微纳塑料在饮用水处理过程中的研究进展：归趋、表征与影响特性

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2024-1548

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

塑料产品的广泛使用会产生大量微米级或纳米级尺寸的塑料颗粒，这些颗粒会不可避免地进入天然水体甚至饮用水源。微纳塑料颗粒导致的水污染与饮水安全问题正日益成为全球关注的焦点，而自来水厂是微纳塑料进入城市生活饮用水中的重要媒介之一。本文综述了微纳塑料在自来水厂各级处理单元中（如混凝-沉淀、过滤和消毒等）的行为归趋，并比较介绍了微纳塑料定性与定量分析的检测技术与方法，主要包括红外/拉曼光谱、热裂解‐气相色谱/质谱和热重分析等。此外，本文进一步分析探讨了各级水处理单元技术对微纳塑料赋存形式与理化性质的影响特性，以及由此产生的对水处理单元工艺运行与功能的影响效应，如改变混凝剂投加量、影响过滤过程和降低消毒效果等，同时对未来饮用水处理过程中微纳塑料的研究方向进行了展望，以期为饮用水中微纳塑料的有效去除和保障供水安全提供一定的理论参考和技术支持。

关键词: 微纳塑料, 混凝, 过滤, 生物膜, 归趋

Abstract:

Micro/nano-plastic particles can be largely produced due to the widespread use of the plastic products, which would inevitably enter natural water bodies or even drinking water sources. The problems of water pollution and drinking water safety caused by micro/nano-plastics have been increasingly and globally concerned, and water treatment plant has been considered as a crucial intermedia for micro/nano-plastics to enter urban drinking water. In this paper, the fate and behavior of micro/nano-plastics in each unit process (including coagulation-sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection) in water treatment plants were reviewed. The qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques and methods for detecting micro/nano-plastics were also introduced and compared, mainly including infrared/Raman spectroscopy, pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, the occurrence and physicochemical characteristics of micro/nano-plastics influenced by each water treatment unit technology were analyzed and explored, as well as the resulting impacts on the operation and function of each water treatment process. In addition, the research perspectives on micro/nano-plastics in drinking water treatment process were proposed. This review is expected to provide the theoretical and technical supports for effective removal of micro/nano-plastics from drinking water and ensuring the safety of water supply.

Key words: micro/nano-plastics, coagulation, filtration, biofilm, fate

中图分类号:

朱敏, 吴俊康, 陈蕾, 王郑. 微纳塑料在饮用水处理过程中的研究进展：归趋、表征与影响特性[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(11): 6615-6626.

ZHU Min, WU Junkang, CHEN Lei, WANG Zheng. Research progress of micro/nano-plastics in drinking water treatment: Fate, characterization, and influencing characteristics[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(11): 6615-6626.

图/表 5

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塑料种类	尺寸	处理单元	归趋	参考文献
PE, PP, PET, PS	≥25μm	混凝沉淀-脉冲澄清-砂滤	①超过99%的MP（粒径>100µm）被完全截留 ②约15.4%的MP（粒径>25μm，2.75个/L）逃逸到出水中 ③约61%的MP（粒径<100µm）在混凝沉淀-脉冲澄清单元被截留 ④约24%的MP（25~50µm）在砂滤池中被截留	[26]
PET, PVC, PE, PP, PS	1~100μm以及≥100μm	混凝沉淀-锰氧化-砂滤-臭氧氧化-活性炭过滤	①约62%的MP在混凝沉淀单元被截留，约26%的MP在过滤单元被截留 ②随着粒径的减小（≥100μm降至1~5μm），MP去除效率显著降低（100%降至40%） ③约86%的MP（≥10μm）和94%的MP（<10μm）被截留，小尺寸MP更易逃逸到出水中	[27]
PET, PP, PVC	1~100μm以及≥100μm	混凝沉淀-砂滤-活性炭过滤	①约70%、81%和83%的MP分别在混凝沉淀、砂滤和活性炭过滤单元被截留 ②出水中超过60%的MP的颗粒直径小于10μm，表明小尺寸MP更易逃离饮用水处理单元	[19]
PET, PE, PP	1~100μm以及≥100μm	混凝沉淀-砂滤-臭氧氧化-活性炭过滤	①在混凝沉淀单元，MP相互凝聚成易于沉淀的絮状物，并附着在絮凝体上 ②在过滤单元，29%~44%的MP被砂粒物理截留或黏附在砂粒表面 ③臭氧使得MP破碎，活性炭过滤处理过程中MP被物理吸附和生物降解	[28]
PP, PES, PS, PE	20μm~5mm	混凝沉淀-砂滤-臭氧氧化-活性炭过滤	①约78%的MP在混凝沉淀-砂滤阶段被截留 ②约18%的MP在臭氧-活性炭过滤阶段被截留 ③砂滤出水中MP尺寸均小于500µm ④MP总体截留率约为93%	[25]

塑料种类	尺寸	处理单元	归趋	参考文献
PE, PP, PET, PS	≥25μm	混凝沉淀-脉冲澄清-砂滤	①超过99%的MP（粒径>100µm）被完全截留 ②约15.4%的MP（粒径>25μm，2.75个/L）逃逸到出水中 ③约61%的MP（粒径<100µm）在混凝沉淀-脉冲澄清单元被截留 ④约24%的MP（25~50µm）在砂滤池中被截留	[26]
PET, PVC, PE, PP, PS	1~100μm以及≥100μm	混凝沉淀-锰氧化-砂滤-臭氧氧化-活性炭过滤	①约62%的MP在混凝沉淀单元被截留，约26%的MP在过滤单元被截留 ②随着粒径的减小（≥100μm降至1~5μm），MP去除效率显著降低（100%降至40%） ③约86%的MP（≥10μm）和94%的MP（<10μm）被截留，小尺寸MP更易逃逸到出水中	[27]
PET, PP, PVC	1~100μm以及≥100μm	混凝沉淀-砂滤-活性炭过滤	①约70%、81%和83%的MP分别在混凝沉淀、砂滤和活性炭过滤单元被截留 ②出水中超过60%的MP的颗粒直径小于10μm，表明小尺寸MP更易逃离饮用水处理单元	[19]
PET, PE, PP	1~100μm以及≥100μm	混凝沉淀-砂滤-臭氧氧化-活性炭过滤	①在混凝沉淀单元，MP相互凝聚成易于沉淀的絮状物，并附着在絮凝体上 ②在过滤单元，29%~44%的MP被砂粒物理截留或黏附在砂粒表面 ③臭氧使得MP破碎，活性炭过滤处理过程中MP被物理吸附和生物降解	[28]
PP, PES, PS, PE	20μm~5mm	混凝沉淀-砂滤-臭氧氧化-活性炭过滤	①约78%的MP在混凝沉淀-砂滤阶段被截留 ②约18%的MP在臭氧-活性炭过滤阶段被截留 ③砂滤出水中MP尺寸均小于500µm ④MP总体截留率约为93%	[25]

种类	尺寸	混凝剂	影响特性	参考文献
PE	<0.5mm以及0.5~5mm	三氯化铁	①Fe基混凝剂最佳用量由0.2mmol/L提高至2mmol/L，最佳pH从6上升至8 ②MP粒径由2~5mm降至0.5mm以下，混凝去除率由2.5%上升至6.7%	[85]
PS、PE	<5mm	聚合氯化铝和三氯化铁	①聚合氯化铝最佳用量由30mg/L增加到180mg/L，三氯化铁最佳用量由30mg/L增加到90mg/L ②与三氯化铁相比，聚合氯化铝与PE-MP的电中和作用更强，聚合氯化铝对MP的混凝效果优于三氯化铁	[23]
PS	5μm	聚合氯化铝钛、聚合氯化铝和聚合氯化钛	①聚合氯化铝和聚合氯化铝钛对PS-MP去除率分别约为28%和35% ②聚合氯化铝钛混凝剂与PS-MP颗粒之间的氢键力更强，因此比其他混凝剂对PS-MP的去除效率更高	[86]
PS	1μm以及6.3μm	三氯化铁、聚合氯化铝和聚胺	①PS-MP尺寸由6.3mm降至1mm，三氯化铁混凝剂量由0.25mmol/L上升至0.4mmol/L，故小尺寸MP可能需要更高的混凝剂量 ②三氯化铁和聚合氯化铝（投加量约1.2mmol/L）对PS-MP的去除率均大于98%	[87]
PE	10~100μm	明矾	①在较高剂量（>20mg/L）明矾投加条件下，PE-MP去除率随塑料尺寸（10~100μm）的增加而增加 ②明矾投加量为30mg/L时，对PE-MP的去除率最高，约为70%	[88]

种类	尺寸	混凝剂	影响特性	参考文献
PE	<0.5mm以及0.5~5mm	三氯化铁	①Fe基混凝剂最佳用量由0.2mmol/L提高至2mmol/L，最佳pH从6上升至8 ②MP粒径由2~5mm降至0.5mm以下，混凝去除率由2.5%上升至6.7%	[85]
PS、PE	<5mm	聚合氯化铝和三氯化铁	①聚合氯化铝最佳用量由30mg/L增加到180mg/L，三氯化铁最佳用量由30mg/L增加到90mg/L ②与三氯化铁相比，聚合氯化铝与PE-MP的电中和作用更强，聚合氯化铝对MP的混凝效果优于三氯化铁	[23]
PS	5μm	聚合氯化铝钛、聚合氯化铝和聚合氯化钛	①聚合氯化铝和聚合氯化铝钛对PS-MP去除率分别约为28%和35% ②聚合氯化铝钛混凝剂与PS-MP颗粒之间的氢键力更强，因此比其他混凝剂对PS-MP的去除效率更高	[86]
PS	1μm以及6.3μm	三氯化铁、聚合氯化铝和聚胺	①PS-MP尺寸由6.3mm降至1mm，三氯化铁混凝剂量由0.25mmol/L上升至0.4mmol/L，故小尺寸MP可能需要更高的混凝剂量 ②三氯化铁和聚合氯化铝（投加量约1.2mmol/L）对PS-MP的去除率均大于98%	[87]
PE	10~100μm	明矾	①在较高剂量（>20mg/L）明矾投加条件下，PE-MP去除率随塑料尺寸（10~100μm）的增加而增加 ②明矾投加量为30mg/L时，对PE-MP的去除率最高，约为70%	[88]