陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化特性

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2218

化工进展 ›› 2025, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (1): 525-537.DOI: 10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-2218

陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化特性

李灏¹(), 孙昱楠¹(), 李健², 陶俊宇¹, 程占军²^,³, 颜蓓蓓²^,⁴, 陈冠益¹^,²

^1.天津商业大学机械工程学院，天津 300134
^2.天津大学环境科学与工程学院，天津 300350
^3.天津市有机废物安全处置与能源利用工程研究中心，天津 300072
^4.天津市生物质废弃物资源化利用重点实验室/天津市生物油技术工程研究中心，天津 300072

收稿日期:2023-12-18 修回日期:2024-02-27 出版日期:2025-01-15 发布日期:2025-02-13
通讯作者: 孙昱楠
作者简介:李灏（1998—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为陈腐垃圾热解气化。E-mail: lihao1823689864@163.com。
基金资助:
西藏自治区科技计划(XZ202301ZY0029G)

Co-gasification characteristics of excavated waste and municipal solid waste blends

LI Hao¹(), SUN Yunan¹(), LI Jian², TAO Junyu¹, CHENG Zhanjun²^,³, YAN Beibei²^,⁴, CHEN Guanyi¹^,²

^1.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
^2.School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
^3.Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin 300072, China
^4.Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass Wastes Utilization/Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Bio Gas/Oil Technology, Tianjin 300072, China

Received:2023-12-18 Revised:2024-02-27 Online:2025-01-15 Published:2025-02-13
Contact: SUN Yunan

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

垃圾填埋场中陈腐垃圾的过量积累会对周边土壤、地下水和空气造成环境污染。由于陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾组分的相似性，将陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化是高效清洁处理陈腐垃圾的一种方法。本文通过在不同气化温度和掺混比下，探究共气化过程产物分布和合成气组分特点，分析陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化协同效应。通过气化评价指标计算及响应面模拟，对掺混比及气化温度条件进行优化。结果表明，气化温度的升高促进固体残余物分解产气，提高产气率，700~1000℃气化温度下混合物的固体残余物实验值低于单一原料气化线性相加值，证明陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化存在积极的协同作用促进固体焦的转化。合成气组分中H₂和CH₄高含量说明陈腐垃圾具有良好的气化特性，合成气各组分产率的实验值在900℃和1000℃条件下均大于计算值，说明较高气化温度促进合成气生成。气化评价指标中气体产率和碳转化率随陈腐垃圾掺混比和气化温度的升高增幅明显，在1000℃气化温度条件下，合成气热值和气化效率分别在陈腐垃圾掺混比为60%和80%时达到最大值。通过响应面方法模拟优化实验结果发现，陈腐垃圾在1000℃下单一气化可以得到H₂、CH₄产率最大值（188.44mL/g和104.22mL/g），但CO产率也达到最大值。陈腐垃圾掺混比在60%~89%范围内，气化温度接近1000℃，混合物共气化的合成气产物中H₂、CH₄含量较高，且可以获得较高的合成气热值、碳转化率和气化效率。本研究为陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化技术研究与应用提供了基础。

关键词: 陈腐垃圾, 原生垃圾, 合成气组分, 协同效应, 模拟优化

Abstract:

The excessive accumulation of excavated waste in landfills can lead to environmental pollution of the surrounding soil, groundwater, and air. Due to the similarity in composition between excavated waste and municipal solid waste, co-gasification is an efficient method for the clean disposal of excavated waste. The product distribution and syngas component characteristics of the co-gasification process were explored under different gasification temperatures and blending ratios, and the synergistic effect of co-gasification was analyzed. Through gasification evaluation index calculation and response surface simulation, the blending ratios and gasification temperatures were optimized. The results indicated that increasing the gasification temperature promoted the decomposition of solid residue into gas and improved gas production rates. Experimental values of the solid residue of the blends at a gasification temperature range of 700—1000℃ were lower than the linear additive values of the gasification of a single raw material, demonstrating a positive synergistic effect on promoting the transformation of solid coke through the co-gasification of blends. The high content of H₂ and CH₄ in syngas suggested that excavated waste had positive gasification characteristics. Experimental yields for each component in syngas were higher than calculated values at 900℃ and 1000℃, indicating that higher gasification temperatures promoted syngas generation. The gasification evaluation index as well as carbon conversion rate significantly increased with the increase of blending ratio of excavated waste and gasification temperature. Under the gasification temperature of 1000℃, the calorific value and gasification efficiency of syngas reached the maximum value when the blending ratio of excavated waste was 60% and 80%, respectively. The maximum H₂ (188.44mL/g) and CH₄ (104.22mL/g) yields were obtained for single gasification of excavated waste at 1000℃, but CO yields also reached the maximum value within this condition. When the blending ratio of excavated waste was in the range of 60%—89% and the gasification temperature was close to 1000℃, the content of H₂ and CH₄ in syngas product of blends was higher, and meanwhile higher calorific value, carbon conversion rate and gasification efficiency of syngas could be obtained. This study provides the basis for the research and application of the co-gasification technology of excavated waste and municipal solid waste.

Key words: excavated waste, municipal solid waste, syngas components, synergistic analysis, simulation optimization

中图分类号:

X705

李灏, 孙昱楠, 李健, 陶俊宇, 程占军, 颜蓓蓓, 陈冠益. 陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化特性[J]. 化工进展, 2025, 44(1): 525-537.

LI Hao, SUN Yunan, LI Jian, TAO Junyu, CHENG Zhanjun, YAN Beibei, CHEN Guanyi. Co-gasification characteristics of excavated waste and municipal solid waste blends[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2025, 44(1): 525-537.

图/表 8

参考文献 46

1	NANDA Sonil, BERRUTI Franco. Municipal solid waste management and landfilling technologies: A review[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2021, 19(2): 1433-1456.
2	JAIN Mohit, KUMAR Ashwani, KUMAR Amit. Landfill mining: A review on material recovery and its utilization challenges[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2023, 169: 948-958.
3	RONG Liming, ZHANG Chengliang, JIN Dongsheng, et al. Assessment of the potential utilization of municipal solid waste from a closed irregular landfill[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017, 142: 413-419.
4	QUAGHEBEUR Mieke, LAENEN Ben, GEYSEN Daneel, et al. Characterization of landfilled materials: Screening of the enhanced landfill mining potential[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2013, 55: 72-83.
5	MOU Zishen, SCHEUTZ Charlotte, KJELDSEN Peter. Evaluating the biochemical methane potential (BMP) of low-organic waste at Danish landfills[J]. Waste Management, 2014, 34(11): 2251-2259.
6	DU Yufeng, JU Tongyao, MENG Yuan, et al. A review on municipal solid waste pyrolysis of different composition for gas production[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2021, 224: 107026.
7	BOSMANS Anouk, DE DOBBELAERE Christopher, HELSEN Lieve. Pyrolysis characteristics of excavated waste material processed into refuse derived fuel[J]. Fuel, 2014, 122: 198-205.
8	DU Yufeng, JU Tongyao, MENG Yuan, et al. Pyrolysis characteristics of excavated waste and generation mechanism of gas products[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 370: 133489.
9	AGON N, HRABOVSKÝ M, CHUMAK O, et al. Plasma gasification of refuse derived fuel in a single-stage system using different gasifying agents[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 47: 246-255.
10	MATERAZZI M, LETTIERI P, TAYLOR R, et al. Performance analysis of RDF gasification in a two stage fluidized bed-plasma process[J]. Waste Management, 2016, 47: 256-266.
11	LAOHALIDANOND Krongkaew, KERDSUWAN Somrat, BURRA Kiran Raj Goud, et al. Syngas generation from landfills derived torrefied refuse fuel using a downdraft gasifier[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2021, 143(5): 052102.
12	ZAINI Ilman Nuran, GARCÍA LÓPEZ Cristina, PRETZ Thomas, et al. Characterization of pyrolysis products of high-ash excavated-waste and its char gasification reactivity and kinetics under a steam atmosphere[J]. Waste Management, 2019, 97: 149-163.
13	LI Debo, FENG Yongxin, CHEN Zhihao, et al. Co-combustion of aged refuse and municipal solid waste under increased N₂/O₂ atmospheres: Kinetics analysis, thermodynamic characteristics[J]. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021:1-13.
14	LI Debo, FENG Yongxin, CHEN Zhihao, et al. Effects of atmosphere and blending ratios on emission characteristics of pollutants from co-combustion of municipal solid waste and aged refuse[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2022, 17(2): 2746.
15	ZAINI Ilman Nuran, Yamid GOMEZ-RUEDA, GARCÍA LÓPEZ Cristina, et al. Production of H₂-rich syngas from excavated landfill waste through steam co-gasification with biochar[J]. Energy, 2020, 207: 118208.
16	MOON Jihong, Tae-Young MUN, YANG Won, et al. Effects of hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge on pyrolysis and steam gasification[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 103: 401-407.
17	Fábio Codignole LUZ, ROCHA Mateus Henrique, LORA Electo Eduardo Silva, et al. Techno-economic analysis of municipal solid waste gasification for electricity generation in Brazil[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2015, 103: 321-337.
18	HU Mian, GAO Lan, CHEN Zhihua, et al. Syngas production by catalytic in situ steam co-gasification of wet sewage sludge and pine sawdust[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2016, 111: 409-416.
19	ZHU Yanli, ZHANG Youxian, LUO Dongxia, et al. A review of municipal solid waste in China: Characteristics, compositions, influential factors and treatment technologies[J]. Environment Development and Sustainability, 2021, 23(5): 6603-6622.
20	DARMEY James, AHIEKPOR Julius Cudjoe, NARRA Sstyanarayana, et al. Municipal solid waste generation trend and bioenergy recovery potential: A review[J]. Energies, 2023, 16(23): 7753.
21	KHAN Afzal Husain, LÓPEZ-MALDONADO Eduardo Alberto, KHAN Nadeem A, et al. Current solid waste management strategies and energy recovery in developing countries—State of art review[J]. Chemosphere, 2022, 291: 133088.
22	DING Yin, ZHAO Jun, LIU Jiawei, et al. A review of China’s municipal solid waste (MSW) and comparison with international regions: Management and technologies in treatment and resource utilization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 293: 126144.
23	孙子维, 张雨轩, 唐玉婷, 等. 城市生活垃圾与陈腐垃圾掺烧的燃烧特性与反应动力学分析[J]. 环境卫生工程, 2023, 31(6): 1-10.
	SUN Ziwei, ZHANG Yuxuan, TANG Yuting, et al. Combustion characteristics and kinetic analysis of the co-combustion of MSW and excavated waste[J]. Environmental Sanitation Engineering, 2023, 31(6): 1-10.
24	WEN Yuming, SHI Ziyi, WANG Shule, et al. Pyrolysis of raw and anaerobically digested organic fractions of municipal solid waste: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and product characterization[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 415: 129064.
25	SALEH Arif Rahman, SUDARMANTA Bambang, FANSURI Hamzah, et al. Improved municipal solid waste gasification efficiency using a modified downdraft gasifier with variations of air input and preheated air temperature[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2019, 33(11): 11049-11056.
26	CAI Jianjun, ZENG Ronghua, ZHENG Wenheng, et al. Synergistic effects of co-gasification of municipal solid waste and biomass in fixed-bed gasifier[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2021, 148: 1-12.
27	汪德成, 金保昇, 金朝阳, 等. 松木屑与废橡胶化学链共气化特性试验[J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(3): 956-965.
	WANG Decheng, JIN Baosheng, JIN Zhaoyang, et al. High hydrogen syngas production from chemical looping co-gasification of sawdust and waste tires[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2020, 39(3): 956-965.
28	HU Qiang, DAI Yanjun, WANG Chi-Hwa. Steam co-gasification of horticultural waste and sewage sludge: Product distribution, synergistic analysis and optimization[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2020, 301: 122780.
29	SHAHBAZ Muhammad, YUSUP Suzana, INAYAT Abrar, et al. Cleaner production of hydrogen and syngas from catalytic steam palm kernel shell gasification using CaO sorbent and coal bottom ash as a catalyst[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2017, 31(12): 13824-13833.
30	ABDALAZEEZ Atif, LI Tianle, WANG Wenju, et al. A brief review of CO₂ utilization for alkali carbonate gasification and biomass/coal co-gasification: Reactivity, products and process[J]. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 2021, 43: 101370.
31	CHAN Weiping, AL MUNAWARAH BINTE YUSOFF Sofea, VEKSHA Andrei, et al. Analytical assessment of tar generated during gasification of municipal solid waste: Distribution of GC-MS detectable tar compounds, undetectable tar residues and inorganic impurities[J]. Fuel, 2020, 268: 117348.
32	LIU Zhenling. Gasification of municipal solid wastes: A review on the tar yields[J]. Energy Sources A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2019, 41(11): 1296-1304.
33	SANCHEZ-SILVA L, LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ D, GARCIA-MINGUILLAN A M, et al. Pyrolysis, combustion and gasification characteristics of Nannochloropsis gaditana microalgae[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2013, 130: 321-331.
34	ZHANG Yike, MA Zengyi, YAN Jianhua. Effect of water, fat, and protein in raw pork from swine carcasses on the pyrolytic gaseous and liquid product distribution[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2018, 171: 45-53.
35	BRACHI Paola, CHIRONE Riccardo, MICCIO Francesco, et al. Fluidized bed co-gasification of biomass and polymeric wastes for a flexible end-use of the syngas: Focus on bio-methanol[J]. Fuel, 2014, 128: 88-98.
36	MOGHADAM Reza Alipour, YUSUP Suzana, UEMURA Yoshimitsu, et al. Syngas production from palm kernel shell and polyethylene waste blend in fluidized bed catalytic steam co-gasification process[J]. Energy, 2014, 75: 40-44.
37	PARRILLO Francesco, ARDOLINO Filomena, BOCCIA Carmine, et al. Co-gasification of plastics waste and biomass in a pilot scale fluidized bed reactor[J]. Energy, 2023, 273: 127220.
38	HALBA Ankush, THENGANE Sonal K, ARORA Pratham. A critical outlook on lignocellulosic biomass and plastics co-gasification: A mini-review[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2023, 37(1): 19-35.
39	HUANG Jingchun, QIAO Yu, WANG Zhenqi, et al. Valorization of food waste via torrefaction: Effect of food waste type on the characteristics of torrefaction products[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(5): 6041-6051.
40	SINGH Dharminder, RAIZADA Aayush, YADAV Sanjeev. Syngas production from fast pyrolysis and steam gasification of mixed food waste[J]. Waste Management & Research, 2022, 40(11): 1669-1675.
41	XIE Di, ZHONG Yi, HUANG Jingchun, et al. Steam gasification of the raw and torrefied mixed typical food wastes: Effect of interactions on syngas production[J]. Fuel, 2022, 323: 124354.
42	MISHRA Rahul, Hwai Chyuan ONG, LIN Chiwen. Progress on co-processing of biomass and plastic waste for hydrogen production[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 284: 116983.
43	LIU Qingyu, HU Changsong, PENG Bo, et al. High H₂/CO ratio syngas production from chemical looping co-gasification of biomass and polyethylene with CaO/Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2019, 199: 111951.
44	MISHRA Rahul, SINGH Ekta, KUMAR Aman, et al. Co-gasification of solid waste and its impact on final product yields[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 374: 133989.
45	BRITO João, PINTO F, FERREIRA Alexandre, et al. Steam reforming of biomass gasification gas for hydrogen production: From thermodynamic analysis to experimental validation[J]. Fuel Processing Technology, 2023, 250: 107859.
46	HUSSEIN M S, BURRA K G, AMANO R S, et al. Temperature and gasifying media effects on chicken manure pyrolysis and gasification[J]. Fuel, 2017, 202: 36-45.

编辑推荐 0

Metrics

阅读次数

全文

HTML			PDF

最新录用	在线预览	正式出版	最新录用	在线预览	正式出版
0	0	0	0	0	4

	来源	本网站

	次数	4
	比例	100%

摘要

最新录用	在线预览	正式出版

0	0	43

来源	本网站	其他网站

次数	7	36
比例	16%	84%

原料掺混比/%	元素分析/%				工业分析/%				原料热值 /MJ·kg^-1
（陈腐垃圾：原生垃圾）	C	H	N	O	水分	灰分	挥发分	固定碳	原料热值 /MJ·kg^-1
100∶0	59.93	8.05	1.39	15.63	1.61	16.95	75.38	6.06	23.56
80∶20	55.97	7.50	1.43	17.58	1.71	15.49	74.23	8.57	18.09
60∶40	52.02	6.94	1.47	19.53	1.80	14.03	73.08	11.09	17.46
50∶50	50.04	6.67	1.50	20.51	1.85	13.29	72.51	12.35	16.60
40∶60	48.06	6.39	1.52	21.49	1.90	12.56	71.94	13.60	15.07
20∶80	44.11	5.83	1.56	23.44	2.01	11.10	70.78	16.11	12.55
0∶100	40.15	5.28	1.60	25.39	2.10	9.64	69.63	18.63	10.04

原料掺混比/%	元素分析/%				工业分析/%				原料热值 /MJ·kg^-1
（陈腐垃圾：原生垃圾）	C	H	N	O	水分	灰分	挥发分	固定碳	原料热值 /MJ·kg^-1
100∶0	59.93	8.05	1.39	15.63	1.61	16.95	75.38	6.06	23.56
80∶20	55.97	7.50	1.43	17.58	1.71	15.49	74.23	8.57	18.09
60∶40	52.02	6.94	1.47	19.53	1.80	14.03	73.08	11.09	17.46
50∶50	50.04	6.67	1.50	20.51	1.85	13.29	72.51	12.35	16.60
40∶60	48.06	6.39	1.52	21.49	1.90	12.56	71.94	13.60	15.07
20∶80	44.11	5.83	1.56	23.44	2.01	11.10	70.78	16.11	12.55
0∶100	40.15	5.28	1.60	25.39	2.10	9.64	69.63	18.63	10.04

序号	陈腐垃圾掺混比/%	温度 /℃	H₂体积分数 /%	CH₄体积分数 /%	H₂产率 /mL·g^-1	CH₄产率 /mL·g^-1	CO产率 /mL·g^-1	合成气热值 /MJ·m^-3	碳转化率 /%	气化效率 /%
1	100	1000	34.59	29.73	188.44	104.22	62.43	15.49	33.81	34.36
2	84	1000	33.56	30.79	168.05	95.53	60.96	15.65	34.12	36.17
3	96	1000	34.42	30.21	183.39	102.51	62.55	15.48	34.10	34.63
4	60	1000	30.02	28.42	121.98	72.79	54.54	16.00	29.96	30.38
5	89	989	33.25	29.83	162.78	90.84	61.08	15.01	34.44	33.12

序号	陈腐垃圾掺混比/%	温度 /℃	H₂体积分数 /%	CH₄体积分数 /%	H₂产率 /mL·g^-1	CH₄产率 /mL·g^-1	CO产率 /mL·g^-1	合成气热值 /MJ·m^-3	碳转化率 /%	气化效率 /%
1	100	1000	34.59	29.73	188.44	104.22	62.43	15.49	33.81	34.36
2	84	1000	33.56	30.79	168.05	95.53	60.96	15.65	34.12	36.17
3	96	1000	34.42	30.21	183.39	102.51	62.55	15.48	34.10	34.63
4	60	1000	30.02	28.42	121.98	72.79	54.54	16.00	29.96	30.38
5	89	989	33.25	29.83	162.78	90.84	61.08	15.01	34.44	33.12

[1]	曾武清, 王予, 卜庆国, 马硕, 白东明, 张宗建, 张鹏, 马丹丹, 王圣博, 王润其, 武丽雯, 刘晨, 马洪亭. 陈腐垃圾掺烧对垃圾炉焚烧特性的影响[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(8): 4642-4653.
[2]	唐婷, 周文凤, 王志, 朱晨杰, 许敬亮, 庄伟, 应汉杰, 欧阳平凯. 多酶共固定化技术在糖类催化中的研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(5): 2636-2648.
[3]	栗童,仲兆平,张波. 纤维素与多氢原料共热解的协同效应[J]. 化工进展, 2019, 38(9): 4044-4051.
[4]	黄传峰, 韩磊, 霍鹏举, 刘树伟, 程秋香. 煤油共炼残渣与榆林煤共热解特性及半焦性质[J]. 化工进展, 2018, 37(S1): 57-62.
[5]	唐思哲, 胡家秀, 赵健, 柯伟, 王维斌. 新型无机复配缓蚀剂对钠基膨润土中Q235钢的缓蚀作用[J]. 化工进展, 2018, 37(12): 4806-4813.
[6]	常学煜, 张盈盈, 朱建鲁, 李玉星, 张梦娴, 杨晓宇. 一种蒸发天然气再液化氮膨胀制冷工艺流程的优化和海上适应性分析[J]. 化工进展, 2017, 36(05): 1619-1627.
[7]	严平, 占昌朝, 曹小华, 谢宝华, 徐常龙, 张旭. 原位合成H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀@C协同UV/H₂O₂降解罗丹明B模拟废水[J]. 化工进展, 2015, 34(3): 872-878.
[8]	杨志方, 杜峰, 于清江, 郭璐玥, 张萍萍. 78.5升气升式环流反应器内构件优化[J]. 化工进展, 2015, 34(3): 659-663.
[9]	付友思, 吴又多, 陈丽杰. Zn²⁺、Ca²⁺和Mn²⁺对丙酮丁醇发酵的协同影响[J]. 化工进展, 2015, 34(10): 3719-3724.
[10]	冯茹森, 蒲迪, 周洋, 陈俊华, 寇将, 姜雪, 郭拥军. 混合型烷醇酰胺组成对油/水动态界面张力的影响[J]. 化工进展, 2015, 34(08): 2955-2960.
[11]	马缓，齐暑华，张帆，史金玲. 复合填料/聚丙烯酸酯导电压敏胶的制备与性能[J]. 化工进展, 2014, 33(07): 1791-1795.
[12]	薛晓军，贾广信，何俊辉，李婷. 二甲醚与合成气反应制乙醇的热力学计算与分析[J]. 化工进展, 2014, 33(05): 1160-1163.
[13]	毕荣山，李明. 3-氯-4-甲基苯基异氰酸酯装置光气回收系统优化设计[J]. 化工进展, 2014, 33(03): 595-598.
[14]	陈燕敏，孙彩霞，吴晋英，黄长山. 一种环保型阻垢缓蚀剂的性能[J]. 化工进展, 2014, 33(01): 204-208.
[15]	赵俊彤1，李玲2，许春建1，蔡旺锋1. 热集成变压精馏分离乙醇-甲苯体系的过程模拟和优化[J]. 化工进展, 2013, 32(07): 1495-1499.

陈腐垃圾与原生垃圾共气化特性

Co-gasification characteristics of excavated waste and municipal solid waste blends

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 8

参考文献 46

相关文章 15

编辑推荐 0

Metrics

本文评价