表面离子印迹聚合物金属离子吸附材料研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-1889

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

离子印迹聚合物吸附材料对模板离子具有强识别能力，对其可实现高选择吸附，因而离子印迹技术常用于制备高选择性吸附材料。但传统方法制备的离子印迹吸附材料，因识别位点容易被包埋导致其吸附容量小、吸附-脱附速率低，而表面离子印迹技术则是采用模板离子和聚合单体直接在载体表面或附近区域构筑选择性识别位点，所有活性位点均暴露，从而有效地解决了上述问题。本文从技术原理与合成原料、制备工艺方法以及载体材料类型等方面对表面印迹聚合物吸附材料近期研究进展情况进行了概述。针对相关研究现状，从载体材料、功能单体、目标离子等角度分析和讨论了表面离子印迹聚合物吸附材料当前发展中的不足及其所面临的挑战，并对表面离子印迹技术发展趋势和前景进行了展望。

关键词: 表面离子印迹, 金属离子, 吸附材料, 选择吸附

Abstract:

Ion-imprinted polymer adsorbents display highly selective adsorption for template ions due to their strong recognition ability. However, the adsorption capacity and adsorption-desorption rate of ion-imprinted adsorbents prepared by traditional preparation methods are seriously restrained because the recognition sites of the materials are easy to deeply embed. Fortunately, the abovementioned problems can be effectively resolved by surface ion imprinting technology because all the fabricated adsorption active sites located on the surface are fully exposed to metal ions in solutions. The recent research progress of surface ion-imprinted polymer materials is summarized from three aspects of technical principles and raw materials, preparation technology and supporter in this paper. Aiming at the current status of relevant researches, the shortcomings and challenges in the development of surface ion-imprinted polymer adsorption materials are analyzed and discussed from the perspectives of carrier materials, functional monomers and target ions, and the development prospects and trends are prospected.

Key words: surface ion-imprinted, heavy metal ions, adsorbents, adsorption selectivity

中图分类号:

O658

池成龙, 贾爱忠, 孙道来, 赵新强, 王延吉. 表面离子印迹聚合物金属离子吸附材料研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(7): 3758-3769.

CHI Chenglong, JIA Aizhong, SUN Daolai, ZHAO Xinqiang, WANG Yanji. Research progress on adsorbents of surface ion-imprinted polymer for heavy metal ions[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(7): 3758-3769.

图/表 7

图1 表面离子印迹聚合物复合吸附剂制备示意图[5]

表1 表面离子印迹聚合物常用功能单体及对应离子模板

功能单体	模板离子	参考文献
聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）	Cu²⁺，Cd²⁺，Cr³⁺	［12-15］
3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（APS）	Cu²⁺	［16］
3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）	Cu²⁺	［17-18］
甲基丙烯酸（MAA）	Cu²⁺，Cr³⁺，Pb²⁺	［19-22］
聚烯丙胺（PAA）	Cu²⁺	［23］
3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（3-MPTMS）	Cd²⁺	［24-26］
烯丙基硫脲（ATU）	Cd²⁺，Hg²⁺	［27-28］
N-甲基丙烯酰-L-半胱氨酸（MAC）	Cd²⁺	［29］
4-乙烯基吡啶（4-VP）	Cr₂O $7 2 -$	［30-32］
甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）	Cr₂O $7 2 -$	［33］
丙烯酸（AA）	Cr₂O $7 2 -$	［34］

表1 表面离子印迹聚合物常用功能单体及对应离子模板

功能单体	模板离子	参考文献
聚乙烯亚胺（PEI）	Cu²⁺，Cd²⁺，Cr³⁺	［12-15］
3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（APS）	Cu²⁺	［16］
3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）	Cu²⁺	［17-18］
甲基丙烯酸（MAA）	Cu²⁺，Cr³⁺，Pb²⁺	［19-22］
聚烯丙胺（PAA）	Cu²⁺	［23］
3-巯基丙基三甲氧基硅烷（3-MPTMS）	Cd²⁺	［24-26］
烯丙基硫脲（ATU）	Cd²⁺，Hg²⁺	［27-28］
N-甲基丙烯酰-L-半胱氨酸（MAC）	Cd²⁺	［29］
4-乙烯基吡啶（4-VP）	Cr₂O $7 2 -$	［30-32］
甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）	Cr₂O $7 2 -$	［33］
丙烯酸（AA）	Cr₂O $7 2 -$	［34］

表2 表面离子印迹聚合物吸附剂常用载体性质

类别	载体	比表面积/m²·g^-1	表面官能团	优点	缺点	改进措施	参考文献
生物质材料	壳聚糖	—	―NH₂、―COOH	吸附容量大、易于回收、易降解	比表面积小、孔隙率低、稳定性差	制备稳定的复合材料并提高孔隙率	［35-38］
生物质材料	海藻酸钠	—	―COOH、―OH	吸附容量大、易于回收、易降解	比表面积小、孔隙率低、稳定性差	制备稳定的复合材料并提高孔隙率	［39-41］
纳米金属氧化物	Fe₃O₄	—	―OH	比表面积大、顺磁性强或光催化活性好	酸性溶解、分散性差、回收困难	材料表面修饰或嵌入其他材料表面	［30，33，42-45］
纳米金属氧化物	TiO₂	—	―OH	比表面积大、顺磁性强或光催化活性好	酸性溶解、分散性差、回收困难	材料表面修饰或嵌入其他材料表面	［46-48］
硅基材料	硅胶	800	Si―OH	比表面积大、孔道丰富、稳定	制备工艺复杂、条件苛刻、周期长	开发天然硅基材料	［27，49-51］
	SBA-15	>1000	Si―OH	比表面积大、孔道丰富、稳定	制备工艺复杂、条件苛刻、周期长	开发天然硅基材料	［52-56］
	硅藻土	约 65	Si―OH	成本低、环境友好	比表面积较小、吸附容量较小	研发先进改性技术	［26，57-59］
碳基材料	多壁纳米管	—	―COOH、―OH	比表面积大、易功能化、稳定性好	工艺复杂、吸附容量、再生性需提高	探索和建立高效、低成本的大规模生产技术	［21，31，60-61］
	石墨烯	>2000	―COOH、―OH				［62］
	活性炭	600~2000	―COOH、―OH				［63］
	纳米纤维	约700	―COOH、―OH				［64］
金属有机骨架化合物	UiO-66-NH₂	1000~10000	―NH₂	比表面积大、孔隙率高、孔径可调、易修饰	水中稳定性较差	进一步丰富改性及表面性质调控技术	［65-76］

图2 铜印迹聚乙烯亚胺接枝介孔二氧化硅SBA-15合成示意图[12]

图3 溶胶-凝胶法制备表面离子印迹聚合物吸附材料示意图[83]（以硅基材料为例）

图4 Pb(Ⅱ)离子表面印迹聚合物吸附材料制备工艺流程[37]

图5 Cr2O72-表面印迹聚合物吸附材料制备工艺流程及机理[30]

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