沼渣生物炭的制备及资源化利用研究进展

doi:10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0105

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沼渣是生物质经厌氧消化后产生的固体残渣，也是具有较大应用潜力的二次资源。与填埋、焚烧等传统沼渣处理工艺相比，使用热化学法处理废弃生物质沼渣可更好地实现沼渣中有机物的固定，且制备得到的沼渣生物炭结构稳定、性能优良，能被广泛应用于污染物吸附、催化降解、土壤修复等诸多领域。本文归纳总结了国内外常见的沼渣生物炭制备技术和改性方法，重点介绍了沼渣生物炭的结构、元素组成和理化性质。同时，汇总了现阶段沼渣生物炭的主要资源化应用途径，并对未来沼渣生物炭资源利用的发展方向进行了展望。

关键词: 沼渣, 生物质, 废物处理, 吸附剂, 催化剂

Abstract:

Biogas residue was a solid residue produced by anaerobic fermentation of biomass, which was also a secondary resource with great application potential. Compared with the traditional biogas residue treatment process such as landfill and incineration, the use of thermochemical method to treat waste biomass biogas residue could achieve the fixation of organic matter in the biogas residue, and the prepared biogas residue biochar had stable structure and excellent performance, which could be widely used in pollutant adsorption, catalytic degradation, soil remediation and many other fields. This paper summarized the common preparation technologies and modification methods of biogas residue biochar at home and abroad, and focused on the structure, elemental composition and physical and chemical properties of biogas residue biochar. At the same time, the main resource application ways of biogas residue biochar were summarized, and the development direction of biogas residue biochar resource utilization in the future was prospected.

Key words: biogas slag, biomass, waste treatment, adsorbents, catalyst

中图分类号:

叶沁辉, 陈红, 于鑫, 王凯, 于露滢, 曾可佳. 沼渣生物炭的制备及资源化利用研究进展[J]. 化工进展, 2023, 42(12): 6554-6566.

YE Qinhui, CHEN Hong, YU Xin, WANG Kai, YU Luying, ZENG Kejia. Preparation and resource utilization of biogas residue biochar[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2023, 42(12): 6554-6566.

图/表 3

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制备工艺	热解温度	停留时间	主要产物	特点	应用	参考文献
高温热解法	300~950℃	0.2~12h	固体	速度慢、产物吸附性好	吸附剂、生物油等	[21]
水热炭化法	140~280℃	0.5~24h	固体、液体	速度慢、生物炭产量高	土壤改良剂、有机肥料等	[22]
气化法	600~900℃	10~30s	气体	反应速度快、成炭率低	气体燃料	[23]
微波热解法	450~800℃	5~30min	固体	反应效率高、生产成本高	多孔碳纳米管等	[24]

制备工艺	热解温度	停留时间	主要产物	特点	应用	参考文献
高温热解法	300~950℃	0.2~12h	固体	速度慢、产物吸附性好	吸附剂、生物油等	[21]
水热炭化法	140~280℃	0.5~24h	固体、液体	速度慢、生物炭产量高	土壤改良剂、有机肥料等	[22]
气化法	600~900℃	10~30s	气体	反应速度快、成炭率低	气体燃料	[23]
微波热解法	450~800℃	5~30min	固体	反应效率高、生产成本高	多孔碳纳米管等	[24]

改性方法	活化剂	作用效果	参考文献
酸改性	酸	酸改性可清除生物炭表面及孔隙中的杂质，增大比表面积，并引入用于吸附污染物的酸结合位点，如酚基、内酯基、羧基等官能团，提高生物炭亲水性	[38]
碱改性	碱	碱改性可去除生物炭表面酸性基团，增加吸附性能相关的官能团数量，使表面非极性增强；增加生物炭表面的正电荷，增强吸附能力	[39]
表面活化剂改性	表面活性剂	改变生物炭的亲疏水性，增加炭材料表面的吸附位点	[31]
金属离子活化改性	金属或金属盐	金属离子负载到生物炭表面，可改变其表面电荷，提高生物炭离子交换和静电吸附的能力；增加生物炭的磁性，方便资源化回收	[34]
氧化剂活化	氧化剂	氧化剂活化主要依靠强氧化剂氧化生物炭中的有机物，提高生物炭表面含氧官能团的数量	[40]

改性方法	活化剂	作用效果	参考文献
酸改性	酸	酸改性可清除生物炭表面及孔隙中的杂质，增大比表面积，并引入用于吸附污染物的酸结合位点，如酚基、内酯基、羧基等官能团，提高生物炭亲水性	[38]
碱改性	碱	碱改性可去除生物炭表面酸性基团，增加吸附性能相关的官能团数量，使表面非极性增强；增加生物炭表面的正电荷，增强吸附能力	[39]
表面活化剂改性	表面活性剂	改变生物炭的亲疏水性，增加炭材料表面的吸附位点	[31]
金属离子活化改性	金属或金属盐	金属离子负载到生物炭表面，可改变其表面电荷，提高生物炭离子交换和静电吸附的能力；增加生物炭的磁性，方便资源化回收	[34]
氧化剂活化	氧化剂	氧化剂活化主要依靠强氧化剂氧化生物炭中的有机物，提高生物炭表面含氧官能团的数量	[40]

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