耐盐型太阳能驱动界面光热材料及蒸发器的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-1732

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

太阳能驱动界面蒸发技术（SDIE）依靠光热材料和蒸发器进行海水淡化，因光热转换效率高、环境友好、制造工艺简单和材料丰富等优点引起了学者们的广泛关注。但在海水淡化过程中，光热材料和蒸发器表面盐结晶的积累会直接影响太阳能界面蒸发效率，解决光热材料和蒸发器表面盐结晶问题是SDIE中重要的一步。本文简述了近年来耐盐型光热材料及蒸发器的设计理念与研究现状，阐述了不同耐盐设计的优点和局限性，梳理了其耐盐机制和性能，分析表明通过调控光热材料的孔结构、亲-疏水性、离子基团等方法可以增强光热材料的耐盐性，通过调控盐溶液的浓度和盐的结晶位置等可设计多种耐盐型蒸发器，讨论了目前在SDIE中解决盐结晶问题存在的共性问题并提出未来的研究挑战，以推进未来SDIE的研究与发展。

关键词: 太阳能, 界面蒸发, 海水淡化, 光热材料, 耐盐

Abstract:

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE), which relies on photothermal materials and evaporators for desalination, has attracted widespread attention from scholars because of its high photothermal conversion efficiency, environmental friendliness, simple manufacturing process and abundant materials. Addressing the salt crystal buildup on the surface of photothermal materials and evaporators is a crucial stage in SDIE because it will directly affect the evaporation efficiency throughout the desalination process. This paper briefly described the design concepts and research status of salt-tolerant photothermal materials and evaporators in recent years, illustrated the advantages and limitations of different salt-tolerant designs, and sorted out their salt-tolerance mechanisms and performance. The analysis demonstrated that the salt resistance of photothermal materials can be enhanced by regulating the pore structure, hydrophilic-hydrophobic and ionic groups of photothermal materials. A variety of salt-resistant evaporators can be designed by regulating the concentration of salt solution and the crystallization position of salt. In addition, common problems in solving salt crystallization problems in SDIE were discussed and future research challenges were proposed to advance the future research and development of SDIE.

Key words: solar energy, interfacial evaporation, desalination, photothermal materials, salt resistance

中图分类号:

TQ09

李吉焱, 景艳菊, 邢郭宇, 刘美辰, 龙永, 朱照琪. 耐盐型太阳能驱动界面光热材料及蒸发器的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3611-3622.

LI Jiyan, JING Yanju, XING Guoyu, LIU Meichen, LONG Yong, ZHU Zhaoqi. Research progress and challenges of salt-resistant solar-driven interface photo-thermal materials and evaporator[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(7): 3611-3622.

图/表 6

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序号	光热材料	耐盐方法	作用机制	蒸发速率 /kg·m^-2·h^-1	耐盐性能	参考文献
1	碳纤维包覆藜麦纤维素纳米片	1	直接冲洗盐晶体或自清洁	3.2	3.5%和7.0% NaCl溶液，12h，表面的盐分别在熄灯7h和12h后自动溶解	[54]
1	碳纤维包覆藜麦纤维素纳米片	1		3.2	3.5%和7.0% NaCl溶液，12h，表面的盐分别在熄灯7h和12h后自动溶解	[54]
2	碳纳米管耦合棉织物	1		1.59	17.5% NaCl溶液，8h，洗涤后，表面非常干净，对织物无不利影响	[52]
2	碳纳米管耦合棉织物	1		1.59	17.5% NaCl溶液，8h，洗涤后，表面非常干净，对织物无不利影响	[52]
3	半球形双层水凝胶	1		2.03	25% NaCl溶液，10h，熄灯1h后盐颗粒完全溶解	[73]
4	天然木材	2	通过设计蒸发器的结构来增强盐分的逆向扩散，盐分因浓度差异自动扩散回散装水	1.46 （3.6%NaCl）	20% NaCl溶液，6h，无盐沉积，100h的连续试验期间，蒸发效率为75%；15% NaCl溶液，6h（1~5sun），未有盐积累	[32]
5	聚丙烯酰胺/MnO₂水凝胶	2		3.297	25%盐水，12h，只出现微小的盐颗粒，2.393kg/(m²·h)；0.5g NaCl粉末90min后完全溶解	[38]
6	N,S-掺杂多孔碳/壳聚糖	2		2.51	15% NaCl溶液，15h，无盐结晶；1.5g NaCl颗粒120min后完全溶解	[74]
7	疏水多孔碳纳米纤维膜	3	通过疏水作用阻断盐离子向光吸收表面的传输，以避免盐的形成	1.43	20%的海水，3h后，无可见盐；6h（2sun），1.41kg/(m²·h)	[58]
8	SiO₂/纤维素纳米材料	3		1.25	12% NaCl溶液，6h，无盐结晶生成	[42]
9	Fe₃O₄/聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)/聚丙烯腈	3		1.76	20% NaCl溶液，5天，性能稳定；1.5g NaCl，3h内完全溶解	[44]
10	铜和银纳米颗粒/生物质炭	4	调节材料的表面电荷，使盐溶液中的某一种离子被排斥，抑制盐结晶的产生	1.49	20% NaCl溶液，10h，没有盐结晶；5g盐4h内溶解	[50]
11	聚合物水凝胶	4	调节材料的表面电荷，使盐溶液中的某一种离子被排斥，抑制盐结晶的产生	2.76	3.5% NaCl溶液，蒸发60次，每次1.5h，无盐结晶，2.65kg/(m²·h)；20% NaCl溶液，2.33kg/(m²·h)；0.5g NaCl固体，180min后溶解	[49]
12	悬挂弧形织物	5	通过设计特殊的蒸发系统，在盐浓度达到结晶极限之前将浓缩后的盐水排出蒸发系统	1.94	21% NaCl溶液，1.9kg/m²·h，12h，样品表面没有盐积累	[34]
13	聚丙烯腈@硫化铜织物	5		2.27（海水）	海水，100h，无固体盐晶体	[67]
14	聚苯胺/纤维素	5		1.56（3.5%盐水）	3.5%盐水，100h，性能没有下降；浓缩后的溶液盐度达到17.11%	[60]
15	印刷空气铺设纸	6	通过控制盐结晶的位置，在空间上实现盐的结晶与水的蒸发的隔离	1.75	10%的盐水，900～1700W/m²下，蒸发效率80%；6.28kWh/d时，产盐速率约400g/(m²·d)	[65]
16	炭化绿藻	6		1.35	20% NaCl溶液，在自然光下15天可以收集到24.26g NaCl，表面没有结晶	[66]
17	复合树脂/碳纳米管	6		2.63（天然海水）	25% NaCl溶液，盐结晶位于3D蒸发器的顶点	[61]
18	二氧化硅/炭/二氧化硅（3D杯状）	6		1.7	10%或15% NaCl溶液，24h，杯的内部底部无盐晶体沉淀；15% NaCl，75h，蒸发速率未下降	[64]
19	还原性氧化石墨烯和壳聚糖包覆的织物	6		2.09	20% NaCl，90min，盐结晶开始出现在蜂窝单元顶部，1.92kg/m²·h；3.5%和9%盐水，没有明显的盐积累	[62]
20	椴木	7	采用热辐射和对流传热来代替热传导进行传热	0.67	20%海水，8h（2sun），1.04～1.19kg/(m²·h)	[69]
21	聚苯乙烯纤维素球体	8	盐结晶的析出促使蒸发器自动旋转，更新蒸发面以实现连续蒸发	2.6	20% NaCl溶液，30min后出现微小的盐结晶，在50min时驱动光热球旋转进行下一轮蒸发，8h的平均蒸发速率为2.06kg/(m²·h)	[72]

序号	光热材料	耐盐方法	作用机制	蒸发速率 /kg·m^-2·h^-1	耐盐性能	参考文献
1	碳纤维包覆藜麦纤维素纳米片	1	直接冲洗盐晶体或自清洁	3.2	3.5%和7.0% NaCl溶液，12h，表面的盐分别在熄灯7h和12h后自动溶解	[54]
1	碳纤维包覆藜麦纤维素纳米片	1		3.2	3.5%和7.0% NaCl溶液，12h，表面的盐分别在熄灯7h和12h后自动溶解	[54]
2	碳纳米管耦合棉织物	1		1.59	17.5% NaCl溶液，8h，洗涤后，表面非常干净，对织物无不利影响	[52]
2	碳纳米管耦合棉织物	1		1.59	17.5% NaCl溶液，8h，洗涤后，表面非常干净，对织物无不利影响	[52]
3	半球形双层水凝胶	1		2.03	25% NaCl溶液，10h，熄灯1h后盐颗粒完全溶解	[73]
4	天然木材	2	通过设计蒸发器的结构来增强盐分的逆向扩散，盐分因浓度差异自动扩散回散装水	1.46 （3.6%NaCl）	20% NaCl溶液，6h，无盐沉积，100h的连续试验期间，蒸发效率为75%；15% NaCl溶液，6h（1~5sun），未有盐积累	[32]
5	聚丙烯酰胺/MnO₂水凝胶	2		3.297	25%盐水，12h，只出现微小的盐颗粒，2.393kg/(m²·h)；0.5g NaCl粉末90min后完全溶解	[38]
6	N,S-掺杂多孔碳/壳聚糖	2		2.51	15% NaCl溶液，15h，无盐结晶；1.5g NaCl颗粒120min后完全溶解	[74]
7	疏水多孔碳纳米纤维膜	3	通过疏水作用阻断盐离子向光吸收表面的传输，以避免盐的形成	1.43	20%的海水，3h后，无可见盐；6h（2sun），1.41kg/(m²·h)	[58]
8	SiO₂/纤维素纳米材料	3		1.25	12% NaCl溶液，6h，无盐结晶生成	[42]
9	Fe₃O₄/聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)/聚丙烯腈	3		1.76	20% NaCl溶液，5天，性能稳定；1.5g NaCl，3h内完全溶解	[44]
10	铜和银纳米颗粒/生物质炭	4	调节材料的表面电荷，使盐溶液中的某一种离子被排斥，抑制盐结晶的产生	1.49	20% NaCl溶液，10h，没有盐结晶；5g盐4h内溶解	[50]
11	聚合物水凝胶	4	调节材料的表面电荷，使盐溶液中的某一种离子被排斥，抑制盐结晶的产生	2.76	3.5% NaCl溶液，蒸发60次，每次1.5h，无盐结晶，2.65kg/(m²·h)；20% NaCl溶液，2.33kg/(m²·h)；0.5g NaCl固体，180min后溶解	[49]
12	悬挂弧形织物	5	通过设计特殊的蒸发系统，在盐浓度达到结晶极限之前将浓缩后的盐水排出蒸发系统	1.94	21% NaCl溶液，1.9kg/m²·h，12h，样品表面没有盐积累	[34]
13	聚丙烯腈@硫化铜织物	5		2.27（海水）	海水，100h，无固体盐晶体	[67]
14	聚苯胺/纤维素	5		1.56（3.5%盐水）	3.5%盐水，100h，性能没有下降；浓缩后的溶液盐度达到17.11%	[60]
15	印刷空气铺设纸	6	通过控制盐结晶的位置，在空间上实现盐的结晶与水的蒸发的隔离	1.75	10%的盐水，900～1700W/m²下，蒸发效率80%；6.28kWh/d时，产盐速率约400g/(m²·d)	[65]
16	炭化绿藻	6		1.35	20% NaCl溶液，在自然光下15天可以收集到24.26g NaCl，表面没有结晶	[66]
17	复合树脂/碳纳米管	6		2.63（天然海水）	25% NaCl溶液，盐结晶位于3D蒸发器的顶点	[61]
18	二氧化硅/炭/二氧化硅（3D杯状）	6		1.7	10%或15% NaCl溶液，24h，杯的内部底部无盐晶体沉淀；15% NaCl，75h，蒸发速率未下降	[64]
19	还原性氧化石墨烯和壳聚糖包覆的织物	6		2.09	20% NaCl，90min，盐结晶开始出现在蜂窝单元顶部，1.92kg/m²·h；3.5%和9%盐水，没有明显的盐积累	[62]
20	椴木	7	采用热辐射和对流传热来代替热传导进行传热	0.67	20%海水，8h（2sun），1.04～1.19kg/(m²·h)	[69]
21	聚苯乙烯纤维素球体	8	盐结晶的析出促使蒸发器自动旋转，更新蒸发面以实现连续蒸发	2.6	20% NaCl溶液，30min后出现微小的盐结晶，在50min时驱动光热球旋转进行下一轮蒸发，8h的平均蒸发速率为2.06kg/(m²·h)	[72]

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