生物质化学链气化氧载体的研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2020-0035

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物质化学链气化（chemical looping gasification, CLG）为生物质能源的利用开辟了新途径，氧载体在CLG过程中具有重要作用，其性能是影响CLG反应过程的关键因素。本文重点阐述了CLG技术中氧载体的性能评价指标、类型、制备方法及其对CLG过程中产生焦油的影响。通过对比分析目前研究成果，指出Fe基氧载体在生物质CLG过程中应用最广泛，而Ni基氧载体具有较高的活性和较大的载氧能力，且对于CLG副产物焦油具有较高的催化转化效率。未来该领域研究的重点方向是开发高活性且环境友好的氧载体，推进CLG工艺的工业应用。本文为今后生物质CLG氧载体的开发与优化提供了借鉴。

关键词: 生物质, 化学链, 气化, 氧载体, 合成气

Abstract:

Biomass chemical looping gasification (CLG) is a promising approach for the utilization of biomass energy. The oxygen carrier plays an important role in the CLG process, and its performance is the key factor affecting the CLG process. In this paper, the performance evaluation indexes, the types of oxygen carriers, preparation methods and their effects on tar yield in CLG technology were reviewed. Through analysis and comparison of current research results, it was pointed out that Fe carrier is the most widely used in the process of biomass CLG, and Ni carrier has higher activity, larger oxygen carrying capacity, and higher catalytic conversion efficiency for tar. Therefore, Ni carrier shows better application prospects. In the future, the key direction in this field is the development of highly active and environmental-friendly oxygen carriers, thus promoting the industrial application of CLG process.

Key words: biomass, chemical looping, gasification, oxygen carrier, syngas

中图分类号:

颜蓓蓓, 李志宇, 李健, 刘彬, 陈冠益. 生物质化学链气化氧载体的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(10): 3956-3965.

Beibei YAN, Zhiyu LI, Jian LI, Bin LIU, Guanyi CHEN. Research progress of oxygen carrier in biomass chemical looping gasification[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(10): 3956-3965.

参考文献

1	赵坤, 何方, 黄振, 等. 生物质化学链气化制取合成气模拟研究[J]. 煤炭转化, 2011, 34(4): 87-92.
1	ZHAO Kun, HE Fang, HUANG Zhen, et al. Simulation study on synthesis gas from biomass chemical looping gasification[J]. Coal Conversion, 2011, 34(4): 87-92.
2	GUO L, ZHANG Y H, YI W, et al. Synthesis and characterization of micro-spherical tungsten-molybdenum alloy particles using spray drying combined with microwave assisted calcination process[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials, 2019, 78: 45-50.
3	张横锦. 碱金属对生物质化学链气化过程影响的研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2018.
3	ZHANG Hengjin. Study on the influence of alkali metals on the chemical looping gasification of biomass[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2018.
4	金晓宇, 王训, 胡智泉, 等. 松木屑化学链气化制备合成气实验[J]. 环境工程, 2019(1): 41.
4	JIN Xiaoyu, WANG Xun, HU Zhiquan, et al. Experiment on synthesis gas preparation by chemical looping gasification of pine sawdust[J]. Environmental Engineering, 2019(1): 41.
5	SHEN T X, GE H J, SHEN L H. Characterization of combined Fe-Cu oxides as oxygen carrier in chemical looping gasification of biomass[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2018, 75: 63-73.
6	ORTIZ M, DE DIEGO L F, ABAD A, et al. Hydrogen production by auto-thermal chemical-looping reforming in a pressurized fluidized bed reactor using Ni-based oxygen carriers[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(1): 151-160.
7	WANG H, WANG K, WEI J, et al. Thermodynamics research of chemical looping gasification of biomass based on Mn-based oxygen carrier[J]. Hans Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology, 2018, 8(3): 151-157.
8	武万强. 生物质化学链气化氧载体的反应性能研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2017.
8	WU Wanqiang. Study on the reactivity of biomass chemical looping gasification oxygen carrier[D]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2017.
9	UDOMSIRICHAKORN J, SALAM P A. Review of hydrogen-enriched gas production from steam gasification of biomass: the prospect of CaO-based chemical looping gasification[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 30: 565-579.
10	RICHTER H J, KNOCHE K F. Reversibility of combustion processes[J]. ACS Symposium Series, 1983, 235: 71-85.
11	BHAVSAR S, NAJERA M, SOLUNKE R, et al. Chemical looping: to combustion and beyond[J]. Catalysis Today, 2014, 228: 96-105.
12	RUBEL A, LIU K L, NEATHERY J, et al. Oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion of solid fuels[J]. Fuel, 2009, 88(5): 876-884.
13	徐绍平. 化工工艺学[M]. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社, 2004.
13	XU Shaoping. Chemical technology[M]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology Press, 2004.
14	刘永卓, 郭庆杰, 田红景. 煤化学链转化技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2014, 33(6): 1357-1364.
14	LIU Yongzhuo, GUO Qingjie, TIAN Hongjing. Advances in coal chemical looping conversion technology[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2014, 33(6): 1357-1364.
15	LINDERHOLM C, SCHMITZ M, BIERMANN M, et al. Chemical-looping combustion of solid fuel in a 100 kW unit using sintered manganese ore as oxygen carrier[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2017, 65: 170-181.
16	GU H M, SHEN L H, XIAO J, et al. Chemical looping combustion of biomass/coal with natural iron ore as oxygen carrier in a continuous reactor[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2011, 25(1): 446-455.
17	MATTISSON T, LYNGFELT A, CHO P. The use of iron oxide as an oxygen carrier in chemical-looping combustion of methane with inherent separation of CO₂[J]. Fuel, 2001, 80(13): 1953-1962.
18	刘黎明, 赵海波, 郑楚光. 化学链燃烧方式中氧载体的研究进展[J]. 煤炭转化, 2006, 29(3): 83-93.
18	LIU Liming, ZHAO Haibo, ZHENG Chuguang. Advances on oxygen carriers of chemical-looping combustion[J]. Coal Conversion, 2006, 29(3): 83-93.
19	吴天威, 于庆波, 姚鑫, 等. 化学链空分制氧中金属氧化物载氧体研究现状[C]//第八届全国能源与热工学术年会，大连, 2015.
19	WU Tianwei, YU Qingbo, YAO Xin, et al. Research status of metal oxide carriers in chemical looping air separation oxygen production[C]//The 8th National Annual Conference on Energy and Thermal Engineering， Dalian, 2015.
20	AGHABARARNEJAD M, PATIENCE G S, CHAOUKI J. TGA and kinetic modelling of Co, Mn and Cu oxides for chemical looping gasification (CLG)[J]. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2014, 92(11): 1903-1910.
21	XIE A J, TANG Y R, HUANG X Y, et al. Three-dimensional nanoflower MnCrO/Sepiolite catalyst with increased SO₂ resistance for NH₃-SCR at low temperature[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 370: 897-905.
22	MATTISSON T, JARDNAS A, LYNGFELT A. Reactivity of some metal oxides supported on alumina with alternating methane and oxygen-application for chemical-looping combustion[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2003, 17(3): 643-651.
23	RYDEN M, CLEVERSTAM E, JOHANSSON M, et al. Fe₂O₃ on Ce-, Ca-, or Mg-stabilized ZrO₂ as oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion using NiO as additive[J]. AIChE Journal, 2010, 56(8): 2211-2220.
24	TIAN X, NIU P J, MA Y X, et al. Chemical-looping gasification of biomass: Part Ⅱ. Tar yields and distributions[J]. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2018, 108: 178-189.
25	WANG Y M, LIU Q, FAN S J, et al. Rapid analysis and characterization of multiple constituents of corn silk aqueous extract using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Separation Science, 2019, 42(19): 3054-3066.
26	LI C H, YU Z Y, LIU H X, et al. Synergetic contribution of Fe/Co and N/B dopants in mesoporous carbon nanosheets as remarkable electrocatalysts for zinc-air batteries[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 371: 433-442.
27	YANG J, MA L P, ZHENG D L, et al. Reaction mechanism for syngas preparation by lignite chemical looping gasification using phosphogypsum oxygen carrier[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2018, 32(7): 7857-7867.
28	WANG K, YU Q B, QIN Q, et al. Thermodynamic modeling of the combined CLG-CLHG system for syngas and hydrogen generation[J]. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 2018, 37(3): 1132-1139.
29	ZHANG Z H, OU Z L, QIN C L, et al. Roles of alkali/alkaline earth metals in steam reforming of biomass tar for hydrogen production over perovskite supported Ni catalysts[J]. Fuel, 2019, 257: 116032.
30	JOHANSSON M, MATTISSON T, LYNGFELT A. Investigation of Mn₃O₄ with stabilized ZrO₂ for chemical-looping combustion[J]. Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2006, 84(A9): 807-818.
31	王保文. 化学链燃烧技术中铁基氧载体的制备及其性能研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2008.
31	WANG Baowen. Study on the preparation and properties of iron-based oxygen carrier in chemical looping combustion technology[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2008.
32	DENG Z B, HUANG Z, HE F, et al. Evaluation of calcined copper slag as an oxygen carrier for chemical looping gasification of sewage sludge[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(33): 17823-17834.
33	ISHIDA M, YAMAMOTO M, OHBA T. Experimental results of chemical-looping combustion with NiO/NiAl₂O₄ particle circulation at 1200℃[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43(9/10/11/12): 1469-1478.
34	WANG Z Q, ZHU M, HE T, et al. Chemical looping reforming of toluene as a biomass tar model compound over two types of oxygen carriers: 2CuO-2NiO/Al₂O₃ and CaFe₂O₄[J]. Fuel, 2018, 222: 375-384.
35	JIN H G, OKAMOTO T, ISHIDA M. Development of a novel chemical-looping combustion: Synthesis of a solid looping material of NiO/NiAl₂O₄[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1999, 38(1): 126-132.
36	VILLA R, CRISTIANI C, GROPPI G, et al. Ni based mixed oxide materials for CH₄ oxidation under redox cycle conditions[J]. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A：Chemical, 2003, 204: 637-646.
37	CORBELLA B M, DE DIEGO L, GARCIA F, et al. The performance in a fixed bed reactor of copper-based oxides on titania as oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion of methane[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2005, 19(2): 433-441.
38	HWANG J H, BAEK J I, RYU H J, et al. Development of MgMnO₃-delta as an oxygen carrier material for chemical looping combustion[J]. Fuel, 2018, 231: 290-296.
39	JIN H G, ISHIDA M. Reactivity study on natural-gas-fueled chemical-looping combustion by a fixed-bed reactor[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2002, 41(16): 4004-4007.
40	WEI G Q, WANG H T, ZHAO W N, et al. Synthesis gas production from chemical looping gasification of lignite by using hematite as oxygen carrier[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 185: 774-782.
41	HUANG Z, HE F, ZHENG A Q, et al. Synthesis gas production from biomass gasification using steam coupling with natural hematite as oxygen carrier[J]. Energy, 2013, 53: 244-251.
42	黄振, 何方, 李海滨, 等. 天然铁矿石为氧载体的生物质化学链气化制合成气实验研究[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2012, 40(3): 300-308.
42	HUANG Zhen, HE Fang, LI Haibing, et al. Synthesis gas generation by chemical-looping gasification of biomass using natural hematite as oxygen carrier[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2012, 40(3): 300-308.
43	HUANG Z, HE F, FENG Y P, et al. Biomass char direct chemical looping gasification using NiO-modified iron ore as an oxygen carrier[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2014, 28(1): 183-191.
44	GUO Q J, HU X D, LIU Y Z, et al. Coal chemical-looping gasification of Ca-based oxygen carriers decorated by CaO[J]. Powder Technology, 2015, 275: 60-68.
45	余钟亮, 李春玉, 景旭亮, 等. 碳酸钾催化的铁基氧载体煤催化化学链燃烧[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2013, 41(07): 826-831.
45	YU Zhongliang, LI Chunyu, JING Xuliang, et al. Potassium carbonate catalyzed ferric oxygen carrier coal catalyzed chemical looping combustion[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2013, 41(07): 826-831.
46	B-N JOHANNES, TOBIAS P, PHILIPP K, et al. Performance of a NiO-based oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion and reforming in a 120 kW unit[J]. Energy Procedia, 2009, 1(1): 19-25.
47	KIM H R, WANG D W, ZENG L, et al. Coal direct chemical looping combustion process: design and operation of a 25-kW_th sub-pilot unit[J]. Fuel, 2013, 108: 370-384.
48	HU J W, GALVITA V V, POELMAN H, et al. Pressure-induced deactivation of core-shell nanomaterials for catalyst assisted chemical looping[J]. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2019, 247: 86-99.
49	CHEN P, SUN X Q, GAO M G, et al. Transformation and migration of cadmium during chemical-looping combustion/gasification of municipal solid waste[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 365: 389-399.
50	WANG B W, YAN R, LEE D H, et al. Characterization and evaluation of Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ oxygen carrier prepared by sol-gel combustion synthesis[J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2011, 91(1): 105-113.
51	IMTIAZ Q, ABDALA P M, KIERZKOWSKA A M, et al. Na⁺ doping induced changes in the reduction and charge transport characteristics of Al₂O₃-stabilized, CuO-based materials for CO₂ capture[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016, 18(17): 12278-12288.
52	陈虎. 基于化学链技术的生物质气化甲醇-电联产工艺研究[D]. 成都: 西南石油大学, 2017.
52	CHEN Hu. Research on methanol-electricity co-production process of biomass gasification based on chemical looping technology[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Petroleum University, 2017.
53	宋洋博. 化学链气化载氧体的制备及工艺研究[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2017.
53	SONG Yangbo. Research on preparation and technology of chemical looping gasification oxygen carrier[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2017.
54	HU Z F, JIANG E C, MA X Q. Microwave pretreatment on microalgae: evolution of gas and char in chemical looping gasification[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2019, 43(2): 956-969.
55	赵海波, 陈猛, 熊杰, 等. 化学链重整制氢系统的过程模拟[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2012, 32(11): 87-94.
55	ZHAO Haibo, CHEN Meng, XIONG Jie, et al. Process simulation of chemical looping reforming hydrogen production system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2012, 32(11): 87-94.
56	冉景煜, 张松, 秦昌雷, 等. 生物质半焦/铜基载氧体气化反应特性研究[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2014, 42(11): 1316-1323.
56	RAN Jingyu, ZHANG Song, QIN Changlei, et al. Study on gasification reaction characteristics of biomass semi-coke/copper based oxygen carrier[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2014, 42(11): 1316-1323.
57	WANG K, YU Q B, QIN Q, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of syngas generation from biomass using chemical looping gasification method[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2016, 41(24): 10346-10353.
58	DING N, ZHENG Y, LUO C, et al. Development and performance of binder-supported CaSO₄ oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2011, 171(3): 1018-1026.
59	TIAN H J, GUO Q J. Thermodynamic investigation into carbon deposition and sulfur evolution in a Ca-based chemical-looping combustion system[J]. Chemical Engineering Research & Design, 2011, 89(9): 1524-1532.
60	YANG J, WEI Y, YANG J, et al. Syngas production by chemical looping gasification using Fe supported on phosphogypsum compound oxygen carrier[J]. Energy, 2019, 168: 126-135.
61	LIN L M, LIU D Y, JIN J, et al. High iron and calcium coal ash as the oxygen carrier for chemical looping combustion[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2018, 57(29): 9725-9736.
62	LIU Y Z, GAO M G, ZHANG X T, et al. Characteristics of a CaSO₄ composite oxygen carrier supported with an active material for in situ gasification chemical looping combustion of coal[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(41): 23372-23381.
63	YANG J, MA L P, DONG S L, et al. Theoretical and experimental demonstration of lignite chemical looping gasification of phosphogypsum oxygen carrier for syngas generation[J]. Fuel, 2017, 194: 448-459.
64	LIU C L, WANG W J. Chemical looping gasification of pyrolyzed biomass and coal char with copper ferrite as an oxygen carrier[J]. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 2018, 10(6): 63101.
65	NIU P J, MA Y X, TIAN X, et al. Chemical looping gasification of biomass: PartⅠ. Screening Cu-Fe metal oxides as oxygen carrier and optimizing experimental conditions[J]. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2018, 108: 146-156.
66	HUANG Z, DENG Z B, CHEN D Z, et al. Thermodynamic analysis and kinetic investigations on biomass char chemical looping gasification using Fe-Ni bimetallic oxygen carrier[J]. Energy, 2017, 141: 1836-1844.
67	WEI G Q, HE F, ZHAO W N, et al. Experimental Investigation of Fe-Ni-Al oxygen carrier derived from hydrotalcite-like precursors for the chemical looping gasification of biomass char[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2017, 31(5): 5174-5182.
68	WEI G Q, HUANG J, FAN Y Y, et al. Chemical looping reforming of biomass based pyrolysis gas coupling with chemical looping hydrogen by using Fe/Ni/Al oxygen carriers derived from LDH precursors[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 179: 304-313.
69	ZOU J, OLADIPO J, FU S L, et al. Hydrogen production from cellulose catalytic gasification catalyst on CeO₂/Fe₂O₃[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2018, 171: 241-248.
70	SUN Z, CHEN S, RUSSEL C K, et al. Improvement of H₂-rich gas production with tar abatement from pine wood conversion over bi-functional Ca₂Fe₂O₅ catalyst: investigation of inner-looping redox reaction and promoting mechanisms[J]. Applied Energy, 2018, 212: 931-943.
71	魏国强, 何方, 赵增立, 等. 基于层状氢氧化物衍生复合氧载体的生物质化学链气化实验研究[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2016. 44(3): 349-356.
71	WEI Guoqiang, HE Fang, ZHAO Zengli, et al. Experimental study on biomass chemical looping gasification based on layered hydroxide derived complex oxygen carrier[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2016, 44(3): 349-356.
72	付范萱. 改性铜基载氧体与松木共气化特性研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2016.
72	FU Fanxuan. Study on co-gasification characteristics of modified copper based oxygen carrier and pine[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2016.
73	LEION H, FRICK V, HILDOR F. Experimental method and setup for laboratory fluidized bed reactor testing[J]. Energies, 2018, 11(10): 1-17.
74	LIU S, HE F, HUANG Z, et al. Screening of NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles as oxygen carrier in chemical looping hydrogen production[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2016, 30(5): 4251-4262.
75	HAFIZI A, RAHIMPOUR M R, HASSANAJILI S. Hydrogen production by chemical looping steam reforming of methane over Mg promoted iron oxygen carrier: optimization using design of experiments[J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2016, 62: 140-149.
76	MOGHTADERI B. Application of chemical looping concept for air separation at high temperatures[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2010, 24(1): 190-198.
77	WU J, HUANG Y D, YAO R S, et al. Preparation and characterization of starch nanoparticles from potato starch by combined solid-state acid-catalyzed hydrolysis and nanoprecipitation[J]. Starch, 2019, 71(9/10): 1-8.
78	GUO Q, LIU Y, TIAN H. Recent advances on preparation and characteristics of oxygen carrier particles[J]. Advances in Chemical Engineering & Science, 2015, 1(4): 357-368.
79	LEION H, MATTISSON T, LYNGFELT A. CO₂capture from direct combustion of solid fuels with chemical-looping combustion[C]//The 33rd International Technical Conference on Coal Utilization & Fuel Systems. Florida, USA, 2008.
80	张志芬. 金属氧化物的三类生成途径[J]. 中学化学, 2018(4): 26-27.
80	ZHANG Zhifen. Three types of metal oxide generation pathways[J]. Middle School Chemistry, 2018(4): 26-27.
81	梅道锋, 赵海波, 马兆军, 等. Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃氧载体制备方法的研究[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2012, 40(7): 795-802.
81	MEI Daofeng, ZHAO Haibo, MA Zhaojun, et al. Preparation of Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ oxygen carrier[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2012, 40(7): 795-802.
82	YAN J C, SHEN L H, OU Z W, et al. Enhancing the performance of iron ore by introducing K and Na ions from biomass ashes in a CLC process[J]. Energy, 2019, 167: 168-180.
83	郭磊, 赵海波, 马琎晨, 等.批量制备Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃氧载体及褐煤化学链燃烧实验研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2013, 33(17): 57-63.
83	GUO Lei, ZHAO Haibo, MA Jinchen, et al. Experimental study on batch preparation of Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃oxygen carrier and lignite chemical looping combustion[J]. Proceedings of the Chinese Society for Electrical Engineering, 2013, 33(17): 57-63.
84	刘自松, 魏永刚, 李孔斋, 等. Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃氧载体用于甲烷化学链燃烧:负载量与制备方法的影响[J]. 燃料化学学报, 2013, 41(11): 1384-1392.
84	LIU Zisong, WEI Yonggang, LI Kongzhai, et al. Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ oxygen carrier for methane chemical looping combustion: loading and influence of preparation method[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2013, 41(11): 1384-1392.
85	KIM K, YANG S, SHIN K. Effect of the addition of CeO₂ or MgO on the oxygen carrier capacity and rate of Redox reactions of NiO/Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃ oxygen carriers[J]. ACS Omega, 2018, 3(4): 4378-4383.
86	BENRABAA R, BOUKHLOUF H, BORDES-RICHARD E, et al. Nanosized nickel ferrite catalysts for CO₂ reforming of methane at low temperature: effect of preparation method and acid-base properties[J]. Studies in Surface Science & Catalysis, 2010, 175(10): 301-304.
87	HUANG Z, DENG Z B, HE F, et al. Reactivity investigation on chemical looping gasification of biomass char using nickel ferrite oxygen carrier[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, 42(21): 14458-14470.
88	王笑，高宁博. 生物质气化重整技术的研究进展[J]. 生物质化学工程, 2017, 51(2): 48-56.
88	WANG Xiao, GAO Ningbo. Research progress of biomass gasification and reforming technology[J]. Biomass Chemical Engineering, 2017, 51(2): 48-56.
89	ZHENG Y Y, GRANT R, HU W T, et al. Pyrolysis of wood pellets in the presence of oxygen carriers in a fluidised bed coupled with a DBD reactor for tar quantification[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019, 355: 858-870.
90	HUANG Z, DENG Z B, FEN Y H, et al. Exploring the conversion mechanisms of toluene as a biomass tar model compound on NiFe₂O₄oxygen carrier[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019, 7(19): 16539-16548.
91	RIOS M L V, GONZALEZ A M, LORA E E S, et al. Reduction of tar generated during biomass gasification: a review[J]. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2018, 108: 345-370.
92	NGUYEN H N T, BERGUERAND N, SCHWEBEL G L, et al. importance of decomposition reactions for catalytic conversion of tar and light hydrocarbons: an application with an ilmenite catalyst[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2016, 55(46): 11900-11909.
93	NAM H, WANG Z H, SHANMUGAM S R, et al. Chemical looping dry reforming of benzene as a gasification tar model compound with Ni- and Fe-based oxygen carriers in a fluidized bed reactor[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(41): 18790-18800.
94	ZOU X H, MA Z Y, LIU H B, et al. Green synthesis of Ni supported hematite catalysts for syngas production from catalytic cracking of toluene as a model compound of biomass tar[J]. Fuel, 2018, 217: 343-351.
95	CHEN J, ZHAO K, ZHAO Z L, et al. Identifying the roles of MFe₂O₄ (M=Cu, Ba, Ni, and Co) in the chemical looping reforming of char, pyrolysis gas and tar resulting from biomass pyrolysis[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(10): 4674-4687.
96	赵亮. 生物质化学链气化制氢工厂的模拟与优化[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2013.
96	ZHAO Liang. Simulation and optimization of biomass chemical looping gasification hydrogen production plant[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2013.

[1]	杨霞珍, 彭伊凡, 刘化章, 霍超. 熔铁催化剂活性相的调控及其费托反应性能[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(S1): 310-318.
[2]	朱杰, 金晶, 丁正浩, 杨会盼, 侯封校. 化学链气化中准东煤灰对CaSO₄载氧体改性及其作用机理[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(9): 4628-4635.
[3]	张丽宏, 金要茹, 程芳琴. 煤气化渣资源化利用[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4447-4457.
[4]	王帅晴, 杨思文, 李娜, 孙占英, 安浩然. 元素掺杂生物质炭材料在电化学储能中的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4296-4306.
[5]	吴亚, 赵丹, 方荣苗, 李婧瑶, 常娜娜, 杜春保, 王文珍, 史俊. 用于复杂原油乳液的高效破乳剂开发及应用研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4398-4413.
[6]	郑梦启, 王成业, 汪炎, 王伟, 袁守军, 胡真虎, 何春华, 王杰, 梅红. 菌藻共生技术在工业废水零排放中的应用与展望[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(8): 4424-4431.
[7]	关红玲, 杨辉, 井红权, 刘玉琼, 谷守玉, 王好斌, 侯翠红. 木质素基控释材料及其在药物输送和肥料控释中的应用[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3695-3707.
[8]	陆洋, 周劲松, 周启昕, 王瑭, 刘壮, 李博昊, 周灵涛. CeO₂/TiO₂吸附剂煤气脱汞产物的浸出规律[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(7): 3875-3883.
[9]	于丁一, 李圆圆, 王晨钰, 纪永升. pH响应性木质素水凝胶的制备及药物控释[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(6): 3138-3146.
[10]	吴锋振, 刘志炜, 谢文杰, 游雅婷, 赖柔琼, 陈燕丹, 林冠烽, 卢贝丽. 生物质基铁/氮共掺杂多孔炭的制备及其活化过一硫酸盐催化降解罗丹明B[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(6): 3292-3301.
[11]	王保文, 刘同庆, 张港, 李炜光, 林德顺, 王梦家, 马晶晶. CuFe₂O₄改性脱硫渣氧载体与褐煤的反应特性[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(6): 2884-2894.
[12]	王雪, 徐期勇, 张超. 木质纤维素类生物质水热炭化机理及水热炭应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2536-2545.
[13]	王志伟, 郭帅华, 吴梦鸽, 陈颜, 赵俊廷, 李辉, 雷廷宙. 生物质与塑料催化共热解技术研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(5): 2655-2665.
[14]	阮鹏, 杨润农, 林梓荣, 孙永明. 甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气催化剂的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(4): 1832-1846.
[15]	田园, 娄舒洁, 孟闪茹, 闫敬如, 肖海成. 合成气制高碳醇钴基催化剂研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(4): 1869-1876.