防污抗菌聚合物涂层的研究与应用进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-164

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微生物在材料表面的吸附是导致材料污染和破坏的主要原因，利用防污涂层来防止微生物的黏附和生物膜的形成是一种有效的防护方法。具有防污和抗菌特性的功能型聚合物涂层由于其独特的功能以及易于修饰表面的优点，可以有效减少材料表面生物膜的产生，有利于生物膜清除。本文总结了目前具有发展前景的防污与抗菌相结合涂层和仿生结构表面涂层的制备方法，并对不同防污抗菌涂层的优缺点进行了综述；介绍了防污抗菌聚合物涂层在生物医用器材、船舶防污、文化遗产保护和过滤膜技术中的应用研究进展；最后指出了目前防污抗菌聚合物及涂层在实现其通用且持久性方面仍具挑战，需要开发新型聚合物和表面改性技术以实现其长期耐久性和工业应用。本文探索其新颖的制备策略并深入研究其独特的性质，为该领域的研究人员提供了理论和技术参考，推动了防污抗菌聚合物涂层在多领域的广泛应用。

关键词: 防污, 抗菌, 聚合物涂层, 表面, 生物医学, 海洋生物污损

Abstract:

The adsorption of microorganisms on material surfaces is a main reason of material contamination and degradation. Utilizing antifouling coatings is an effective approach to prevent microbial adhesion and biofilm formation. Due to their unique functionalities and the ease modification on surfaces, functional polymeric coatings with both antifouling and antimicrobial properties can effectively reduce the generation of biofilms on material surfaces and facilitate their removal. In this paper, the current promising coatings that combine antifouling and antimicrobial materials, as well as biomimetic structured surface coatings were summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of different antifouling and antimicrobial coatings were reviewed. The research progress of antifouling and antimicrobial polymer coatings in applications such as biomedical devices, ship fouling prevention, cultural heritage conservation and filtration membrane technology was introduced. Finally, It was pointed out that achieving a universal and durable solution for antifouling and antibacterial polymers and coatings remained challenging. There was a need to develop novel polymers and surface modification techniques to enhance long-term durability and facilitate industrial applications. By exploring innovative preparation strategies and in-depth study of their unique properties, important theoretical and technical references for researchers in this field were provided, thereby the widespread application of these coatings across multiple domains would be promoted.

Key words: antifouling, antibacterial, polymeric coating, surface, biomedicine, marine biofouling

中图分类号:

TQ317

郑轩杰, 唐新德, 付瑞鑫, 马菲, 晁亚楠, 王鑫砚, 王鹏, 程海霞. 防污抗菌聚合物涂层的研究与应用进展[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(11): 6427-6438.

ZHENG Xuanjie, TANG Xinde, FU Ruixin, MA Fei, CHAO Ya’nan, WANG Xinyan, WANG Peng, CHENG Haixia. Progress on antifouling and antibacterial polymeric coatings[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(11): 6427-6438.

图/表 9

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涂层类型	材料	制备方法	性能评价	参考文献
非离子聚合物与抗菌材料	N-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)-丙烯酰胺与氟硅基丙烯酸酯	自由基聚合	具有低表面能、强附着力、对水长期浸泡有良好抵抗力；有效减少细菌和藻类的黏附量	[16]
	mPEG、3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸、硝酸银	自由基聚合	基于季铵盐和银的协同作用，实现高效杀菌和抗微生物黏附，确保其具有长效抗菌功能	[17]
	聚乙二醇、海洋抗菌肽	Fmoc保护固相肽合成	通过PEG修饰海洋抗菌肽，提高其灵活性和亲水性，两者相互作用可有效提高表面的防污抗菌效率	[18]
	甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯、聚(聚乙二醇)甲基丙烯酸甲酯、2-(二甲氨基)甲基丙烯酸乙酯	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	结合含氟聚合物和聚乙二醇提升防污性能，对血液成分具有防污作用，对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌表现出卓越的抗黏附和抗菌效果，动态环境下持久稳定	[19]
	甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱、聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	聚合物重复单元数量对防污抗菌性能有影响，聚合度为50时性能最佳	[22]
	含异氰酸酯基的磺丙酸基甜菜碱、含异氰酸酯基的季铵盐	羟基与异氰酸酯基团的偶联反应	通过PVA纳米纤维与季铵盐的接枝，实现高效杀菌和防污，同时维持低细胞毒性水平	[23]
离子聚合物与抗菌材料	壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱	氧化还原聚合	利用两性离子发挥抗黏附作用，壳聚糖赋予膜细菌性能，制得纳滤膜对细菌表现出强抗黏附和抗菌性能	[24]
	2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酸胆碱、(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基三甲基铵、多巴胺	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	两性离子与季铵盐相互作用，对牛血清蛋白的抑制率为88.8%，可有效降低细菌活力；多巴胺的加入有利于聚合物在基底表面的接枝	[26]
	2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酸胆碱、4-甲基丙烯酸甲酰苯酯、冰片、氨基丙二腈对甲苯磺酸盐	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	两性离子与冰片协同作用，分别依靠超水合作用和特殊立体化学结构阻止蛋白质吸附、抑制细菌黏附	[28]
仿生结构表面	聚分散橙3	光重构技术	受鲨鱼皮肤启发，利用光可重构偶氮聚合物制造低阻力鲨鱼皮齿状结构，其表现出优越的疏水性和防污效果	[12]
	室温硫化硅橡胶、二甲基十八烷基[3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙基]氯化铵	钢模合成	受软珊瑚表面启发，制备了石墨烯-有机硅弹性体复合膜，利用表面的触须结构和电负性达到防污抗菌效果	[13]
	三甲氧基(1H,1H,2H,2H-十七氟癸基)硅烷	紫外光刻技术、化学沉积技术	受荷叶启发，利用细菌排斥作用与物理杀菌之间的协同效应，设计分级结构超疏水表面	[14]

涂层类型	材料	制备方法	性能评价	参考文献
非离子聚合物与抗菌材料	N-(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苄基)-丙烯酰胺与氟硅基丙烯酸酯	自由基聚合	具有低表面能、强附着力、对水长期浸泡有良好抵抗力；有效减少细菌和藻类的黏附量	[16]
	mPEG、3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸、硝酸银	自由基聚合	基于季铵盐和银的协同作用，实现高效杀菌和抗微生物黏附，确保其具有长效抗菌功能	[17]
	聚乙二醇、海洋抗菌肽	Fmoc保护固相肽合成	通过PEG修饰海洋抗菌肽，提高其灵活性和亲水性，两者相互作用可有效提高表面的防污抗菌效率	[18]
	甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯、聚(聚乙二醇)甲基丙烯酸甲酯、2-(二甲氨基)甲基丙烯酸乙酯	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	结合含氟聚合物和聚乙二醇提升防污性能，对血液成分具有防污作用，对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌表现出卓越的抗黏附和抗菌效果，动态环境下持久稳定	[19]
	甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱、聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	聚合物重复单元数量对防污抗菌性能有影响，聚合度为50时性能最佳	[22]
	含异氰酸酯基的磺丙酸基甜菜碱、含异氰酸酯基的季铵盐	羟基与异氰酸酯基团的偶联反应	通过PVA纳米纤维与季铵盐的接枝，实现高效杀菌和防污，同时维持低细胞毒性水平	[23]
离子聚合物与抗菌材料	壳聚糖、聚甲基丙烯酸磺基甜菜碱	氧化还原聚合	利用两性离子发挥抗黏附作用，壳聚糖赋予膜细菌性能，制得纳滤膜对细菌表现出强抗黏附和抗菌性能	[24]
	2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酸胆碱、(甲基丙烯酰氧基)乙基三甲基铵、多巴胺	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	两性离子与季铵盐相互作用，对牛血清蛋白的抑制率为88.8%，可有效降低细菌活力；多巴胺的加入有利于聚合物在基底表面的接枝	[26]
	2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酸胆碱、4-甲基丙烯酸甲酰苯酯、冰片、氨基丙二腈对甲苯磺酸盐	可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合	两性离子与冰片协同作用，分别依靠超水合作用和特殊立体化学结构阻止蛋白质吸附、抑制细菌黏附	[28]
仿生结构表面	聚分散橙3	光重构技术	受鲨鱼皮肤启发，利用光可重构偶氮聚合物制造低阻力鲨鱼皮齿状结构，其表现出优越的疏水性和防污效果	[12]
	室温硫化硅橡胶、二甲基十八烷基[3-(三甲氧基硅基)丙基]氯化铵	钢模合成	受软珊瑚表面启发，制备了石墨烯-有机硅弹性体复合膜，利用表面的触须结构和电负性达到防污抗菌效果	[13]
	三甲氧基(1H,1H,2H,2H-十七氟癸基)硅烷	紫外光刻技术、化学沉积技术	受荷叶启发，利用细菌排斥作用与物理杀菌之间的协同效应，设计分级结构超疏水表面	[14]