulosic biomass, platform molecules, biofuels, catalysis, high-value-added chemicals

中图分类号:

X712

许镇浩, 易子骁, 曾晨, 王宇辰, 严凯. 生物质基平台分子转化升级的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(5): 2642-2654.

XU Zhenhao, YI Zixiao, ZENG Chen, WANG Yuchen, YAN Kai. Recent advance on the conversion and upgrading of biomass-derived platform molecules[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(5): 2642-2654.

图/表 15

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木质纤维素材料	纤维素	半纤维素	木质素
硬木茎	40~55	24~40	18~25
软木茎	45~50	25~35	25~35
坚果壳	25~30	25~30	30~40
玉米芯	45	35	15
草	25~40	35~50	10~30
纸	85~99	—	0~15
麦秸	30	50	15
分类废弃物	60	20	20
叶	15~20	80~85	—
棉籽毛	80~95	5~20	—
报纸	40~55	25~40	18~30
化学纸浆产生的废纸	60~70	10~20	5~10
原生废水固体	8~15	—	—
固体牛粪	1.6~4.7	1.4~3.3	2.7~5.7
柳枝	45	31.4	12
猪粪便	6.0	28	—

木质纤维素材料	纤维素	半纤维素	木质素
硬木茎	40~55	24~40	18~25
软木茎	45~50	25~35	25~35
坚果壳	25~30	25~30	30~40
玉米芯	45	35	15
草	25~40	35~50	10~30
纸	85~99	—	0~15
麦秸	30	50	15
分类废弃物	60	20	20
叶	15~20	80~85	—
棉籽毛	80~95	5~20	—
报纸	40~55	25~40	18~30
化学纸浆产生的废纸	60~70	10~20	5~10
原生废水固体	8~15	—	—
固体牛粪	1.6~4.7	1.4~3.3	2.7~5.7
柳枝	45	31.4	12
猪粪便	6.0	28	—

物理性质	糠醛	物理性质	糠醛
分子式	C₅H₄O	最大紫外吸收波/nm	276
摩尔质量/g·mol^-1	96.08	折射率	1.527
密度/g·cm^-3	1.16	在水中的溶解性	微溶
熔点/℃	-36	在乙醚中的溶解性	易溶
沸点/℃	162	在苯中的溶解性	易溶
闪点/℃	53.88	在氯仿中的溶解性	微溶
颜色、气味	无色、杏仁味	在石油醚中的溶解性	难溶

物理性质	糠醛	物理性质	糠醛
分子式	C₅H₄O	最大紫外吸收波/nm	276
摩尔质量/g·mol^-1	96.08	折射率	1.527
密度/g·cm^-3	1.16	在水中的溶解性	微溶
熔点/℃	-36	在乙醚中的溶解性	易溶
沸点/℃	162	在苯中的溶解性	易溶
闪点/℃	53.88	在氯仿中的溶解性	微溶
颜色、气味	无色、杏仁味	在石油醚中的溶解性	难溶

物理性质	5-羟甲基糠醛	物理性质	5-羟甲基糠醛
分子式	C₆H₆O₃	最大紫外吸收波/nm	283
摩尔质量/g·mol^-1	126.11	折射率	1.562
密度/g·cm^-3	1.243	在水中的溶解性	易溶
熔点/℃	31	在乙醚中的溶解性	易溶
沸点/℃	115	在苯中的溶解性	易溶
闪点/℃	79.44	在氯仿中的溶解性	微溶
颜色、气味	黄色、甘菊花味	在石油醚中的溶解性	难溶